Music Education Department Research Articles

The Relationship between the Values of Primary School and Music Teacher Candidates and Their Cheating Attitudes

The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between the values of primary and music teacher candidates and their cheating attitudes in terms of different variables. The study group of the research is composed of 249 students who are studying at the Departments of Primary School Teaching and Music Education at Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Education. In the research, Portrait Values Questionnaire and personal information form were used. In the analysis of data, t test, ANOVA, correlation analysis and tukey HSD test was used. It was detected that teacher candidates had high levels of value perceptions and the three most important values were universalism, security and self-direction. It was found that there was a statistically significant difference in primary school and music teacher candidates in all values except achievement, hedonism and stimulation according to their departments. This difference was on behalf of primary school teacher candidates. Another conclusion of the research was the gender variable. In all values except power, significant difference was on behalf of females. When the value scores of primary school and music teacher candidates were examined, all the values except for power were on behalf of freshmen. It was seen that there were significant differences between the teacher candidates’ academic achievement perceptions and their value scores of achievement, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity and security except power and hedonism values. Findings related to cheating, which was another variance of the research, are as follows; cheating attitudes of primary school and music teacher candidates were moderate. It was detected that the participants had negative attitudes towards cheating. A significant difference was detected in cheating attitude according to the department. In other words, it was seen that music teacher candidates were more positive towards cheating. When cheating attitudes according to gender variable were examined, it was seen that there was a significant difference on behalf of females.

“Thinking Creatively with Sounds and Words: Sounds and Images IIA” validity study in the Turkish language

Creativity, although it had existed since the existence of humanity, nowadays it is gaining more and more importance. In this process, creativity have been addressed in a variety of ways such as the studies of development on creativity and determination of the level of creativity. For this reason some scales or tests have been developed. Developed tests in a certain culture or language have reflect this culture and language’s understanding and qualifications. It is important to be done in a systematic way to test or scale adaptation studies in order to be applicable and meaningful in different culture or language.The purpose of this research is to study the validity of the Turkish language of the Test of Thinking Creatively with Sounds and Words: Sounds and Images IIA developed by Torrance and Cunnington.Language validity study was conducted in the academic year 2014-2015 by Dokuz Eylül University Buca Education Faculty Department of Foreign Language Education and Literature Faculty Department of Translation and Interpreting 4. Grade students (n=55). For the reliability and validity study, the Sounds and Images IIA Turkish form was conducted in the academic year 2014-2015 by Dokuz Eylül University, Adnan Menderes University, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Education Faculty Department of music Education 1.- 4. Grade students (n=276).The reliability of the test was determined through the value of Cronbach’s Alpha. The Cronbach’s Alpha value of the Sounds and Images IIA English form was determined .64, for the Sounds and Images IIA Turkish form was determined .61 [.60 ≤ α < .90]. To determine the correlation between English and Turkish forms the correlation analysis was made. The correlation was determined .81 and there is a positive significant relationship between scores [r=.81, p<.01]. There isn’t statistically significant difference between the English and Turkish form scores [t=.29, p>.01].The Sounds and Images IIA Turkish Form Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient is .61, Spearman-Brown split-half reliability coefficient is .59 [.60 ≤ α < .90]. This result shows that the Sounds and Images IIA Turkish Form is a reliable measuring instrument for Turkish language.

Educational Material using Malay Children's Folk Songs for Viola Beginners

The researchers created a method book using Malay children’s folk songs to encourage the local Malaysian teenagers to learn viola. They hope to improve the knowledge of the teenagers regarding their own music culture and to develop their abilities and playing skills faster. The research focused on compiling the contents for the method book including Malay children’s folk songs, etudes, piano accompaniments and an attached CD. The book comprises a blended learning approach using historical, theoretical, technical and musical teaching materials. 14 students (viola beginners) took part in the research. They were subjects used to evaluate the new method book that was used at the Department of Music and Music Education, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI). This article highlights the research process of creating this method book, methodology used for solving problems, design process, trial use of the book and evaluation of the book.

Examining the achievement goal orientation levels of Turkish pre-service music teachers

Achievement goal orientation (AGO) might help music teacher candidates make their learning processes more effective by revealing how they are motivated towards the learning tasks. In this respect, the purpose of this study was to examine the levels of achievement goal orientation of pre-service music teachers according to eight variables. The participants of the study consisted of 1250 undergraduate students studying in the departments of music education during the academic year 2013–2014 in Turkey. The data were collected through an Information Form and the Achievement Goal Orientation Scale (AOS). The results of the study revealed that gender, grade level, students’ achievement level and willingness had small effects on students’ learning goal orientation. Practice time in music, students’ evaluation of their own achievement levels among their peers, the extent to which students found themselves skilled in music and pursuing another profession had a medium effect on learning goal orientation. Informing students about the achievement goal orientation and the effects of these goals on the teaching and learning process may help students with their achievement goal orientations towards the desired direction.

Development of Pamukkale Piano Learning Style Scale

In musical instrument training, piano has been taught as a compulsory instrument in all departments of Music Education. It is thought that as a major instrument, piano plays a crucial role in music education. Without question, it is highly vital to raise individuals' awareness of learning styles towards learning piano in effort to practice piano courses more efficiently and effectively. In this respect, the present study is of utmost importance as it will be a pioneer study and make a great deal of contributions to the relevant field. The current study was designed to develop a valid and reliable scale. The population of the study consisted of 170 music teacher candidates majoring in Music Education, including those who already took piano lessons. Although the study successfully accessed to the whole sample, only 133 scales were included to the research, due to inaccurate or incomplete data in subjects’ responses. To test the construct validity of the scale, explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used. The original scale consists of four sub-dimensions, namely, independent, analytical, dependent and affective learning styles.

The effect of exam frequency on academic success of undergraduate music students and comparison of students performance anxiety levels

The general measurement and assessment approach among universities in Cyprus is to have one mid-term exam and one final exam within a semester. In terms of the validity and the reliability of the measurement and assessment processes, it is essential to understand the ways in which students got influenced by the frequency of exams in psychological terms, and whether this has any effects on their overall success. In 2015–2016 Fall Terms, Near East University, Music Education Department decided to have two mid-term exams for each semester with the unanimous decision of the council of the department. The decision was bounding for music courses within the department. The decision was taken with the assumption that there is a positive relationship between the frequency of the exams and better studying habits among students who are viewed as highly exam and exam score oriented individuals. The new approach of having two mid-term exams was only introduced for music courses, where pedagogy courses and courses related with general cultural studies were exempted. It is observed that the new exam approach increased the exam anxiety among students at noticeable degrees. Due to undesirable outcomes of the new approach on student’s behaviours, the application of two mid-term exams per semester was cancelled only after one semester. It can be argued that such decisions which are highly critical for the entire learning and educational processes need to be based on solid pillars and evaluated in the light of scientific data. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the aforementioned approach which is based on two mid-term exam per semester on students’ academic successes. With this study, it is also intended to reflect on the attitude of students concerning the two mid-term exam per semester approach. In this context, the research group of this study was composed 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Grade Students of 2015–2016. There are 59 students in total. The exam scores received by these 59 students during the fall semester of 2015–2016 from two mid-term exams and one final exam will be compared with the exam scores they received during the spring semester of the same year where a different approach was applied as one mid-term and one final exam for the post-requisite (supplementary) courses of the previous term. The courses which were analysed can be listed as: (1) primary instrument, (2) piano, (3) voice training, (4) solfege, (5) choir and (6) orchestrate courses. These courses were selected because the scores received from these courses in different semesters can be consistently compared on the grounds that they are related to each other via being pre-requisite (preparatory)/post-requisite (supplementary) courses. Quantitative research methods were employed where survey research will be employed as the main model and causal survey research as the sub-models. For data collection, Near East University automatic information system was used to get access to the students’ exam scores in fall and spring terms of 2015–2016. An attitude scale was prepared for this study where the reliability and the validity will be controlled and pre-tests were employed for this new scale. The relationship between exam scores received by same students in two different semesters from courses related to each other were determined by using Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Besides descriptive data analysis techniques, t test and one-way analysis of variance were used at the same time.

Choral Singing and Wellbeing: Findings from a Survey of the Mixed-Chorus Experience from Music Students of the University of Education Winneba, Ghana

Choral singing, termed ‘mixed chorus’, is an integral part of the academic activities of the Department of Music Education, University of Education, Winneba. However, the impact of the singing on the wellbeing of the students and lecturers is largely unexplored. With 350 participants, this study contributes to filling that gap. Using questionnaire and interviews, the article examines the health benefits of singing in terms of emotional, psychological, social and physical wellbeing. It concludes that the mixed chorus has a great impact on the total health of the participants. However, this impact is dependent on some generative mechanisms needed inthe training of choral singers.

The Significance of Aptitude Tests in the Selection of Prospective Music Teachers

In Turkey and North Cyprus, music education departments are usually situated in faculties of education. The eligibility requirements are in two stages: Applicants who manage to attain the required minimum grade from Transition to Higher Education Examination can then take an aptitude test. These aptitude tests are designed by each university department to assess applicants’ qualifications. The main objective of this study is to examine the content and the structure of the aptitude test, and accordingly to be able to shed a light on the correlation between students’ aptitude tests scores and music and pedagogy course grades. For this purpose, the scores of 29 students who successfully passed the aptitude test in the Music Education Programme at Eastern Mediterranean University are compared with their course grades. This study employs quantitative descriptive research with an inter-relational sub-model. The Pearson correlation coefficient is used whilst analysing the relationship. The sampling method has been chosen for purposive sampling. This study determines both the content and predictive validity of the Music Education Department’s aptitude test.

The Problems in Chamber Mucis Groups Including Flute in Departments of Music Education

Bu arastirmada, Egitim Fakultelerinin Muzik Egitimi Bolumlerinde, icerisinde flutun bulundugu oda muzigi gruplariyla oda muzigi dersini yuruten ogretim elemanlarinin goruslerine basvurularak, derste farkli calgi gruplarinin bir araya gelmesinden kaynaklanan repertuvar sorunlari ortaya konmustur. Verilerin toplanmasinda yari yapilandirilmis gorusme formu kullanilarak, icinde flutun bulundugu gruplarla oda muzigi dersini yuruten bes ogretim elemaniyla gorusmeler yapilmistir. Verilerin analizinde betimsel analiz kullanilmistir. Arastirmadan elde edilen sonuclar uzerine, repertuvar problemine neden oldugu dusunulen konular hakkinda onerilerde bulunulmustur.

English

The article presents the results of a study carried out within the scope of a project entitled, “Arranged Bursa Folk Songs for Fourhands Piano Extended Piano Techniques and Teaching in Music Education Departments.” It is number KUAP (E)-2014/28 of the Uludag University Scientific Research Projects Unit and was supported by the Bursa Metropolitan Municipality. Six Bursa Folk Songs- were arranged for fourhands piano by composer Berkant Gençkal. Five of them were taught and played by six students in chamber music lessons in the Uludag University Music Education Department at the undergraduate and graduate level during the 2015 spring semester. The practice finished with a concert. All pieces were recorded by two teachers. The aim of the project is to enrich the Turkish piano literature and examine the effects on student education. The results were analysed with the N-Vivo Qualitative research programme. According to answers provided by six students to semi-structured interview questions, all students found the project positive in terms of having them acquire a different in chamber music repertoire with its own traditional rhythm and notation.   Key words: Folk song arrangement, fourhands piano, piano education, piano pedagogy, music education, Bursa, Turkey.

English

The training of a music teacher’s voice, via the examples in his own culture can contribute to getting better results in music education. Therefore, it is believed that transition to Contemporary Turkish Music and then to universal music from our traditional music may be much easier. Accordingly, the use of national resources in voice training is seen to be quite important. In this context, Bursa Folk Songs, whose piano accompanied arrangements were prepared for voice training, and also were trained for one semester by the voice training instructors of three different departments of music education that train music teachers, and then those instructors were interviewed to evaluate the contributions of prepared piano accompanied Bursa Folk Songs for voice training to the field. As a result of the survey, it has been determined that music teacher candidates need to have an extensive repertory, full of examples from their own culture, the repertory of piano- accompanied folk songs is not enough in quantity, and piano accompanied folk songs have both technical and musical contributions during the voice training process. Key words: Voice training, music education, traditional music, Turkey, Bursa Folk songs.

Assessment of creativity based learning environment for major instrument courses: A case study of Buca Faculty of Education, Department of Music Education

The development of the creative potential of individuals is considered to be one of the requirements of modern education. As in all areas, the development of students’ creative potential is also among the objectives of education programs in music education. The ability of music teachers to achieve this objective and create creative learning environments for their own students’ creative potential, is dependent on their training in such a learning environment.In this regard, one aim of this research is to develop a scale which can assess the creativity based learning environment for Major Instrument courses carried out within faculties of Education, Fine Arts Education, Music Education programs. The second aim is to evaluate using this scale, the creativity based learning environment for the Major Instrument courses carried out in the Buca Faculty of Education, Department of Music Education.The scale was developed as 5 point Likert scale and was applied to 528 students who were studying in the Faculty of Education, Fine Arts Education, Music Education Department in several universities during the 2012–2013 academic year. The data was analyzed with SPSS 16.0. Additionally, the LISREL 8.8 program was used for confirmatory factor analyses.After items distorting the factor structure were removed, the scale was left with 12 items. The scale’s Cronbach Alpha value was determined as .928. At the end of the confirmatory factor analysis the level of fit criteria were found to be; : 4.0; RMSEA: .07; NNFI: .98; CFI: .98; GFI: .94. The data show that the scale in general has an improved fit.The scale was applied to 72 students studying at the Buca Faculty of Education, Fine Arts Education, Music Education Department in the 2014–2015 academic year with the aim of determining the Major Instrument courses’ learning environments. The scale’s Cronbach Alpha value was determined as .948.Responses by students taking Major Instrument courses showed that lessons were carried out in creativity based ( =3.95) and positive learning environments ( =4.25) in which the students’ creativity was supported ( =3.73). With regard to the creativity based learning environment, Major Instrument Guitar courses presented the highest level ( =4.55) and Major Instrument Baglama course, the lowest ( =2.95).

English

The study was conducted to establish which variables cause the interrelations between musical self-esteem and performance-anxiety levels of students receiving professional music education at different institutions to vary. In relation to this framework, “musical self-esteem” and “performance anxiety” scores of students registered at the departments of music education, conservatories and music departments in Turkish faculties of fine arts were examined with respect to a set of variables. The population of the research consisted of 306 students from the first, second, third and fourth grades in the departments of Music Education affiliated to Mimar Sinan University, Istanbul University, DoAŸu Akdeniz University, Marmara University, Kocaeli University, Karadeniz Technical University, Dokuz Eylul University, On Sekiz Mart University and UludaAŸ University during the fall term of the 2014 to 2015 academic year. In the study, we utilized the Turkish version of the “Kenny Music Performance Anxiety” inventory originated in 1979 by Schmitt to measure Musical Self-esteem levels and subsequently developed by Kenny (2004). One-way variance analysis, independent group t-test, Mann Witney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were harnessed to analyze the variables of research data in terms of frequency (f), percentage (%), musical self-esteem and music performance anxiety inventory scores that varied with respect to variables such as ( ) and (sd) values, gender, age, university and individual instrument at school. In all these processes “significance level 0.05” was the agreed figure. Key words: Music education, musical self-esteem, music performance anxiety.

English

Music teacher candidates spend part of their Bachelor education in practice schools with mentor teachers before starting work. Observing music teachers in the classroom empower candidates to understand how music teaching and learning occur in classrooms, and also enlightens them on how mentor teachers teach, which then expands their awareness about different teaching styles. This research compares candidate music teachers’ preferences in teaching styles and their perceptions of mentor teachers’ teaching styles. The research was conducted using the quantitative approach with survey methodology. The survey was administered during the autumn teaching semester of 2015 to 2016. Two hundred eighteen candidate teachers participated in the survey, selected randomly from education faculties under the fine arts music education departments of seven Turkish state universities. The research data was collected by the Teaching Style Inventory developed by Grasha. The datasets were analyzed by linear regression analysis (simple linear regression). The research findings concluded that candidate teachers’ own teaching style has a significant relation with mentor teachers’ teaching styles. Therefore, they are sensitive to the teacher’s mentor role in forming their own teaching styles. Key Words: Music teacher candidates, mentor teacher, teaching styles.

English

The purpose of this study is to determine violin students’ cognitive levels about articulation marks in Department of Music Education, Fine Arts Education, Gazi Faculty of Education, Gazi University (GUGEF), and to identify the variables on which the cognitive levels vary. It is a descriptive research considering the study purpose, method and nature of study data. In the study, Turkish and international literature was reviewed to identify the place and importance of articulation marks in violin education. The study was carried out during the fall semester of 2015 to 2016 academic year. 59 violin students from the GUGEF Music Education Department participated in the study. The study data were obtained after the students filled in a questionnaire comprised of seventeen items. It was found out that majority of the violin students recall playing techniques as articulation marks are mentioned. A great majority of the students learnt articulation marks in detail during violin lessons. Again, the vast majority said they find themselves partially sufficient in recognizing and applying articulation marks. From overall success levels in the test regarding articulation marks, it was concluded that the respondents do not know the names and functions of the articulation marks. After the cognitive levels of violin students in Music Education concerning articulation marks were identified, certain recommendations were proposed: Content of instrument courses, mainly including Musical Hearing, Reading, and Writing Course, should be rearranged in the light of the study data and findings. Typing of musical notation by using articulation marks should be taught in Computer Skills course offered in the Department of Music Education. Lastly, practical training could be run by specialists to improve violin students’ cognitive and behavioural levels regarding articulation marks. Key words: Music education, instrument training, articulation, articulation marks, violin students.

Scales and Exercises with Aksak Meters in Flute Education: A Study with Turkish and Italian Students

Musical scale and exercise studies in instrumental education are considered as a fundamental component of music education. During an analysis of methods prepared for instrumental education, it was detected that scale and exercise studies for Aksak meters generally did not exist. This study was conducted to identify the effects of scales and exercises prepared for Aksak meters on performance levels based on opinions from student participants. The “One- Sample Pretest/Posttest” experimental model was used for this research. The sample population used for this study consisted of instrumental (flute) students from UludaAŸ University, Faculty of Education, Music Education Department in Turkey and flute students from “Alfredo Casella” Conservatory in Italy. From the student evaluations, it was found that the scales and exercises prepared for Aksak meters have a positive impact on performance levels. Key words: Aksak meter, student views, flute education.

The Transformations of Tarawangsa Traditional Music in the Ritual Ceremony of Bubur Syura in Sukaluyu Village, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia

A BSTRACT: There are various art forms in West Java, starting from dances, music, fine arts, to theater. Based on the research results , it was found that there were more or less 300 types of art s spread in various cities and regencies. However, some of them are “dying”, or in a “sever el y critical” condition, and some have even disappeared. In other words, the traditional arts of West Java have dwindled in number, even the existing arts are in the danger of extinction. Among these “dying” arts, there are still some that thrive and continue to be loved by the supporting communities. One of the surviving arts is the “ tarawangsa ” traditional music developed in Sumedang area, especially in Sukaluyu region, Girimukti Village Administrative, North Sumedang District, Sumedang Regency , West Java, Indonesia . Meanwhile, t here has not been much in-depth research on local wisdom, ultimately in the domain of traditional music. Hence, this paper would like to discuss one of the research outcomes concerning the transformation s of “ tarawangsa ” traditional music. The issues covered include: “ tarawangsa ” songs, the “ laras ” (scale) played, and its development in Sukaluyu Village, Girimukti Administrative Village, Sumedang Regency , West Java, Indonesia . Based on the research results, there are two important assumptions: first ly , the transformation s of “ tarawangsa ” traditional music are immanent in nature, namely they happen because of the creative process of the artists; and second ly , the transformation s take place because there is contact between Sukaluyu artists and other area artists. K EY WORDS : Transformation, “ tarawangsa ” traditional music, ritual, local wisdom , Sumedang area , and creative process of the artists . About the Author : Nanang Supriatna is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Music Education, Faculty of Language and Art Education UPI (Indonesia University of Education), Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi No.229 Bandung 40154, West Java, Indonesia. The author can be contacted via e-mail at: supriatna61@yahoo.com How to cite this article? Supriatna, Nanang. (2015). “The Transformations of Tarawangsa Traditional Music in the Ritual Ceremony of Bubur Syura in Sukaluyu Village, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.6(2) April, pp.189-196. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UNHAS Makassar, ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (November 12, 2014); Revised (February 17, 2015); and Published (April 28, 2015).

The Physics of Music with Interdisciplinary Approach: A Case of Prospective Music Teachers

Physics of music is an area that is covered by interdisciplinary approach. In this study it is aimed to determine prospective music teachers’ level of association with physics concepts which are related to music. The research is a case study which combines qualitative and quantitative methods. Eighty-four students who were studying at the Department of Music Education participated to the study. A data collection instrument which included qualitative and quantitative items with an interdisciplinary approach was used in this research. The collected data were grouped and analyzed by finding percentage value for each item. The findings from the data analysis were interpreted and a case assessment was made. In addition it was asked if it was necessary to take such an education. The findings revealed that most participants were unaware of musical concepts relating to physics and had difficulty in associating these concepts or expressing what they know. However, a great majority thought that such an education was necessary in their department.

Reflections on the second APCMN Seminar in Tokyo

Abstract This article is a reflective report on the second seminar of the Asia Pacific Community Music Network (APCMN). Held over two days in July 2015, over 30 participants from seven countries assembled at Kunitachi College of Music in Tokyo to discuss Community Music and the various ways it manifests itself in this vast region. Spread over the two days were 23 paper presentations, a workshop and special welcome concert organized and performed by students from the college’s Music Education Department. Overall, response to the event was positive, an important outcome being that the network will endure, with plans underway to hold a third seminar.

English

This study determined the levels of recognizing piano works of contemporary Turkish composers, the importance of practicing these works and difficulty in playing these works by the prospective music teachers in the Departments of Music Education in Turkey. Furthermore, this study performed a comparative analysis on the opinions of the prospective teachers who have played the works of contemporary Turkish composers during their piano education and those who have not in recognizing these works and considering their practice necessary. The sampling of the study consists of a total of 166 prospective music teachers in the first, second, third and fourth grades. The study utilized a general screening model and the data analysis of the study was performed through SPSS 21.0. 37.3% of the prospective music teachers carried out a study on the piano works of contemporary Turkish composer while 62.7% of them did not. Furthermore, the study concluded that recognizing the piano works of Contemporary Turkish Composers, considering the practice of these works necessary and having difficulty in playing these works by the prospective music teachers do not vary according to the type of high school that they graduated from and their grades and that the levels of recognizing the piano works of Contemporary Turkish Composers and considering the practice of these works necessary do not vary according to whether they have played these works before or not. Key words: Piano Education, Contemporary Turkish Music, Contemporary Turkish Piano Works, Contemporary Turkish Piano Music.