Pharmaceutical Department Research Articles

Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM): A Scheme for Improving Women Welfare

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare implements the Scheme for Promotion of Menstrual Hygiene among adolescent girls in the age group of 10-19 years since 2011. The scheme is supported by the National Health Mission through State Programme Implementation Plan (PIP) route based on the proposals received from the States / UTs. The major objectives of the scheme are to increase awareness among adolescent girls on menstrual hygiene; to increase access to and use of high-quality sanitary napkins by adolescent girls and to ensure safe disposal of sanitary napkins in an environment friendly manner. Under the scheme, a pack of sanitary napkins are provided to adolescent girls by the Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) at subsidized rate of Rs. 6 per pack. In addition, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan has developed National Guidelines on Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) for creating awareness on Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) in rural areas as part of its overall interventions related to behaviour change on sanitation hygiene aspect. Further, to ensure access to sanitary napkins and good quality medicines at affordable price, Department of Pharmaceuticals under Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers implements the Pradhan Mantri BharatiyaJanausadhiPariyojna (PMBJP), an important step in ensuring the health security for women. Under the project, over 8700 JanaushidhiKendras have been set up across the country that provides Oxo-biodegradable sanitary napkins named Suvidha at Rs. 1/- per pad only.

Abstracts from The Aerosol Society Drug Delivery to the Lungs 33.

Abstracts from The Aerosol Society Drug Delivery to the Lungs 33.

PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITES, MALNUTRITION, ANEMIA AND THEIR RISK FACTORS AMONG ORPHANED CHILDREN IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN

Background: Intestinal parasites infection, malnutrition, and anemia are endemic among children living inpoor and developing low-income countries, particularly Yemen. Aims: The current study aims to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites, malnutrition, and anemia and their risk factors among orphaned children in Sana'a city, Yemen. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the orphanage between September 2020 and November 2023. One hundred and ninety-five (195) stool and blood samples were collected from orphan children aged 7-15 years. Intestinal parasites were examined using the formal ether concentration technique and hemoglobin was assessed using a Sysmex hematology analyzer. Result: Out of 195 specimens, 77(39.49%) were positive for parasite infection. The high rate of infections was among subjects aged between 10-12 years (43.9%), at primary schools (42.9%), didn’t have a history of parasite infection (48.9%), between 102-118 cms in height (48.6%), 11-30 kg in weight (49.4%), and underweight (40.1%) non-statistical differences (P > 0.05). The most predominant parasite was Entamoeba histolytica (17.4%), followed by Giardia lamblia (10.3%), Hymenolepis nana (6.2%), Ascaris lumbricoides (3.6%), and Enterobius vermicularis (3.6%). The prevalence of anemia was 19% and statistically significant with parasitic infection (P = 0.000) but not significantly to risk factors (P> 0.05). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of intestinal parasites, anemia and malnutrition among the participating children, and this affects their health and life. Therefore, the implementation of control and prevention programs including improvement of health status, regular deworming practices with medication, health education, provision of appropriate food, and iron supplementation is required to reduce the incidence of malnutrition and anemia associated with intestinal parasitic infection. Peer Review History: Received: 20 February 2023; Revised: 16 March; Accepted: 18 April 2023, Available online: 15 May 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, olorunsolaeo@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, shmahe@yemen.net.ye

NASAL ADMINISTRATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND SILVER IONS REDUCED COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN ADULT RATS

Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have shown adverse effects and a toxic impact on human cell bodies. Passing the blood-brain barrier and increasing oxidative stress can change different parts of the brain such as the hippocampus. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore the possible neurotoxicity of AgNPs in adult rats. Method: Neurotoxicity was created in rats by treating them with 15 mg/kg NP3 and silver ions (AgAc) intra-nasally every two days for 20 days. The animals were divided into five groups: control, vehicle, NP3, NP15, and AgAc. Behavioral assessments such as Morris water maze and elevated plus maze, and assessment of biomarkers such as malondialdehyde assay were used to evaluate cognitive impairment and molecular changes induced by silver. Result: The results revealed that NP15 and AgAc significantly impaired spatial memory. Moreover, NP3, NP15, and AgAc increased anxiety in animals. Additionally, MDA was significantly increased by NP3 and NP15. Conclusion: The findings showed that AgNPs and AgAc, particularly NP15, result in neurotoxicity and behavioral impairments. Peer Review History: Received: 26 February 2023; Revised: 13 March; Accepted: 28 April 2023, Available online: 15 May 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, ari@ankara.edu.tr Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Egypt, sally.elzahaby@yahoo.com Dr. Robert Tungadi, State University of Gorontalo, Indonesia, rtungadi@yahoo.com

The Amalgamation of Risk Assessment Using Quality by Design Principles and Prediction of Regression Models in the Development of Dexmedetomidine-loaded Lipospheres for Intra-articular Administration

Amruta Gorajiya1 and Anita Lalwani2 Author informationArticle notesCopyright and License information 1Research and Development, Injectable Department, Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, INDIA 2Department of Pharmaceutics, K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, (A Constituent College of Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya), Sector–23, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, INDIA Corresponding author. Correspondence: Prof. Anita Lalwani Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, K. B.

Procurement Analysis of Pharmaceutical Supplies with Lean Hospital Approach in Pharmacy Department of Hospital “X” Tegal, Indonesia

Pharmacy Departments in hospitals are one of the biggest revenue contributors in hospitals. But on the other hand, pharmaceutical departments are also one of the biggest expenditure sources in hospitals, so it needs to be done well management. Then we need an analysis to identify wasteful activities. The method used is direct observation to observe the process of selection, planning, procurement, and received of medicines. Then conducted in-depth interviews with structural involved in the process of managing pharmaceutical supplies, see routine reports, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), Policies, Guidelines for Hospital Pharmacy Services and Organization, and other supporting documents. Waste data analysis from interviews was conducted with current state mapping, root problem analysis with Root Cause Analysis and system improvement designs made in the form of Future State Mapping. In this study, it was found that waste occurred in the process of selection, planning and procurement, and received of medicines, including waste of waiting, waste of inventory, waste of human potential, waste of defect, waste of transportation, and waste of over processing. Proposed improvement in the selection, planning, procurement, and received process is the creation of an ITbased system and improvement of effective and efficient procedures to accommodate the work of managing pharmaceutical supplies, particularly in the selection, planning, procurement, and received process.

Quality Analysis of Various National and International Brands of Glimepirides Available in Pakistan

Objective: The primary focus of this research is to ascertain that these different generic drug products from national and multinational companies competing in the local market are equivalent in quality. Material and Methods: A comparative quality analysis was executed on national and multinational brands of glimepiride tablets obtained from local pharmacies of Hyderabad. A cumulative of 6 glimepiride brands were selected and internationally accepted in-vitro tests were carried out at Industrial pharmacy laboratory of Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, during time period August 2021 to August 2022 to compare with Pharmacopoeia standards. Results: All the drug products (Glimepiride tablets) obtained from local market were meeting the standards laid by BP for tests of weight uniformity, diameter, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration, and content uniformity/assay. Conclusion: Every generic of glimepiride tablets from various local and multinational manufacturers are pharmaceutical equivalents and can be prescribed interchangeably. Keywords: National, International, Brand, Glimepiride, Quality, Pharmaceutical Equivalents

Knowledge of Pharmacy Department Students Poltekkes Kemenkes Medan About Vaccination Covid-19

<p><em>Corona Disease 19 is a coronavirus infectious disease with a high rate of transmission that primarily affects the respiratory tract. As a result, the Indonesian government established the COVID-19 immunization campaign in order to break the chain of transmission of the COVID-19 virus. Many are still afraid to get the COVID-19 vaccination due to the spread of information concerning harmful post-immunization occurrences. The goal of this study was to describe the level of student understanding regarding the COVID-19 immunization at the Pharmacy Department of the Medan Ministry of Health's Health Polytechnic. This is a descriptive survey that use the purposive sampling approach. The total population is 261 people, and the sample size is 158 people. A questionnaire that had already been validated was distributed using the Google Form in order to collect the data. The findings revealed that the average knowledge of vaccination fundamentals (72.6%), vaccine kinds (75.44%), and requirements and stages of the COVID-19 immunization (74.94%) was in a category of reasonable quality. Even though the level of knowledge about the purpose of vaccination is in the good category (91.89%). In generally, the description of the level of student knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccination at the Pharmaceutical Department of the Medan Ministry of Health Polytechnic is in the good category (78.98%). It is expected that even this factual information will inform and encourage the public to take part in COVID-19 immunization campaigns.</em></p><p><em> </em><strong><em>Keyword: Covid-19, Immunization, Knowledge, Pharmacy, Student</em></strong></p>

KNOWLEDGE OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS IN EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION, SA’ADAH, YEMEN

Background: After achieving high vaccination coverage, vaccine failure may occur. The sufficient knowledge of the workers in the expanded program of immunization (EPI) is one of the factors that affect in preventing this failure. In Saada, Yemen, there is no information about the knowledge of workers in the EPI. This study seeks to assess the knowledge of those in charge of immunization in Sa’adah, Yemen. Method: This prospective cross-sectional study was performed to assess healthcare providers (HCPs) knowledge regarding EPI. It was conducted on 60 HCPs in 60 H.F of 11 districts in Sa’adah Governorate, Yemen during 1 June – 30 July 2019. Appropriate interviewing pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data from HCPs working in EPI. It includes the following: socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge about; cold chain and the method and time of administration of the vaccine and shake test. Face to face interview used to collect information. Data entering and cleaning were done using Microsoft Excel 2019 and exported to SPSS version 26, p-value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Differences in samples means were evaluated by chi-square test. Results: Age is one of the determining factors for knowledge of cold chain management (FET=0.040*), and the total knowledge score for of HCPs was (26.7%, 65%, and 8.3%) for good, fair, and poor knowledge, respectively. Conclusion: Only twenty-six-point seven of HCPs had a good knowledge score. Constant technical support and on job training to improve the HCPs knowledge about immunization are extremely recommended. Peer Review History: Received: 20 December 2022; Revised: 5 February 2023; Accepted: 3 March, Available online: 15 March 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, olorunsolaeo@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, drmmziqbal@gmail.com Dr. Olanrewaju Rita-Marie Awotona, Legacy University, Banjul , The Gambia, olanrewajuadegbola@gmail.com Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu Similar Articles: TETANUS IMMUNIZATION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN: COVERAGE RATE AND RATE OF PROTECTION AT TIME OF DELIVERY EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO POLIO VACCINE IN MALNOURISHED CHILDREN IN SANA'A CITY

Integrated-Based Curriculum of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (ICPDF): What Factors Affect the Learning Outcome Attainment?

This study aimed to evaluate pharmacy students' perceptions regarding the correlations among the quality of faculty members, institutional resources, an integrated-based curriculum of pharmaceutical dosage forms (ICPDF), and learning outcome attainment. The current study participants have attended courses (semesters 2 to 6) through the ICPDF in the Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia. We distributed survey instruments to 212 pharmacy undergraduate students after one year of the curriculum implementation. We asked the students to fill in the instrument in which the indicators consist of a 7-point Likert scale. The data were analyzed using SmartPLS, which included measurement and structural models through PLS-SEM. The findings informed that the quality of faculty members and institutional resources significantly predict ICPDF. Similarly, ICPDF plays a significant role in affecting learning outcome attainment. The quality of faculty members and institutional resources were not related to learning outcome attainment. Significances of differences were informed among students' years in university regarding learning outcome attainment and ICPDF. However, insignificant differences emerged based on gender. The findings demonstrate the benefits of using the PLS-SEM approach to create a valid and reliable model, assessing the correlations between independent variables with the ICPDF and learning outcome attainment as two dependent variables.

Unexploited Potentials of Endophytic Fungi: Patents Review on Endophytic Fungi Related to Secondary Bioactive Compounds

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,2,217-225.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.2.023Published:February 2023Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Priyatama V. Powar, and Shilpa Chaudhari Author(s) affiliations:Priyatama V. Powar*, Shilpa Chaudhari Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Pharmacy, Akurdi, Pune, Maharashtra, INDIA. Abstract:Endophytic fungi are various micro-organisms that inhabit intracellular or intercellular plant tissues in symbiotic association [at certain stages of their life cycles], without causing damage or morphological changes. The endophytes from medicinal plants are important resources for discovery of natural products and secondary bioactive metabolites having the potential biotechnological applications in agriculture, medicine, and allied sectors. The endophytic fungi such as Acremonium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Phomopsis, Pestalotiopsis, Pseudomassari, Quercina, Trichoderma genera have been reported from different medicinal plants with potential therapeutic activity. On the other hand, the endophytic fungi can also confer profound impacts on their host plants like improvement in growth, activation of systemic tolerances towards abiotic/biotic stresses, enhancement of nutrient solublization, biosynthesis of phytohormones and stimulating accumulation of secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi have attracted much research interest because they have provided not only novel sources of Cytotoxic compounds, Antimicrobial agents, Bio-stimulants for essential oil biosynthesis, Anticancer agents, antioxidant agents, anti-diabetic agents, immunosuppressant and insecticidal compounds. The present review reveals the importance of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants as a source of bioactive compounds as well as landscape of patents related to the production of secondary metabolites through endophytic fungi and their application in pharmaceutical sectors. Keywords:Biological activity, Endophytic fungi, Patents, Phytohormones., Secondary metabolites, Symbiotic associationView:PDF (564.03 KB)

Formulation and Evaluation of Ranolazine Fast Dissolving Tablets Using Various Superdisintegrants

Vigneshwar Murugesan, Senthilnathan Balaraman, Manvizhi Krishnamoorthy, Vijayakumar Arumugam Ramamurthy and Masilamani Krishnamoorthy* Author informationArticle notesCopyright and License information Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital Campus, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai,

Survey of the Jan Pariyojana Scheme in India and its impact on citizens during the previous decade

It is a well-known fact that Branded medicines are sold at significantly higher prices in India. Making affordable, high-quality pharmaceuticals available on the market will help everyone, but mainly the underprivileged and destitute given the country's pervasive poverty. The Indian government has always been quite concerned about this. The Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers' Department of Pharmaceutical has periodically implemented a number of regulatory and financial initiatives to achieve this goal.
 The "Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana" is a wonderful project started by the Indian government back in 2008 for the worthy purpose of providing high quality medications at accessible prices to all.
 The Pariyojana involved selling inexpensive generic medications through upscale retailers called "Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Oshadhi Kendra" in different regions of the nation. On November 25, 2008, the first "Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Oshadhi Kendra" in Punjab's Amritsar city was inaugurated.
 At first, it was planned that the "Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Oshadhi Pariyojana" would be implemented during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, beginning in 2008-2009, with the goal of establishing at least each Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Oshadhi Kendra in each of the firm's 630 regions, and then expanding to sub divisional levels as well as major town and village centers by 2012.
 After garnering early support, the concept was planned to be self-sustaining and not rely on government subsidies or assistance. It was to be run on the basis of "No Profit, No Loss."

1295. Cross-sectional survey on education of clinical infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance in pharmaceutical department in Japanese universities

Abstract Background Pharmacists play an important role in infection control and antimicrobial stewardship teams in hospitals and the community. The need for education on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and clinical infectious diseases (CID) is increasing. However, the status of Japanese pharmaceutical education on CID and AMR is unclear. Methods We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey of pharmaceutical department in Japanese universities between February and March 2022. Data on the following were collected using questionnaires: 1) basic information; 2) number of faculty members with experience in CID; 3) lecture times for CID and AMR; 4) self-evaluation of CID and AMR education; and 5) the most important issues in CID and AMR education. Descriptive analyses were conducted. Results Among the 74 participating universities, 44 (59.5%) universities responded. The median number [IQR] of faculties of infectious disease education was 7 [4–12], and clinical faculties was 3 [1–6]. Twenty-seven (62.8%) of the universities had faculties with clinical experience in infectious diseases. Lectures time for CID and AMR varied among the universities. Respondents indicated that CID and AMR lectures were insufficient, compared to microbiology basic lectures. Additionally, insufficient lecture time and specialists were the most common responses as the most important issues in CID and AMR education. University background and questions regarding CID and AMR lectures (N=44) Boxplot of lectures time for clinical infectious disease and antimicrobial resistance education Self-evaluation of clinical infectious disease and antimicrobial resistance education Conclusion This study revealed that educational status and resources for CID and AMR education varied widely, and that practical lectures on CID and AMR may be insufficient. We suggest that the entire core curriculum and resources, including the number of faculties, needs to be examined and improved. The most important issues in clinical infectious disease and antimicrobial resistance education. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Преподавание клинической фармакологии на фармацевтическом факультете Ярославского государственного медицинского университета

The main objectives that arise while teaching future chemists currently include formation of knowledge, abilities and skills of pharmacological support of treatment of diseases that enable effective work aimed at implementation of professional tasks and degree of mastery over labor functions. While teaching clinical pharmacology at the pharmaceutical department, we follow the path of an increased scope of new topics on private matters of the discipline including assessment of effectiveness and safety of medicinal preparations taking into account adverse reactions, issues of pharmacoeconomics, pharmacoepidemiology and provisions of evidence-based medicine. In Russian medicine, it is common to adhere to the principle that moral standards are interwoven into clinical practice. This principle is followed during teaching. Proper management of the educational process will enable students to independently work with literature, critically assess new data and continuously improve their professionalism in future.

INTERLEUKIN-1β LEVELS IN THE HUMAN GINGIVAL SULCUS: RATES AND FACTORS AFFECTING ITS LEVELS IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS

Background and objective: Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) affords a exceptional window for investigation of periodontal condition as the levels of inflammatory mediators, which consequences owing to the increased local destruction of connective tissue structural elements. This study aimed to explore the interleukin 1β (IL-1β)) levels in the human gingival sulcus in healthy normal people; and the effect of host factors as age , gender, type of tooth used in pro-inflammatory biomarkers. Methods: Eighty seven patients, 54 (62.1%) female and 33 (37.9%) male (aged 12–34 years; mean 19.58±4.4 years), participated in this study. Each subject underwent a session on professional oral hygiene and received oral hygiene instructions. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) sampling was conducted (baseline). GCF was collected from the Central incisor, the Lateral incisor, the Canine, the First premolar and the second premolar in this study. Results: In total, the mean±SD of central incisor IL-1β was 32.16±4.83 pg/ml, with a mode equal to 28.01 pg/mL, the median was 32.71 pg/mL, and ranged from 20.98 to 41.25 pg/ml with the 75% interquartile range (IQR) equal to 35.94 pg/ml. For males the mean±SD of central incisor IL-1β was 31.6±5.51 pg/ml VS 32.5±4.4 pg/ml of females. For the lateral incisor, canine, first premolar, second premolar: Conclusion: This study provides the upper limit of normal values ​​for interleukin 1β (IL-1β) levels for subjects aged 12–34 years in the GCF. These upper limits of normal values ​​will guide dentists in Yemen when they consider the diagnosis of periodontal disease, as well as its role during orthodontic tooth movement where they play important role in osteocyte activities (e.g, osteoclasts and osteoblasts), and will provide useful baseline data for future studies of interventions against periodontal disease, and teeth movement by orthodontics appliances, in Yemen. Peer Review History: Received: 1 September 2022; Revised: 11 October; Accepted: 6 November, Available online: 15 November 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, olorunsolaeo@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Rima Benatoui,Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, Algeria. benattouiryma@gmail.com Dr. Gulam Mohammed Husain,, National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders, Hyderabad, India, gmhusain@gmail.com Similar Articles: THE EFFECT OF NANOSILVER AND CHLORHEXIDINE MOUTHWASH ON ANAEROBIC PERIODONTAL PATHOGENS COUNTS

Actual status of patient information sharing among healthcare delivery facilities: a survey by the third subcommittee, committee on academic research, the Japanese society of hospital pharmacists

BackgroundInformation sharing among medical professionals is important for providing quality medical care. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the actual status of information sharing between hospitals and other healthcare delivery facilities by surveying information sharing among the pharmaceutical departments of Japanese hospitals in 2020 conducted by the Japanese Society of Hospital Pharmacists.MethodsResponses were received from 3612 (43.6%) of the 8278 target medical institutions between May 2020 and August 2020.ResultsThe proportions of hospitals that shared information with community pharmacies, other hospitals, and long-term nursing homes were 40.6%, 36.4%, and 27.3%, respectively. While tracing reports were the most common tool used by hospitals for information sharing with community pharmacies (54.3%), drug summaries were used for sharing information with other hospitals and long-term nursing homes (77.4% and 78.0%, respectively). The proportion of hospitals sharing information with community pharmacies and other hospitals showed a tendency to increase as the number of hospital beds increased. No relationship could be established between the number of hospital beds and the proportion of hospitals sharing information with long-term nursing homes.ConclusionInformation between hospitals and community pharmacies was shared primarily using tracing reports, whereas information between hospitals and other hospitals and long-term nursing homes was primarily shared via drug summaries.

Formulation Development and Optimization of Multiparticulate System by Extrusion Spheronization Method

Aim: This study aimed at formulating and optimizing the multiparticulate system of Rifaximin by adopting 32 factorial designs with independent variables X1 and X2 as concentrations of two excipients.
 Methodology: The pellets were prepared by the Extrusion Spheronization method and evaluated for percentage yield, flow property, percentage drug content, friability, and in-vitro percentage cumulative drug release.
 Results: The optimized batch (OR7) displayed excellent flow properties, 0.15±0.03% friability, and 97.85±0.22% drug content with a cumulative drug release of 93.24±0.95%.
 Conclusion: The results confirm the usefulness of factorial design to identify the effect of variables on pellet characteristics. The optimized batch can further be coated with different polymers to obtain targeted drug delivery.
 Place of Study: Department of Pharmaceutics, M. C. E. Society’s Allana College of Pharmacy, Pune.

Current approach on COVID-19 for Emergency Use Authorization in Europe: Sotrovimab

Published on: October 2022Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2022; 14(4):372-376Review Article | doi:10.5530/jyp.2022.14.75 Authors:Sridevi Manni Gopalakrishnan, Shoba Elangovan, Sathyalakshmi Ramesh, Saba Maanvizhi*Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Abstract:COVID-19 plays a massive role in the health care sector. A coronavirus is a group of viruses that causes mild, moderate, and severe respiratory infections in humans. In recent times monoclonal antibodies have been used to treat and overcome the infection spread in mild to moderate infections of SARS-COV-2. It is a new neutralizing dual-action monoclonal antibody with an activity that plays a role against severe acute respiratory disorder coronavirus 2, known as SARS-CoV-2. Monoclonal antibodies are engineered molecules in the laboratory which acts as substitute antibody. Monoclonal antibodies can enhance and restore the attack of the immune system on pathogens. It is under development by GlaxoSmithKline, and Vir Biotechnology, Inc. Proteins developed by the laboratory have similar characteristics to natural antibodies produced from the human immune system. This sotrovimab is designed to avoid the entry of pathogens and viral attachment and neutralize the previously infected cells. It has been shown that there is a reduction level in hospitalization or death in age factor between 18-45 with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 by 79% who are at high risk of progressing to serious illness in COMET-ICE (COVID-19 Monoclonal antibody Efficacy Trial – Intent to Care Early) trial. Some of the adverse effects of the sotrovimab were rash and diarrhea (1%). Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been reported at at least rate. In this article, we have explained in detail the Sotrovimab overview, history, Clinical data, Special conditions, and Approval data of the European Union.Keywords: COMET-ICE trial, Coronavirus, Monoclonal antibodies, SARS-CoV-2, Sotrovimab.

Role of A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins in Respiratory Disorder

Published on: October 2022Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2022; 14(4):359-365Review Article | doi:10.5530/jyp.2022.14.73 Authors:Mustakim M Mansuri1,*, Krupa D Patel1, Gaurang B Shah1, Avinash Khadela1, Manish P Patel21Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, INDIA.2Department of Pharmaceutics, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, INDIA. Abstract:Protein kinase A, plays a crucial role in cAMP signaling and its further downstream regulation of received stimuli. A kinase anchoring protein (AKAP); a binding protein provides a platform to the substrates to perform signaling events. AKAP serve its role in cAMP signaling by interacting with GPCR, PKA, ACs, Epac or PDE. More than 70 AKAP have been identified from which role of some AKAPs have been identified. AKAPs are found in heart, brain, testis, skeletal muscle, pancreas, placenta, oocytes, thyroid, kidney, liver, lungs. Amongst which the regulatory role of some AKAPs like AKAP149, AKAP5, AKAP4 and AKAP18 has been reported in mitochondrial function, recycling of β1-adrenoceptors, sperm motility, and insulin secretion respectively; whereas AKAP149 interaction is involved in reverse transcriptase activity of HIV; mutation in AKAP9 isoform causes prolonged QT interval, AKAP10 causes arrhythmia, risk of colorectal cancer and familial breast cancer. Although its dominating role is majorly reported in heart and brain, few reports are available regarding its role in respiratory system. The probable action of AKAP is via IL-8 release; IL-10, IL-6 and iNOS synthesis; mitochondrial function mediation, ROS generation and apoptosis. In the current review, attempt has been made to explore the general role of AKAPs with special emphasis in respiratory system.Keywords: Anchoring protein, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Protein kinase A, QT interval, Inflammatory mediators.