Department Of Pathology Research Articles

Colorectal adenocarcinoma with enteroblastic differentiation: a clinicopathological analysis of eight cases

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features of colorectal adenocarcinoma with enteroblastic differentiation (CAED). Methods: Eight cases of CAED diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China from January 2017 to August 2023 were collected. The histopathological, immunohistochemical, molecular and prognostic features of 8 CAED cases were analyzed. The relevant studies were also reviewed. Results: Among the eight patients, there were six males and two females, with an average age of 58 years (range: 29-77 years, median age: 61.5 years). Preoperative serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were elevated in five patients (14.0-286.6 μg/L). Four tumors were located in the colon, and four tumors in the rectum. Two patients were clinically staged as advanced stage (stage Ⅳ), and distant metastasis occurred at the initial diagnosis (one case had liver metastasis, and the other had lung, bone and multiple lymph nodes metastases). Six patients were clinically staged as locally-advanced stage (Stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ). Three of them developed distant metastases after surgery (one case had liver metastasis, one case had lung metastasis, and one case had peritoneal metastasis). Additionally, two patients died at 9 months and 24 months after surgery, respectively. The tumors were composed of various proportions of adenocarcinoma components with enteroblastic differentiation (30%-100%) and classical tubular adenocarcinoma components. The component with enteroblastic differentiation exhibited morphology similar to embryonic intestinal epithelium: cuboidal or columnar tumor cells arranged in tubular, papillary, cribriform, or solid nest patterns, with clear cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical studies showed that tumor cells expressed at least one oncofetal protein (SALL4, Glypican-3, and AFP). In addition, focal squamous differentiation was observed in 3 cases (3/8). Compared to the primary tumor, both CAED and squamous differentiation components were increased in the metastatic tumors. Based on the sequencing results of KRAS, NRAS and BRAF of the primary and/or metastatic tumors, 5 cases were wild-type, while KRAS exon 2 (G13D) mutations were identified in 2 cases. Conclusions: CAED is a rare colorectal malignancy with a dismal prognosis. Accurate pathological diagnosis is prognostically valuable. The histological features of enteroblastic differentiation, elevated serum AFP levels, and the expression of oncofetal proteins play an important role in the tumor diagnosis.

Identification, Cause and Surgical Management of Traumatic Fibroma in the Jugal Mucosa: A Case Report

Aims: the objective of the present study is to report a clinical case aimed at the diagnosis and treatment of a traumatic fibroma located in the region of the unilateral buccal mucosa based on clinical and histopathological examination.
 Case Report: A 43-year-old male patient, melanoderma, attended the Nilton Lins University dental clinic reporting the existence of a large nodule in the cheek region. Based on the clinical appearance of the lesion, the diagnostic hypothesis of traumatic fibroma was established; therefore, the surgical excision of the lesion was determined for subsequent referral to confirm the hypothesis. The removed content was transferred to a container containing a 10% formaldehyde solution and sent to the Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine of the Federal University of Amazonas for histopathological analysis, which disclosed benign epithelial thickening with parakeratosis and underlying connective tissue hyperplasia. Given the characteristics presented in the analyzed histological picture, the definitive diagnosis was reactive fibroepithelial hyperplasia.
 Conclusion: Establishing a preliminary diagnosis of the lesion was essential for planning the surgical procedure. The use of the conventional technique for the removal of the reactive fibroepithelial hyperplasia obtained satisfactory results, both for the postoperative recovery and for the infeasibility of recurrence, thus providing satisfactory comfort to the patient.

Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Composition of Allium sativum Bulb Extracts against Selected Gram-Negative Bacteria

As a result of increasing antibiotics resistance due to multidrug resistance leads to the use of the medicinal plants as alternative antimicrobial agents. The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Allium sativum bulb extracts against some selected gram-negative bacteria isolates. Allium sativum oil was extracted using Soxhlet extraction procedures; Clinical bacterial isolates were collected from pathology department of General Hospital Potiskum in Yobe state. Isolates were identified using standard methods. Antibacterial activity of different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100) % of oil extract of Allium sativum bulb were investigated against five clinical bacterial isolates including, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii and Klebsiella oxytoca.. The oil extract of the bulbs showed antimicrobial activity against all five clinical isolates. MICs and MBCs were evaluated by broth dilution method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for all the three oil extracts ranged between 0.5 and 1.0%, while the minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) values ranged between 1.0 and 1.5%. Important bioactive constituents were present in the different oil extraction method; alkaloids (for ethanol extracts, 19.04±0.04, for hexane extracts, 20.04±0.14 and for chloroform extracts, 20.04±0.07) and 0.51±0.01were detected for sterols in all the three oil extraction methods while others such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins and phenols were not detected. The yield extracts of the oil extract of the bulbs, for hexane were 12.6%, chloroform, 15.2% and ethanol, 16.2%, indicating that ethanol was the better of the three solvents used. The potential applications of Allium sativum oil extracts as natural antimicrobial agents call for the importance of further investigation into their nutritional potential.

Intra-Familial Cases of Hepatitis B Virus and Their Associated Risk Factors of Transmission in District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Introduction: Hepatitis - B Virus is a prevalent viral hepatitis, with high morbidity, and mortality worldwide. It affects 2 billion people, especially those with limited healthcare access and low socioeconomic status. It causes liver problems which may be acute or chronic. HBV is transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy (vertical transmission) and also transmitted from infected individuals to others (horizontal transmission). In our society, the family living system is a joint system, many people live in a single house which results in the sharing of different personal items. So, there are high chances of intra-familial cases of HBV. This study aimed to find out the intra-familial cases of HBV infections and their associated risk factors of transmission within a family in District Mardan. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Pathology, Mardan Medical Complex, District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. After ethical approval and informed consent from participants a total of 36 positive families of HBV were taken by using a non-probability convenience sampling method. Data was collected from positive individuals with the help of a pre-designed questionnaire. That data was analyzed through SPSS version 22. Results: Out of 36 families, 50% had no HBV-positive members, while 50% had positive individuals. There were 18 households (50%) with only one member positive for HBV, 12 families (33.3%) with two members, 4 families (11.1%) with three individuals, and 2 families (5.6%) with four members. There were three major risk factors present, which resulted in intra-family HBV transmission. There were 7 (19.4%) families where Vertical transmission was the main risk factor. 7 were (19.4%) due to the use of personal hygiene goods, whereas 4 families (11.1%) were due to unsafe sexual intercourse among couples (husband/wife). Conclusion: There was an equal chance of the hepatitis B virus to affect only one member of a family or have transmission to other members within a family. Multiple risk factors are involved in the transmission of HBV in a family but most of the cases were due to vertical transmission, use of personal hygienic items, and unsafe sexual intercourse between (couples)wife and husband in district Mardan, Pakistan. Key words: Hepatitis-B virus, Intra-familial, vertical transmission, Mardan, Risk factor

RAPID ON-SITE EVALUATION AND MICRONUCLEUS SCORING IN BREAST LESIONS FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOPATHOLOGY BY NEW IAC YOKOHAMA SYSTEM OF REPORTING

Objective: The objective of the study is to report all fine needle aspiration cytopathology (FNAC) cases of lump breast as per New Yokohama classification 2016, to highlight the importance of rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE) in breast cytology at the time of FNAC, and to assess the relationship between micronucleus (MN) scoring and various breast lesions in cytology. Methods: The study was conducted on 70 patients with breast lumps in the Department of Pathology in Government Medical College, Patiala, and comprised evaluation of ROSE and MN scoring in breast FNAC by the use of New Yokohama system of reporting. Results: On ROSE, 11 out of 70 patients were categorized under category I according to the Yokohama system of reporting and on the same sitting with repeat FNAC after performing the ROSE; nine cases were upgraded for cytological reporting and two remained in category I. According to as per the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) Yokohama system of reporting (2016) cases were categorized as category I – 2 (2.9%), category II – 46 (65.7%), category III – 7 (10.1%), category IV – 5 (7.1%), and category V – 10 (14.2%). In MN scoring, MN with the highest score of 14–17/1000 epithelial cells was in category V (malignant), and the lowest score was 0–1/1000 epithelial cells in category II (benign). Conclusion: ROSE is an easy, safe, and cost-effective method. IAC Yokohama system for reporting (2016) provides a comprehensive way of categorizing various breast lesions on FNAC with clinical correlation. MN score is a good biomarker in differentiating benign, atypical, and malignant breast lesions.

Screening of Germplasms for Disease Resistance Against Anthracnose of Chilli Caused by Colletotrichum capsici

Chilli (Capsicum annuum Linn.) is an important extensively grown spice crop. It belongs to the family Solanaceae. Approximately 20-27 species of chilli are found, out of which five are domesticated viz., C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, and C. pubescens in different parts of the world. Chilli crop suffers from various diseases in which anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici is a very serious one, causes huge yield losses in India. Severely infected fruits look straw colour and bear numerous acervuli in concentric rings. Around 27℃ temperature, 80% relative humidity and soil pH 5-6 promote infection and disease progress. The average disease incidence level ranges between 66 and 84% which results in yield loss upto 12-50% This investigation was carried out at the Main Experiment Station Vegetable Science and Department of Plant Pathology, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P) during the year 2021 -2022. Twenty genotypes of chilli were screened and none one genotypes are found resistant, nine genotypes namely, Mahycojalna, Arkalohit, Phulemukta, Arkaharita, Madhurima, Classica 152, Arkameghna, Sonakshi 44 and Divyajyoti were found moderately resistant and rest of the genotype were susceptible and highly susceptible.

A Study of Frequency of Anemia in Pregnant Females in Tertiary Care Hospital, Islamabad

Background: Anemia is among the most public hematological disorders, especially in pregnancy. It is a nutritional deficiency disorder that affects pregnant women, mainly in underdeveloped countries. Pregnant women who suffer from anemia often have bad pregnancy outcomes and may lead to difficulties that endanger both the mother's and the fetus's health. This study aimed was to determine the frequency of anemia among pregnant women in tertiary care hospitals in Islamabad. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional investigation was carried out in the Dr. Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital's pathology and gynecology department in Islamabad. All the pregnant women who visited for antenatal check-ups from January 2021 to December 2021 were involved in the study. Data was taken through a specially designed proforma and statistical analysis was accomplished using SPSS version 21. Results: A total number of 93 pregnant females were enrolled in the study. The average age of pregnant women was 30.6 ± 6.0 (20-43). The average hemoglobin in our study population was 11.1± 1.4 (8-13 g/dL). The mean range of WBC counts was 11,304/mm3 ±7722 (4100/mm3 - 81000/mm3), the mean value of RBC count was 4.1 mil/mm3 ± 0.6 (2-5 mil/mm3). The overall prevalence of anemia in pregnant females was 45% (n=42). Out of 42 pregnant anemic women, 25 (59%) had normocytic normochromic type of anemia, 15 (36%) had microcytic type of anemia, and 2 (5%) had macrocytic type of anemia. Mild anemia was recorded in 26 (30%) of the pregnant females, while moderate anemia was recorded in 16 (17%) of the pregnant females, and 51 (55%) of the pregnant females had no anemia. Conclusion: Anemia was found in the majority of pregnant females visiting tertiary care teaching hospitals. The frequency of mild anemia was high and also according to severity. The most common morphological type of anemia was normocytic normochromic. The overall prevalence of anemia in pregnancy was 45% (n=42).55% of pregnant women were non-anemic and new severe anemia was detected.

Infiltration of Appendix with Eosinophils in Acute Appendicitis

Background and Aim: Despite the fact that the precise origin of acute appendicitis is unknown, luminal obstruction, nutrition, and hereditary factors are likely to be involved. The intricate evolutionary history of the appendix and the broad ranges in evolutionary rates among various animals suggest that the feature is recurrent. Keeping the above points in mind, the present study aimed to study the etiology and prevalence of eosinophilic appendicitis.Material and Methods: The present is the prospective study done in the department of pathology in the medical college associated with a hospital. A total of 250 cases were studied for one year. Tissue specimens were included from appendectomy procedure done either as an elective or emergency procedure. For light microscopy, one slide from each block was stained with H&E to arrive at a diagnosis.Results: The most common reason for performing appendectomies was acute appendicitis in 144 instances,followed by peri-appendicitis in cases. A male predominance was also noted in cases of acute appendicitis and peri appendicitis. The most frequent age range to be affected in eosinophilic appendicitis cases was 10 to 20 years. Twenty individuals were diagnosed with eosinophilic appendicitis out of the 250 cases that were received. In these cases, the muscularis propria had eosinophil infiltration, and there were a few spots where there was edema dividing the muscle fibres.Conclusion: Rare condition known as acute eosinophilic appendicitis has hazy symptoms. In order to effectively approach and manage patients, it needs to be thoroughly investigated. The mainstay for making diagnoses continues to be histopathology.

Role of P63 in Benign and Malignant Lesions of Breast

Introduction: Breast carcinoma is leading cause of cancer death in women. Breast lesions constitute heterogeneous group of diseases with wide variety of etiologies ranging from inflammatory-benign- malignant lesions. There are several reported markers for immunohistochemical detection of myoepithelial cells. Smooth muscle specific proteins, such as smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, calponin and h-caldesmon are used to highlight myoepithelium. p63 antibody is myoepithelial cell marker that selectively stains nuclei. It is negative in stromal, myofibroblastic and adipocytic cells.Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish role of p63 expression in distinguishing benign breast lesions, premalignant lesions and malignant tumors of breast.Materials and Methods: 30 cases were selected from core biopsy, lumpectomy and mastectomy specimens ofbreast received at department of Pathology, Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences during the period of January 2021 to December 2021 and were studied prospectively. All specimens were processed according to CAP protocol and reported . Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine p63 expression in those specimens. p63 expression was evaluated as continuous positive/discontinuous positive/negative.Ethical Approval: This study was reviewed and approved by institute ethics committee, CAIMS, Karimnagar.Results: Among total 30 cases, 18 cases (60%) were benign lesions and all were positive for p63 expression. 3 cases (9.99%) were premalignant and were least positive for p63 expression. All malignant cases 9 cases (29.99%) were negative for p63 expression.Conclusion: The Positive correlation was seen between histomorphological features and p63 scoring in all the lesions, So p63 is good Immunohistochemical marker for evaluating breast lesions.

Spectrum of the Oral Lesions in a Rural-based Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Central India

Background: The oral cavity is a common site for pathological lesion with a wide spectrum of neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions. They are either symptomatic or asymptomatic. Some lesions may prove to be premalignant and may be a cause of malignancy in future. Histopathological reporting is very important and essential part because the core finding we provide in reporting significantly influences the treatment part.Material and Methods: This study was carried out in the Department of Pathology, Amaltas Institute of Medical Sciences, Dewas (Madhya Pradesh) from May 2021 to March 2023. The study included all the patients admitted in ENT, Surgery and Oncology wards of hospital presenting with oral pathology and given written informed consent. A total 80 cases were taken in to account and were studied, in relation with age, sex, site predilection.All biopsy specimens and resected tissues/organs were received in 10% formalin solution and were processed as per standard protocol and slides of standard thickness were prepared for histopathological examination. After thorough microscopic study, the diagnosis was made and categorized into major groups (non-neoplastic, benign, borderline and malignant) and subgroups according to type of lesion on histopathological examination.Results: The site of involvement of various lesions shows maximum involvement of buccal mucosa 43(53.75%),followed by tongue 19(23.75%), tonsil 7(8.75%), alveolus 4(5%) , floor of mouth 3(3.75%) and least involvement of lip and palate with 2(2.5%) cases in each. Of the inflammatory lesions tonsils were the commonest site of involvement.Conclusion: We conclude our study with the findings that lesions of buccal mucosa is commonest site andsquamous cell carcinoma was the commonest entity with diversity in lesions and a wide age group of presentation. This emphasizes the role of histopathological study and diagnosis in oral lesions and provides us with valuable information of the lesion being neoplastic or non-neoplastic and timely intervention could be planned.

Reference Values for Placental Weight and Placental:Fetal Weight Ratio in a Swedish Population.

There is important clinical information from placental weight and its ratio to the fetal weight. The aim with this study was to establish reference values for the placental weight and the placental:fetal weight ratio for gestational weeks 13-43 in a Swedish population. Cases were retrospectively collected from the database used at the Pathology Department at Karolinska University Hospital and information about the placental weight, fetal weight, and gestational age was retrieved. Conditions, which could affect the placental- or fetal weight were excluded. Thereafter percentile curves were calculated for the placental weight and the placental:fetal weight ratio for gestational weeks. A total of 730 cases were included and percentile curves for the placental weight for gestational week 13-43 and placental:fetal weight ratio for gestational week 18-43 are presented. Reference values for post fixation placental weight and its ratio to fetal weight for a Swedish population are presented. The reference values are lower than the current reference values used in our institution, and this will be of importance when interpreting findings after placental examination.

Detection and diagnosis of bacterial pathogens in blood using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The ability to rapidly and accurately detect and identify pathogenic bacteria in clinically-obtained blood specimens with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is evaluated. Samples of blood obtained from five patients in a local hospital were confirmed to be negative for the presence of bacteria by the pathology department and were then tested with LIBS. Specimens of blood were tested as obtained from the hospital with no other alteration as control samples and were also intentionally spiked with known aliquots of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to simulate blood infections. LIBS spectra were acquired from blood deposited on nitrocellulose filters. The intensities of 15 emission lines measured in the spectra and 92 ratios of those line intensities were used as 107 independent variables in a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to discriminate between sterile control samples and those spiked with bacteria. In addition, the entire LIBS spectrum from 200 nm – 590 nm was input into an artificial neural network analysis with principal component analysis pre-processing (PCA-ANN) to diagnose the bacterial species once detected.The PLS-DA test possessed a 96.3% sensitivity and a 98.6% specificity for the detection of pathogenic bacteria in blood when 776 spectra from 26 filters were tested by removing one entire filter at a time from the model and testing each spectrum individually. When all the spectra obtained from a filter were averaged to enhance the signal to noise of the spectrum, 19 of 19 filters of infected blood tested positive and 7 of 7 filters with sterile blood tested negative, yielding 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The PCA-ANN test performed on the entire LIBS spectrum possessed a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity when using 80% of the data to build a model and withholding 20% for cross-validation testing. The same PCA-ANN performed on each of the 19 filters individually, using the other 18 filters to build the model, possessed an average sensitivity of 85.5%, an average specificity of 95.0%, and a classification accuracy of 92.5%. These results indicate the potential usefulness of LIBS for detecting and diagnosing blood infections in a clinical setting.

Are We Providing Enough Information to the Pathologists? An Audit of Filling of Histopathology Request Forms for Surgically Resected Tumours.

To analyse quantitatively the adequacy of demographics of clinical information and highlight specific areas of neglect, by assessing the adequacy of filling out histopathology request forms. Clinical Audit. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi, Pakistan, from January to September 2021. A retrospective audit was carried out on the request forms of surgically resected tumours and biopsies. The recorded details of the patients' demographics and biopsy, clinical history and examination, and intraoperative findings were analysed. Out of 175 forms, patients' names were written in 174 (99.4%) while medical record numbers were written in 113 (64.6%). The doctors' names were given in 172 (98.3%) forms and phone numbers in 34 (19.4%). A clinical diagnosis was provided in 164 (93.7%) forms, while 152 (86.9%) forms correctly entered the biopsy site. Sixty-seven (38.3%) forms included the correct nature of the biopsy. Relevant operative details were provided in half of the forms. Symptoms and their duration were mentioned in 144 (82.3%) and 100 (57.1%), respectively. The form-filling rate was the same for both benign and malignant tumours. This study shows that in a significant proportion of cases, complete relevant information is not provided to the histopathologists on request forms for logistics. Histopathology, Request forms, Tumours, Audit.

Concordance between conventional cytology and cell block of suspected malignant pleural effusion: A record-based study in a tertiary care center of eastern India

Background: Cytological study of pleural fluid helps establishing the underlying cause of pleural effusion. It is considered the most important tool in diagnosing malignancy in effusions. However, accurate identification of cellular morphology can be a problem in conventional cytology. Cell block preparation from pleural effusion aids in this diagnosis due to the preservation of tissue architecture, and multiple sections can be obtained for further studies. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the diagnostic results of conventional cytology and cell block studies of suspected malignant pleural effusions and find out the diagnostic agreement or concordance between the two methods. Materials and Methods: A record-based study was conducted at the Department of Pathology on conventional cytology and cell block study reports of 150 suspected malignant pleural effusion cases over 35 months. The diagnoses were expressed in five categories – non-diagnostic, negative for malignancy, atypia of undetermined significance, suspicious for malignancy, and malignant. χ2 test was used to identify the percentage of malignancy reported. Agreement of both methods was assessed through Kappa statistics. Results: About 4.67% of cases were reported as malignant by conventional cytology, whereas cell block study diagnosed malignancy in 19.33% of cases. Relative diagnostic agreement between the two methods was 0.73 and concordance by Cohen’s Kappa was 0.34, which signifies fair concordance. Conclusion: Cell block study, though having a fair concordance, is much superior to conventional cytology smears in detecting malignant cells and diagnosing a pleural effusion as malignant.

Diagnostic value of tuberculosis-specific antigens ESAT-6 and CFP10 in lymph node tuberculosis

ObjectiveTo assess the diagnostic value of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for detecting the tuberculosis-secreted antigens ESAT-6 and CFP10 in lymph node tuberculosis. MethodsArchived, paraffin-embedded lymph node specimens from 72 patients diagnosed with lymph node tuberculosis and 68 patients with lymphoma were retrospectively collected from the Department of Pathology at the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China between January 2016 and March 2023. These specimens were subjected to acid-fast and immunohistochemical staining to compare the effectiveness of these methods, with their sensitivity and specificity evaluated against a comprehensive reference standard. ResultsAcid-fast staining demonstrated a sensitivity of 12.3% and a specificity of 100%. IHC staining for ESAT-6 showed a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 85.3%, whereas IHC staining for CFP10 exhibited a sensitivity of 75.0% and a specificity of 89.7%. ConclusionThe study indicates that IHC detection of ESAT-6 and CFP10 in paraffin-embedded lymph node tuberculosis tissues has a markedly higher sensitivity compared to acid-fast staining. Thus, IHC staining may serve as a supplementary diagnostic tool for the pathological evaluation of lymph node tuberculosis.

Effect of Fungicides on Mycelium Growth of Rhizoctonia solani of Rice under In-vitro

Sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is emerging as very destructive disease causing heavy yield losses. This experiment was conducted at Department of plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Rewa (M.P.) during 2018-19. This experiment was carried out in a complete randomized design (CRD) with eight treatments including untreated control. Seven fungicides viz., Flusilazole12.5%+carbendazim 25% SC, Azoxystrobin 18.2% w/w+difenoconazole 11.4 w/w SC, Azoxystrobin 11%+Tebuconazole 18.3% w/w SC, Tricyclazole 18%+ mancozeb 62%WP, Zineb 68% + hexaconazole 4% WP, Trifloxystrobin 25%+Tebuconazole 50%WG, Mancozeb 50%+carbendazim 25%WS, were evaluate against R. solani of rice at different concentrations under in-vitro by poisoned food technique. The present study, among the tested fungicides Azoxystrobin 11%+Tebuconazole 18.3% w/w SC at 200 ppm and 100 ppm was found significantly superior in inhibiting the mycelial growth of R. solani over untreated check at 96 hrs. after incubation.

Exploring the Diagnostic Challenges of Uterine Lesions in Frozen Section: A Comprehensive Study at a Tertiary Care Center.

Introduction Uterine masses are commonly submitted for frozen section, to guide the surgeon, regarding the type and extent of the procedure during surgery. Despite the technical difficulties in processing, sectioning, and staining of frozen section samples, it remains a fairly reliable intraoperative tool. Aim This study aims to analyze the diverse spectrum of uterine masses sent for frozen sections for two years. In addition, it aims to analyze the histomorphology of the uterine masses sent for the frozen section and correlate it with that of the routine histopathological findings, thereby justifying the diagnostic value of the frozen section with this study. Furthermore, the study aims to classify the lesions into benign and malignant, quantify their frequency, and listthe most common lesions seen in the uterine mass specimens sent for frozen section analysis. Methodology This retrospective descriptive study includes data from January 2021to December 2022, retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology at Saveetha Medical College.This study includes a total of 76 cases, including all the uterine masses sent for frozen section analysis during the study period. Results Of the total of 76 cases received, 17 (22.4%) were malignant and 59 (77.6%) were benign. Of the malignant cases reported, the most common was endometrial carcinoma, and the least common entities encountered were carcinosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma. Of the benign cases, benign endometrial polyp was the most common endometrial lesion and leiomyoma with and without degeneration was the most common myometrial lesion encountered. Of the 50 cases of leiomyoma encountered, 16 had extensive degenerative changes. The most common degeneration seen in the fibroid was hyaline degeneration, and the least common was xanthogranulomatous degeneration. Conclusions The intraoperative frozen section analysis is a very important diagnostic tool, but we need to be aware of its limitations. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity rates were found to be high. Thus, frozen section diagnoses can be very valuable in the clinical management of uterine tumors. Careful gross examination, sampling from representative areas, and good communication between the pathologist and surgeon may help in avoiding its limitations.

Importance of bone marrow examination in cases of pancytopenia: A morphological study in a tertiary care center

Background: Anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are all combined as pancytopenia. It could be a symptom of many diseases that directly or indirectly impact the bone marrow. The cause of pancytopenia, however, differs depending on the location. An essential step in determining the cause of pancytopenia is bone marrow aspiration (BMA). Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to determine the causes of pancytopenia and the morphology of the bone marrow in pancytopenia patients. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out over a year in the pathology department of a tertiary care facility in central India. Patients taking chemotherapy or radiation therapy were excluded from the study. Inclusion Criteria: Cases with hemoglobin <10 g/dL, total leukocyte count <4000/mm3, and platelet count <100,000/mm3 were included in this study. The patient’s posterior iliac crest was used for BMA. The Leishman stain was used to color BMA smears for microscopy. Results: This study comprised 51 cases of pancytopenia, with acute leukemia and megaloblastic anemia accounting for the majority (11 cases each out of 51), followed by dimorphic anemia (10/51), hypocellular marrow (9/51). The clinical symptom of generalized weakness and pallor was present in all instances (100%) and was followed by fatiguability (72%) and dyspnea (48%). The last two least frequent symptoms, lymphadenopathy, and hepatomegaly, were also present in many patients. A significant proportion of pancytopenia individuals experienced lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly, which were the last two least prevalent appearances. Conclusion: In most cases, bone marrow aspiration in pancytopenia patients aids in determining the underlying reason. Understanding the illness process, planning future research, and managing cytopenia patients can all benefit from it.

2 The role of cellular pathology departments in the improvement of turnaround times for lung adenocarcinoma biomarker testing

2 The role of cellular pathology departments in the improvement of turnaround times for lung adenocarcinoma biomarker testing

Does Nottingham grading of primary invasive breast carcinomas in an Adelaide metropolitan hospital pathology department adhere to the recommended distribution of grading?

Does Nottingham grading of primary invasive breast carcinomas in an Adelaide metropolitan hospital pathology department adhere to the recommended distribution of grading?