Chairman Of Department Research Articles

Abraham Patchornik: The Contemporary Relevance of His Work for Chemistry and Biology.

Abraham Patchornik was born in 1926 in Ness Ziona, a town in Palestine founded by his great-grandfather Reuben Lehrer in 1883. He started to study chemistry as an undergraduate at the Hebrew University. However, this was interrupted by the war, and he completed his studies in various locations in West Jerusalem. From 1952 to 1956 Patchornik completed his PhD at the (new) Weizmann Institute of Science with Ephraim Katchalski. After a postdoc at the NIH, he returned to the Weizmann in 1958, when he joined the Department of Biophysics. In 1972-1979, he became chairman of the new Department of Organic Chemistry at the Weizmann, and his own research was geared toward applying creative chemistry to solve biological problems. Patchornik passed away in his hometown of Ness Ziona in 2014. Patchornik was a conceptual leader in peptide and polymer chemistry. Given the importance of selective functional group protection for the construction of oligomeric molecules, he became interested in using "nonstandard", orthogonal chemistry for this purpose, i.e. photosensitive protecting groups (PPGs) in place of thermal reactions. It was R.B. Woodward who suggested this strategy to Patchornik in 1965, while Patchornik was on sabbatical leave at Harvard. However, it was not until Patchornik returned to the Weizmann that this idea of a versatile PPG to enable multistep synthesis was realized. Here, we provide an account of the early photosensitive protecting groups that Patchornik and co-workers developed, and the immense impact they have had on various fields. In particular, we survey the use of PPGs in live cell physiology (i.e., caged compounds), and the development of gene chips via light-directed solid-phase synthesis. Further, we highlight recent work applying new PPGs for "photochemical delivery" of drugs, otherwise termed photopharmacology. Finally, we discuss the relationship between caged compounds and how contemporary neuroscience uses genetically encoded chromophores to control cell function.

“…Сам без упину працював і других зігрівав до праці” (до 200-річчя від народження Василя Ільницького – українського педагога, культурно-освітнього діяча, священника)

The article highlights the educational, social and cultural activities of Vasyl Ilnytskyi, the famous Ukrainian Galician teacher, cultural and educational leader, historian, and priest in the second half of the nineteenth century. The author analyzes the stages of his development as a gymnasium teacher, the formation of his personality as a leader of a new generation of Ukrainian Galician intelligentsia (advocating actively the rights of the Ukrainian language, introducing it into the educational process of primary and secondary schools, participating in the organization and activities of a number of cultural and educational institutions, etc.). The paper emphasizes V. Ilnytskyiʼs merits for the development of gymnasium education in Galicia. It reveals the aspects of his teaching and management activities in Stanislav and Ternopil state gymnasiums. The focus is laid on his work for many years at the Lviv Academic Gymnasium, which he headed for more than a quarter of his life (1867–1893). It was due to his direct involvement that the process of the Ukrainization of this, the only state gymnasium in Austria-Hungary at that time with the Ukrainian language of instruction, was completed. In 1868, V. Ilnytskyi initiated the creation of a separate government commission for the preparation of Ukrainian language educational literature that in a short time with the support of the well-known practicing teachers Yu. Romanchuk, A. Vakhnyanyn, and others managed to make significant progress in solving this important national issue: the translations of foreign language textbooks were made and a number of native-language textbooks were prepared, and the book publishing was established, etc. Under the leadership of V. Ilnytskyi, a number of other organizational measures were carried out at the gymnasium, including improving the financial situation of the institution and raising the level of staffing that generally contributed to the confirmation of its well-deserved authority in the national environment of Galicia. Vasyl Ilnytskyi also left an important mark in the history of the Ukrainian Pedagogical Society “Ridna Shkola”. On March 2, 1884, at the general meeting of the “Russian Pedagogical Society” at that time, he was elected as a chairman of the Main Department. Under his leadership, important measures were taken to raise the status of the Ukrainian language in educational institutions, improve womenʼs education, the social and legal status of public teachers, etc. Keywords: V. Ilnytskyi, Lviv Academic Gymnasium, “Russian Pedagogical Society”, “Prosvita” society, Ukrainian language, school textbooks, national education.

The Status of Digital Dental Technology Implementation in the Saudi Dental Schools' Curriculum: A National Cross-Sectional Survey for Healthcare Digitization.

Objective: The primary objective of this cross-sectional national study was to investigate the status of digital dental technology (DDT) adoption in Saudi Arabian undergraduate dental education. A secondary objective was to explore the impact of dental schools' funding sources to incorporate digital technologies. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the chairpersons of prosthetic sciences departments of the 27 dental schools in Saudi Arabia. If any department chairman failed to respond to the survey, a designated full-time faculty member was contacted to fill out the form. The participants were asked about the school's sector, DDT implementation in the curriculum, implemented level, their perceptions of the facilitators and challenges for incorporating DDT. Results: Of the 27 dental schools (18 public and 8 private), 26 responded to the questionnaire (response rate: 96.3%). The geographic distribution of the respondent schools was as follows: 12 schools in the central region, 6 in the western region, and 8 in other regions. Seventeen schools secure and preserve patients' records using electronic software, whereas nine schools use paper charts. Seventeen schools (64,4%) implemented DDT in their curricula. The schools that did not incorporate DDT into their undergraduate curricula were due to not being included in the curriculum (78%), lack of expertise (66%), untrained faculty and staff (44%), and cost (33%). Conclusions: This national study showed that digital components still need to be integrated into Saudi Arabian dental schools' curricula and patient care treatment. Additionally, there was no association between funding sources and the DDT implementation into the current curricula. Consequently, Saudi dental schools must emphasize the implementation and utilization of DDT to align with Saudi Vision 2030 for healthcare digitization and to graduate competent dentists in digital dental care.

Master's Degrees Among Academic Plastic Surgeons and Plastic Surgery Residents: What Are the Trends?

As more plastic surgery clinicians pursue advanced degrees and strive to become stronger physician-scientists, an objective understanding of how such degrees influence careers becomes important. We hypothesized that having a master's degree is associated with higher scholarly activity, research funding, academic progression, and leadership appointments. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited integrated plastic surgery residency program Web sites were queried to create a data set of current academic plastic surgeons (APSs) and plastic surgery residents (PSRs). Scholarly metrics such as publications, citations, and H-indices were extracted from the Scopus database. National Institutes of Health and Plastic Surgery Foundation funding information was collected through their respective Web sites. Our cohort comprised 799 APSs and 922 PSRs, of whom 8% and 7.4%, respectively, had at least one master's degree. Academic plastic surgeons with master's of public health degrees had a significantly higher median number of publications and citations than APSs without a master's of public health. There was no association between any master's degree and academic rank or being a department chairman or program director. Academic plastic surgeons with master of science degrees were more likely to receive National Institutes of Health grants. Among PSRs, master's of science graduates had a higher median number of publications. Other master's degrees did not significantly influence scholarly productivity or funding. Certain master's degrees had an impact on scholarly productivity, with no significant effect on academic rank or leadership positions. The value of master's degrees in programs focusing on healthcare management, leadership skills, and business acumen likely extends beyond the scope of this study.

Functional Outcome of Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty

Orthopedic Research Online Journal Functional Outcome of Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty Ahmad Zeb1, Farmanullah Khan2*, Sabir Khan khattak3, Akhtar Husain4, Shehryar Khan2 Muhammad Shoaib Khan5 and Khalid Iqbal4 1Consultant Orthopedic Surgeon, Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan 2Medical Officer, Khyber Medical Collage Peshawar, Pakistan 3Trainee Medical Officer, Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, Pakistan 4Senior Registrar orthopedics Peshawar Medical Collage Peshawar, Pakistan 5Professor & Chairman Department of Orthopedics, Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan *Corresponding author: Farmanullah Khan, Medical Officer, Khyber Medical Collage Peshawar, 25120, Pakistanc Submission: October 11, 2022;Published: October 19, 2022 DOI: 10.31031/OPROJ.2022.10.000732 ISSN: 2576-8875 Volume10 Issue2

Matching into Orthopedic Surgery in the U.S. Navy: A Review of Applicant Selection Criteria.

The U.S. Navy offers an attractive opportunity for residency training in orthopedic surgery. The factors that Navy orthopedic residency program leadership finds important in applicant selection for training have not been reported. Additionally, data regarding the academic competitiveness of recently matched applicants have not been previously published. This study presents the results of two surveys administered to all navy orthopedic program directors and department chairmen, as well as data for United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Steps 1 and 2, medical school class percentile, leadership responsibilities, research endeavors, and letters of recommendation of both matched and unmatched applicants. Two anonymous surveys were administered to all program directors and department chairmen at Navy orthopedic residency training programs with questions designed to gauge perceived importance of various application factors when selecting for the match. The results were compiled, and mean levels of importance were reported. Deidentified data were collected on all applicants to Navy orthopedic residency programs from 2015 to 2019. Data points specific to USMLE Step 1 and 2 board scores, medical school class percentile, research, leadership, and letters of recommendation were analyzed using single and multiple logistic regression analyses, and odds ratios for each variable were calculated. Navy leadership unanimously expressed that clerkship performance at the individual program director's institution was most important, followed by Steps 1 and 2 licensing examination scores. Single logistic regression analyses showed that Step 1 score and clinical, leadership, and recommendation scores were statistically significant. When controlled for Step 1 score, only academic performance and leadership scores maintained statistical significance. Applicants to Navy orthopedic surgery residency programs should strive to be competitive in all aspects of their application, with specific emphasis placed on outstanding performance during orthopedic clerkships, demonstration of leadership characteristics, and academic excellence. With transition to a pass/fail grading system for Step 1, there will be more emphasis on other measures of academic success, such as Step 2 scores and clinical clerkship grades.

Implementation of Islamic Spiritual Guidance in Growing Work Ethic for Employees at JNE Tangerang Office

This research is entitled Implementation of Islamic Spiritual Guidance in Fostering Work Ethic for Employees at the JNE Office of Tangerang Center. Islamic Spiritual Guidance is an aid carried out by experts in Islamic Spirituality that can help arouse the spirit and spiritual motivation of the religion. This study aims to analyze and implement Islamic spiritual guidance models in fostering employees' work ethics at the JNE office. The study methods used data collection techniques with interviews and secondary data obtained from employees of JNE Tangerang, book sources, and journals. The participants involved were the Chairman of the Spiritual Department of JNE Tangerang and several employees of the JNE Tangerang office. This study shows that the process of Islamic spiritual guidance services at the JNE Tangerang Office is carried out in several stages, namely: starting from providing guidance related to the tadarus Qur'an, providing flashes of interpretation, and providing fiqh guidance. Islamic spiritual guidance services foster employee work ethic in material delivery. The delivery of the material by carried out, giving awareness to all employees of JNE Tangerang that as a Muslim beside him, he has the mandate to work contract. Of course, Islamic religious values should not be left behind.

Reforming Medical Education in Pakistan through strengthening Departments of Medical Education

Early medical education departments, notably in the United States, were well-known for their origins as medical education research institutions. Objectives: According to this study, Pakistan's medical education may be improved by creating new departments of medical education and training. Methods: The Punjab Health Department conducted this cross-sectional survey from August 2021 to November 2021. Participation in the research was open to people from all areas of life. The study included all the city's medical schools that were approved by the PMDC and situated inside the city's boundaries. Responses were from medical college faculty members who had been solicited to participate in the survey, such as department chairmen. Results: In the study, 200 people are participating, and their data was acquired from that group. Every single person who has been nominated for the position was interviewed. Students' assessments (72.2 %) came in second, followed by faculty development (70.7 %), curriculum development (70.7 %), and educational research (66.6 %). Conclusion: For the last argument, it is claimed that DMEs with a long history of success can play a key role in strengthening medical education. Policy, governance, and regulatory challenges should be addressed by the Ministry of Planning and Development, and medical universities in Pakistan, as well as technical capabilities in these areas at medical and dental schools across Pakistan

Novel Insights Into the 1969 Whole-Eye Transplant: Medical Ethics and Evolving Safety Mechanisms

The controversial whole-eye transplant (WET) of 1969 performed by Texas Medical Center (TMC) eye surgeon Conard Moore, MD, is examined to determine whether he performed a WET or a different operation. New materials are reviewed to evaluate the conflicting historical WET reports: Moore claimed that he performed the world's first WET, then retracted his claim amid criticism. Medical and ethical factors are explored. The parameters for experimental surgery of that era are compared to current policies. Retrospective study. This is a retrospective analysis of a single patient's ophthalmic operations performed in April 1969 and the controversial claim of the world's first WET. Oral and written interviews with witnesses were conducted. Primary and secondary literature sources were reviewed. Ocular illustrations provided by the surgeon in 1969 were reviewed and compared to verbal reports. A newly uncovered book chapter by Moore's departmental chairman Louis Girard, MD, supports the initial claim of a WET, as do recent interviews with medical journalist Miriam Kass, JD. Ophthalmic pathologist Milton Boniuk, MD, states that he did not receive the whole eye for examination. Moore made his claim of a WET amid the intense attention to TMC's aggressive heart transplantation operations. Moore retracted his claim after professional criticism. New evidence supports Moore's initial claim that he performed a WET, although other scenarios remain plausible. This case highlights the boundary between accepted and experimental operations, and underscores the need for modern bioethics oversight to provide safeguards for novel surgical procedures.

RESTORING WELL PRODUCTIVITY BY ACID TREATMENT AND EXPOSURE TO PNEUMATIC EXPLOSION

RESTORING WELL PRODUCTIVITY BY ACID TREATMENT AND EXPOSURE TO PNEUMATIC EXPLOSION Shuxrat Aliqulov Doctor of technical sciences, chairman of department, Navoi State Mining Institute, Uzbekistan, Navoi Sukhrob Khamidov Assistant, Navo

Tribute to Lewis Landsberg: A Giant of Academic Medicine.

Tribute to Lewis Landsberg: A Giant of Academic Medicine.

A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of the Successful Minority Applicant to Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs.

The lack of diversity among orthopaedic health care providers is a pressing matter that must continue to be corrected at all levels. Improving diversity among orthopaedic physicians starts with improving diversity in residency training programs. This study brings light to the demographics and achievements of successful minority applicants, detailing what types of students are successfully matching into orthopaedic surgery. Between June and July 2020, the authors distributed a 12-question, anonymous survey to 53 URM students who successfully matched into orthopaedic surgery residencies for the 2020 application cycle. The survey inquiries about respondent demographics, academic accomplishments, and match process success as well as whether the presence of URM faculty, program director, and chairman influenced how they made their rank list. Overall, 37 students (71%) completed the entire survey. Most students indicated that the presence or absence of URM faculty influenced their rank list (n = 32, 88.9%) and that this distinction was meaningful to their orthopaedic candidacy (n = 28, 87.5%). Less than half of the respondents (n = 16; 44.4%) noted that the presence of a URM residency program director or department chairman influenced their rank list, while 20 (55.6%) noted that it did not. In conclusion, URM applicants with multiple academic achievements can be successful during the orthopaedic match process. Furthermore, the presence of URM faculty is an important factor that URM applicants consider. Residency directors must both identify the competitive URM applicants and strive to recruit more URM faculty when aiming to increase program diversity. Level of Evidence: Level IV.

Women treating lung cancer: a narrative review

: A lack of women in leadership positions is a common problem across medical specialties that treat lung cancer. Academic medicine appears to be falling behind science, technology, engineering, and mathematics in eliminating gender differences in promotion. Barriers to advancement in thoracic surgery, an essential specialty in the multidisciplinary team required to care for patients with lung cancer, include length of training, discrimination and harassment during training, difficulty balancing personal life and career, and a lack of role models. Fewer than 30% of section and division chiefs and <20% of department chairs are women. Very few women have achieved the position of full professor in a surgery department or department chairman. Addressing barriers to the academic advancement of female oncologists and thoracic surgeons may facilitate equity and improve collaborative research efforts, given the value that diversity brings to team endeavors. The quality of care and the clinical outcomes provided by women physicians are at least equivalent to those of men. There is a strong support from major international societies to increase the role of women in many specialties important to lung cancer treatment by promoting mentorship and equal career opportunities. Additionally, organizations, such as Women in Thoracic Surgery (WTS) and Women in Medicine and Science (WIMS) chapters, specifically focus their efforts on empowering women physicians and surgeons.

African Modernism in America, 1947–1967

African Modernism in America, 1947–1967

Integrating Individualized Consideration on Academic Performance of Selected Universities in Kenya

The contribution of university education to sustainable development of society has become one of the most important activities of universities in Kenya. Universities in Kenya have expanded from one institution in 1974 to over 74 universities in 2020. Despite the rapid growth in university education in Kenya, there are serious concerns about quality and relevance of services from the higher education sector. While highly valued and acclaimed by all, University education currently faces great challenges with a potential impact on the sector’s contribution to the country’s development. This has necessitated the need for the higher education sector to consider individualized consideration practices between the leaders and their followers so as to enhance performance. This study therefore sought to establish the effect of individualized consideration on academic performance of selected universities in Kenya. The study was anchored on transformational leadership theory. Positivism research philosophy was adopted where explanatory and descriptive research designs were used for guiding the collection and analysis of data. Primary data was collected from deans of schools and chairmen of departments in the selected universities. The study established a significant positive effect of individualized consideration on academic performance of universities at p&lt;0.05; t=6.749 and hence concluded that inspirational motivation positively affects university academic performance of selected universities in Kenya. The study recommends that deans of schools and chairpersons of department should make an effort to practice the attributes of individualized consideration in universities in Kenya as this was found to positively impact on academic performance.

Pioneers in Dermatology and Venereology: an interview with Professor Xue-Jun Zhu.

Member of National Pharmacopoeia committee Member of Drug Evaluation Committee, State Food and Drug Administration Member of National Committee for National Natural Scientific Foundation International honorary member, American Dermatological Association International honorary member, Germany Dermatological Association My father was a dermatologist trained in St. Louis Hospital in Paris, France, in the 1930s. He was the one who led me to the Dermatology field. Hu C.K.M.D.; he was a great dermatologist in China and the first scholar who described vitamin D deficiency in the world. He introduced me to the immunology. Wang K.C.M.D.; former chairman of my department. He guided me on how to be a good clinical dermatologist. Rudolf L. Baer; he was a great dermatologist as well as a great organizer. I learnt how to run a department and how to organize a group of outstanding scholars working together. A. Bernard Ackerman; he was a great dermatopathologist and I learnt how to be a good speaker from him. Jean-Claude Bystryn and Irma Gigli; they taught me a lot on how to think and how to do research work. Yes. See above in “Academic engagements” in detail. Firstly, I discovered the pathogenic mechanism of paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) which suggested early detection of the associated tumour and early resection. Then, this resulted in a great reduction of the mortality of PNP. Secondly, I established the China Dermatologist Association as one of the initiator and promoters and contributed in the development of dermatology in China. I lost more than 10 years (1965–1975) because of the ‘culture revolution’ in my country. Classical music and travelling. Composers: Beethoven, Chopin, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninoff. Writer: Jean L. Bolognia; Arthur Conan Doyle. Steve Katz, Otto Braun-Falco, Rudolf L. Baer, A. Bernard Ackerman, Walter F. Lever, Albert M. Kligman, Richard K. Winkelmann, Stefania Jablońska, Chuan-kuei Hu, Darrell Wilkinson. June K. Robinson, Bruce Wintroub, Timothy Berger, Jouni Uitto, John R. Stanley, Jean Paul Ortonne, Takaji Nishikawa, Thomas Luger, Zhou Bian, Georg Stingl. Ethical aspects of gene therapy. Also, more and more biological therapy will be emerging in the market, however, will be too expensive to be used worldwide. Targeted therapy; gene therapy. *Note: The Pioneers in Dermatology and Venereology interview was conceived and conducted by Johannes Ring.

Exploring the role of inspirational motivation to institutions of higher learning

Organizations are experiencing increased challenges due to changed environmental circumstances that threaten their survival including institutions of higher learning. There is therefore a growing concern for universities to be strategically aligned so as to meet the growing challenges of the societies in which they operate by creating ecosystems that drive industrialization through the generation of new knowledge, technology transfer and support of new start-ups. Additionally, concerns have been raised as regards the quality and relevance of services offered by the universities in Kenya. Owing to these limitations, there is a need for the higher education sector to consider inspirational motivation practices between the leaders and their followers so as to enhance performance. This study, therefore, sought to establish the effect of inspirational motivation on the academic performance of selected universities in Kenya. The study was anchored on transformational leadership theory. Positivism research philosophy was adopted where explanatory and descriptive research designs were used for guiding the collection and analysis of data. Primary data was collected from deans of schools and chairmen of departments in the selected universities. The study established a significant positive effect of inspirational motivation on academic performance of universities at p&lt;0.05; t=8.057 and hence concluded that inspirational motivation positively affects university academic performance of selected universities in Kenya.

Michael E. DeBakey: A cardio-vascular surgeon whose innovations revolutionized the treatment of heart and blood vessel

Michael Ellis DeBakey was a Lebanese-American cardiac surgeon and vascular surgeon, scientist and medical educator. After WW II, joined the faculty of Baylor University College of Medicine, serving as chairman of surgical department and hired surgeon Denton A. Cooley and revolutionized the management of cardiac and vascular diseases. His contributions in the development of roller pump for transfusion of blood directly from person to person which later became a component of the heart-lung machine. DeBakey’s surgical innovations included coronary bypass operations, carotid endarterectomy, aortic aneurysm surgery, artificial hearts, ventricular assist devices, vascular grafts (Dacron) saved thousands of lives and made him surgical immortal.

Analysis of Factors That Influence Academic Productivity Among Neurological and Orthopedic Spine Surgeons

Academic productivity plays a growing role in professional advancement in academic medicine. This study aimed to assess academic productivity among spine surgeons by investigating differences in h indices between neurological and orthopedic spine surgeons. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) Neurosurgical Residency Training Program Directory provided names of U.S. and Canadian academic neurological surgeons. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools database was consulted for NIH funding statuses of the surgeons. Scopus yielded the h indices. Orthopedic spine surgeons were identified at the same institutions as the neurological spine surgeons, and NIH funding statuses and h indices were identified from the same databases. Differences between the disciplines and across the categories of NIH funding receipt, having a Ph.D., and academic rank were analyzed. Inclusion criteria were met by 215 neurological spine surgeons and 513 orthopedic spine surgeons. Neurological spine surgeons had a mean h index of 21.16, and orthopedic spine surgeons had a mean h index of 14.08 (P < 0.0001). Neurological surgeons with NIH funding had higher (P < 0.0001) h indices (34.15) than surgeons without funding (19.29). Likewise, orthopedic surgeons with NIH funding had higher (P < 0.001) h indices (42.83) than surgeons without funding (13.39). Analysis of variance showed that department chairmen and professors had higher h indices than associate or assistant professors among neurological (P < 0.01) and orthopedic (P < 0.001) surgeons. These results demonstrate the importance of the h index in measuring academic productivity among neurological and orthopedic spine surgeons.

“But what is physics?”

I took my first physics class ever at Stanford University in January 1960. The professor was Leonard Schiff, then also the chairman of the physics department. The lecture hall was full of mostly freshmen, some excited and some terrified at the thought of calculus-based physics taught by one of the most distinguished members of the department.Leonard began by talking about the difference between basic and applied research, perhaps not a topic calculated to excite the group. But one guy (not I, let me assure you) raised his hand to stop the lecturer for a question: “Yes, but what is physics?” Leonard stopped in his tracks. I doubt he had ever been asked that question that way.After thinking for a few moments, he responded, “Why, physics is whatever physicists do.” In the 61 years of my career as a physicist, I’ve never heard a definition I liked better. Physics isn’t the manipulation of mass and energy and the measurement of ever-more-precise quantities. Instead, it’s whatever the people trained in those arts decide to do.That’s a definition I’ve used more than once as I’ve wandered from MeV- to GeV-range nuclear and particle physics, to planetary orbital mechanics, to strategic arms control, and to diplomacy with Chinese and Soviet colleagues. As long as I’m using the mental attitudes of a physicist, I’m doing physics and need not apologize for my changing interests and skills.And so, my thanks for the February 2021 issue, which demonstrates and encourages the enormous range of activities that we can collectively call “physics”: from neutrinos to rare-earth magnets, lunar exploration, tech transfer, and measurable differences between whisky and whiskey. I think Leonard would have been charmed and delighted. I wish I had a hundred copies to give to high school seniors, mid-degree undergraduate physics majors, grad students, and physicists who have left the lab for other careers.© 2021 American Institute of Physics.