Interventional Radiology Department Research Articles

Safety of Ultrasound Guided Endovenous Management of Varicose Veins and How to Avoid Potential Complications

Background Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) have been used to treat superficial venous insufficiency, Ablation of veins has replaced operative saphenectomy as the procedure of choice for the treatment of superficial venous insufficiency. This change has likely taken place due to the minimally invasive nature and acceptable safety of endovenous ablation while remaining as efficacious and durable as saphenous ligation and stripping. Pattern of complications had been changed over the past decade, due to shifting from surgical stripping of varicose veins to endovenous procedures. The incidence of complications vary widely based on the level of operators as ecchymosis incidence post endovenous procedure range from (52-100%), parathesia (0.5 - 41.5%), phlebitis (0.5 – 5.5%), burn (0.46%), DVT (0.27%), and pulmonary embolism in 0.02% of cases. Aim of the Work assessing the incidence of complications during endovenous procedures of varicose veins and possible preventive measures. Assessing incidence of complications during Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA), radiofrequency ablation and injection sclerotherapy. Assessing the preventive measures that could be conducted to decrease the incidence of complications of endovenous surgeries. Patients and Methods Type of study retrospective cohort study study setting the study will be conducted at Ain Shams University Hospitals, interventional radiology department study period 2 years study population patients admitted in interventional radiology department during the past 2 years and scheduled for varicose veins treatment. Results was conducted on 20 patients, 70.0% were males and 30.0% were females with mean age of the study group was 45.35 ± 11.34 years ranged from 28 to 65 years. Most patients with no known medical or surgical history 65.5%, 25.0% were diabetic and 5.0% were hypertensive. Conclusion because most of the side effects are minor, and major complications are rare, EVLA is a safe and minimally invasive procedure with excellent efficacy in the treatment of varicose veins. Because optimizing laser parameters and the EVLA procedure may reduce the incidence and severity of complications associated with EVLA, additional research is warranted.

Trans-Arterial Chemoembolization for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Single Tertiary Care Institute Experience

Introduction: Trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a mainstay therapeutic option indicated in early-stage non- resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and has been shown to be associated with survival improvements. This study aimed to evaluate the radiological and clinical response of those who underwent TACE. Aims & Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the radiological and clinical response in patients who underwent Trans- arterial chemoembolization. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Vascular Interventional Radiology Department, Dow Institute of Radiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus Karachi for a period of 18 months between January 2021 and June 2022. Material & Methods: HCC patients (n=181) who underwent TACE as their primary treatment at Dow Hospital Ojha Campus Karachi between January 1st, 2021, and June 30th, 2022 were included. Inclusion criteria followed the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) and Child-Pugh staging systems. Tumor response was evaluated using “modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST)”, and patients were categorized into complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) groups. The study compared background, clinico-laboratory, and radiological features between these groups, including HCC sizes and CT scan findings before and after TACE. The retrieved data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version.21. Results: Of the total 118 patients, 51.70% showed CR to the TACE, while PR was noted in 48.30%. Age, sex, viral hepatitis, and co-morbids showed no intergroup differences. However, Child-Pugh stage and BCLC were significantly associated with tumor response. Similarly, laboratory parameters revealed significant mean differences between the two groups (p<0.001), except international normalized ratio and alanine transaminase. Those who had achieved CR had a mean number of tumor less than that of PR. Similarly, tumor size significantly decreased post-TACE (p<0.0001). Moreover, arterial-phase enhancement and portal venous and delayed phases washout tumors before TACE were reported in 76.30%. Over half of the patients had no residual tumor tissue after TACE. Tumors with arterial-phase enhancement and portal venous and delayed phases washout were highly susceptible to TACE.Furthermore, Child-Pugh classA had a greater estimated mean survival than class B (p<0.001). Conclusion: Over half of the patients showed complete response to the TACE. BCLC staging (B), Child-Pugh (stage A), and small tumors had a favourable effect on the radiological and clinical response in the early-stages of HCC. Tumors with an arterial-phase enhancement and portal venous and delayed phases washout were more susceptible to TACE.

Different percutaneous transhepatic biliary stent placements and catheter drainage in the treatment of middle and low malignant biliary obstruction.

For cases of middle and low biliary obstruction with left and right hepatic duct dilatation, the type of approach and whether different approaches affect the difficulty of puncture operation and intraoperative and postoperative complications have not been discussed in detail. To compare the efficacy of different percutaneous transhepatic biliary stent placements and catheter drainage in treating middle and low biliary obstruction. A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical records of 424 patients with middle and low biliary obstruction who underwent percutaneous liver puncture biliary stent placement and catheter drainage at the Department of Interventional Radiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital between March 2016 and March 2022. Based on the puncture path, patients were categorized into two groups: Subxiphoid left hepatic lobe approach group (Group A, 224 cases) and right intercostal, right hepatic lobe approach group (Group B, 200 cases). Liver function improvement, postoperative biliary bleeding incidence, postoperative pain duration, and abdominal effusion leakage around the drainage tube were compared between the two groups at 3 d and 1 wk after the surgery. Patient survival time was recorded during follow-up. All 424 surgeries were successful without adverse events. Group A comprised 224 cases, and Group B had 200 cases. There was no statistically significant difference in basic data between Group A and Group B (P > 0.05). No significant difference in postoperative biliary bleeding incidence was observed between the groups (P > 0.05). The decreased rates for total bilirubin (Group A: 69.23 ± 4.50, Group B: 63.79 ± 5.65), direct bilirubin (Group A: 79.30 ± 11.19, Group B: 63.62 ± 5.64), and alkaline phosphatase (Group A: 60.51 ± 12.23, Group B: 42.68 ± 23.56) in the 1st wk after surgery were significantly faster in Group A than in Group B. The decreased rate of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was also significantly faster in Group A at both 3 d (Group A: 40.56 ± 10.32, Group B: 32.22 ± 5.12) and 1 wk (Group A: 73.19 ± 7.05, Group B: 58.81 ± 18.98) after surgery (P < 0.05). Group A experienced significantly less peritoneal effusion leakage around the drainage tube than Group B (P < 0.05). The patient survival rate was higher in Group A compared to Group B (P < 0.05). In treating jaundice patients with middle and low biliary obstruction, a percutaneous left liver puncture demonstrated better clinical efficacy than a percutaneous right liver puncture.

Comparison of the Treatment Response of Drug-Eluting Bead Transarterial Chemoembolization and Conventional Transarterial Chemoembolization in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common primary hepatic cancer. Its early diagnosis can aid in its treatment by curative means such as surgery or ablation. Advanced-stage diagnosis limits these treatment options, and such cases can be treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) and drug-eluting beadtransarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) are usually used, and follow-up response is evaluated using modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) criteria. This study was done to compare the treatment response of cTACE and DEB-TACE in patients with HCC. Materials and methods A retrospective review of electronic medical records of all patients diagnosed with HCC from January 2021 to August 2022 who underwent cTACE or DEB-TACE was undertaken at the Department of Interventional Radiology, Indus Hospital and Health Network. Both male and female patients aged 18 years or above with Child-Pugh class A and B were included. DEB-TACE or cTACE was performed by a fellowship-trained interventional radiologist, and the response was evaluated at six weeks follow-up using mRECIST criteria. Results A total of 129 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 54.1 ± 10.8 years. The mean size of HCC was 3.1 ± 1.7 cm. Seventy-eight (60.5%) patients underwent cTACE, and 51 (39.5%) underwent DEB-TACE. Out of the 78patients who underwent cTACE, complete response (CR) was found in 28 (35.9%), partial response (PR)was found in 33 (42.3%), stable disease (SD) was found in 12 (15.4%), and progressive disease (PD) was found in five (6.4%) patients. Of the 51 patients who underwentDEB-TACE, CR was found in 13 (25.5%), PR was found in 20 (39.2%), SD was found in 11 (21.6%), and PD was found in seven (13.7%) patients. Conclusion The response rate of TACE in the form of complete or partial response was higher with a lower frequency of stable or progressive disease. cTACE has a high response rate as compared to DEB-TACE.

Delayed post-traumatic intractable epistaxis due to pseudoaneurysms in concha bullosa: a case report

BackgroundDelayed post-traumatic bleeding at various sites is known due to vascular abnormalities related to structural changes in the vessel walls, in the form of pseudo aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. Delayed epistaxis following facial trauma is a distinct entity that presents as recurrent episodes of bleeding from the nose. History of trauma is important to differentiate it from idiopathic intractable epistaxis, the management of which is less dramatic in the beginning in the form of endoscopy and electrocauterization. However, uncontrolled post-traumatic delayed epistaxis usually requires embolization. We report a rare case of intractable epistaxis associated with multiple pseudoaneurysms (PA), due to bleeding inside concha bullosa, where even embolization was unsuccessful.Case presentationA 25-year-old male patient presented to casualty and was referred to the Otorhinolaryngology department for recurrent profuse bleeding from left nasal cavity, where conservative measures like nasal packing, and electrocauterization did not help. Patient had a history of fall from height with facial bone fractures 1 month back. Angiography revealed blush with dilatation (pseudoaneurysms) in the nasal branches of internal maxillary arteries, ascending pharyngeal and labial arteries and embolization was done in the Interventional Radiology Department. Post-embolization, the patient again developed massive epistaxis. The patient was explored under general anaesthesia, to find out the site of bleed by nasal endoscopy. Collected blood was found in the left concha bullosa. Conchoplasty of the left middle turbinate was done with cauterization of bleeding vessels. The patient had no further epistaxis and was discharged in stable condition. He is asymptomatic for the last 6 months.ConclusionPost-traumatic pseudoaneurysms is a rare cause of delayed epistaxis following nasal trauma. Angiography helps in the localization of the source of bleeding inside nasal cavity and can identify pseudoaneurysmal dilatations of vessels. Our case highlights the importance of hidden bleeding points inside concha bullosa as a source of intractable epistaxis unresponsive to embolization.

Efficacy of Pigtails for the Management of Refractory Malignant Ascites or Effusion: A Systematic Retrospective Chart Review of an Institution

Introduction: Malignant ascites and effusions have been observed in various diseases and persistent ascites or effusion from any of causes prompts the need for urgent first-line therapies. Refractory forms of ascites and effusion can cause noteworthy symptoms and can severely affect the quality of life (QoL). We therefore assessed the viability, efficacy, and patient-reported results of pigtails in the administration of refractory ascites or effusion due to malignancy.&#x0D; Aims &amp; Objectives: We aimed to assess the viability, efficacy and patient-reported results of pigtails in the administration of refractory ascites or effusion by malignancy.&#x0D; Place and duration of study: It was conducted in Vascular Interventional Radiology Department, Dow Institute of Radiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus for a period of 18 months between January 2021 and June 2022.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods: A retrospective chart review from a single center was done. All available data of the Interventional Radiology Department was utilized to identify patients(n=65) with refractory malignant ascites or effusion who underwent pigtail placement. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21, p?0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Procedural success rate was 100% for placement and similarly no mortality was observed. Duodenal, liver and ovarian cancer was the primary source of malignancy. The catheters, 8Fr (n=45, 69.20%) and10Fr (n=20, 30.80%) were implanted. Leakage was the highest experienced complication followed by dislodgement. Overall catheter mean survival time was [23.37days, 95%:21.63- 25.10]. The estimated mean [(24.46, 95%21.98-26.94 Vs 22.53, 95%20.08-24.97)]&#x0D; duration of catheter dwelling time for pleural effusion was greater than that of ascites (p&gt;0.05). Overall, estimated mean time for 8Fr catheter was greater than that of 10 Fr (p=0.048). Infection and leakage had an estimated mean catheter survival time lower than that of dislodgment and occlusion [log rank-chi square 13.64,p=0.003].&#x0D; Conclusion: Procedural success rate achieved was 100% and acceptable outcomes in terms of complications and catheter time. These minimally invasive treatment options should be utilized to soothe symptoms and improve the QoL.Furthermore, experimental studies with bigger sample size assessing the adverse outcome and ascertaining the possible cost savings should be performed.

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous cholecystostomy as bridging or definitive treatment in patients with acute cholecystitis grade II or III

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate the extent to which ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) is used as a bridging or definitive therapy for grade II and III acute cholecystitis and whether this treatment causes significant changes in C-reactive protein (CRP) and direct bilirubin (DB) levels in the first 72 h and the first three weeks. MethodsWe included 145 consecutive patients who underwent PC over 17 years. No patient had cirrhosis. PC was performed in the interventional radiology department under US guidance. ResultsUS-guided PC was the definitive treatment for more than half of the patients (51.7%) and decreased DB levels significantly more than CRP levels. ConclusionNo statistically significant correlation between those whose CRP and DB levels normalized within three weeks and those who did not and required a second invasive procedure. Nevertheless, the bridging treatment group was significantly older than the definitive treatment group.

Radiation protection measures used in Portuguese interventional radiology departments: A national survey

IntroductionThis study aimed to characterise radiation protection (RP) measures used in interventional radiology (IR) departments in Portugal with respect to European and national recommendations. MethodsAn online national survey was created to characterise the fluoroscopy technology as well as analyse the frequency of body fluoroscopy-guided intervention procedures (FGIP), RP education and training of the staff, and RP measures used daily. ResultsIn Portugal, most equipment for FGIP are single-sourced and have a flat panel detector (70%). The most commonly FGIP are percutaneous biliary drainage, percutaneous arterial and venous thrombolysis/thrombectomy, arteriovenous malformations embolization, and percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty for arteriovenous fistulas. Only a few staff members had received postgraduate education and training in RP (30%), with most nurses having not received RP education and training (40%). Some of the recommended RP measures lacked harmonisation. Additionally, >50% of the IR departments do not consider examination dose values to identify patients eligible for tissue reactions follow-up. ConclusionThis is the first study to examine the characteristics of IR departments in Portugal. We observed a lack of RP education and training among staff members; further, there was a need to update some RP measures in some IR departments according to the recommendations. Implications for practiceOur findings will be presented to the participating IR departments in order to update and promote RP best practices. Moreover, our findings will be presented to the national societies of the different professional groups in order to inform strategies for harmonising RP education and training of the staff.

Fluoroscopically guided repositioning of peripherally inserted central catheter in patients failing ultrasound-guided-only placement: a retrospective five-year study.

Ultrasound (US)-guided-only insertion at the bedside is safe and improves the success rates of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). However, PICC insertion procedures remain challenging for special cases. To show that fluoroscopically guided tip repositioning, for failed US-guided PICC placement, safely led to satisfactory positioning in difficult cases and, importantly, improved success rates of PICC placements. A retrospective study of 1560 patients who underwent US-guided PICC placement were performed. Patients who failed US-guided PICC placement were transferred to the interventional radiology department for fluoroscopically guided tip repositioning. Baseline characteristics as well as insertion-related factors were collected. All data were analyzed using SPSS software. In total, 37 (2.4%) patients who failed US-guided PICC placement accepted fluoroscopically guided adjustment or re-insertion. Of these 37 patients, 32 were enrolled. We observed no significant differences between right and left arm PICC access (P > 0.05), even though a higher percentage of PICCs were inserted into left arms (56.3%). The basilic vein (65.6%) was the most common insertion site. Only four patients experienced slight angiospasm (3.1%) and venous thrombosis (9.4%). US-guided PICC insertion failures were primarily due to line tip malposition (84.4%). All patients successfully underwent fluoroscopically guided tip repositioning, which resulted in optimal catheter tip positioning. PICC lines were adjusted in most patients (n=28, 87.5%). Malposition was the primary issue causing US-guided PICC insertion failure. Fluoroscopically guided tip repositioning safely and efficaciously led to satisfactory positioning in difficult cases; thus, we recommend this method for patients failing US-guided PICC placement.

Sustainability within interventional radiology: opportunities and hurdles

BackgroundHealthcare is a highly polluting industry and attention to the need for making this sector more sustainable is growing. The interventional radiology (IR) department is a relatively unique department in the hospital because of its synergetic use of both imaging equipment and medical instruments. As a result, the interventional radiology department causes a significant environmental burden in terms of energy usage, waste and water pollution. The aim of this study was to explore the current state of sustainability within IR by conducting a survey and interviews among IR specialists in the Netherlands.ResultsThe main findings of this study were that there is a high awareness for the need of sustainability within IR, but that there is still limited action. Previous studies point towards the various opportunities in the field of energy, waste and water pollution, yet our study unveils these opportunities are often not implemented because of (1) sustainability not being a priority, (2) a dependency on employees, and (3) factors that simply cannot be changed by an individual IR department or hospital. Generally, our study indicates that there is a willingness to become more sustainable, but that the current system involves a wide range barriers that hinder true change. Furthermore, it seems that no one is currently taking the lead and a leading role from higher management, government, healthcare authorities or professional societies is lacking.ConclusionsDespite the hurdles found in our study, IR departments can implement several improvements. An important factor is that sustainability should not lead to lower convenience for employees, which can be ensured by a sufficiently designed waste infrastructure and behavioral nudges. Furthermore, there lies an opportunity in more collaboration between IR departments in knowledge sharing and open innovation.

Transarterial Embolization of Ruptured Pancreaticoduodenal Artery Pseudoaneurysm Related to Chronic Pancreatitis

We presented a 67-year-old woman with lightheadedness, diaphoresis, and acute epigastric and right hypochondrium pain, with a past medical history including stage 2 essential hypertension, chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy, and class 1 obesity. An abdominal contrast-enhanced CT scan showed an extensive hematoma (3 × 4 cm2 in size) located intra-abdominally, adjacent to the duodenojejunal area, with hyperdensity around the duodenum, positioned inferior to the pancreas (30-59 HU). Moreover, the CT scan also revealed an enhancing lesion as a pseudoaneurysm of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, measuring 5 × 8 × 8 mm3 with active bleeding and associated hematoma. Following these investigations of the abdominal area, a decision was made to proceed with an endovascular intervention within the interventional radiology department. With the patient under conscious sedation, via a right common femoral artery approach, the superior mesenteric artery was catheterized. While injecting the contrast agent to obtain a better working projection, the pseudoaneurysm ruptured, and acute extravasation of the contrast agent was noted, followed by injection of a mixture of 1 mL Glubran 2 with 2 mL Lipiodol until complete obliteration of the pseudoaneurysm was obtained. The patient was hemodynamically stable at the end of the procedure and was discharged 6 days later in a good condition without active bleeding signs.

Quantification of Facial Fat Compartment Variations: A Three-Dimensional Morphometric Analysis of the Cheek.

Cheek contour is a main determinant of facial attractiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) and cheek fat volume in a large cohort to better understand and treat facial aging. The authors performed a retrospective review of the archives of the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Tübingen. Epidemiologic data and medical history were assessed. Cheek superficial and deep fat compartment volumes were measured on magnetic resonance images. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS and SAS statistical software. A total of 87 patients with a mean age of 46 years (range, 18 to 81 years) were included. The superficial and deep fat compartment volumes of the cheek increased with BMI ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.005), but there was no significant relationship between age and volume. The ratio of superficial versus deep fat did not change with age. No significant difference of the superficial or deep fat compartments was found between men and women in a regression analysis ( P = 0.931 and P = 0.057). Cheek fat volume measurements on magnetic resonance imaging scans using reconstruction software suggest that the fat volume of the cheek increases with BMI but does not change significantly with age. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of age-related changes of bone structures or sagging of the fat compartments.

Living donor liver transplant: A strategy to increase transplant access

Living donor liver transplant: A strategy to increase transplant access

Abstract No. 258 Incidence and Classification of Incident Reporting in the Interventional Radiology Department of a Large Multicenter Tertiary Care Institution

Abstract No. 258 Incidence and Classification of Incident Reporting in the Interventional Radiology Department of a Large Multicenter Tertiary Care Institution

Acute Myocardial Injury in the COVID-HEART Study: Emphasizing Scars While Reassuring Scares

HomeCirculationVol. 147, No. 5Acute Myocardial Injury in the COVID-HEART Study: Emphasizing Scars While Reassuring Scares No AccessEditorialRequest AccessFull TextAboutView Full TextView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toNo AccessEditorialRequest AccessFull TextAcute Myocardial Injury in the COVID-HEART Study: Emphasizing Scars While Reassuring Scares Matthias Stuber and Aaron L. Baggish Matthias StuberMatthias Stuber https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9843-2028 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland (M.S.). Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland (M.S.). Search for more papers by this author and Aaron L. BaggishAaron L. Baggish Correspondence to: Aaron L. Baggish, MD, Institute for Sport Science, Service de Cardiologie, Bâtiment Hospitalier CHUV, 1011, Lausanne, Suisse. Email E-mail Address: [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2042-1489 Department of Cardiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (A.L.B.). Department of Cardiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (A.L.B.). Search for more papers by this author Originally published30 Jan 2023https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062508Circulation. 2023;147:375–377This article is a commentary on the followingMyocardial Involvement After Hospitalization for COVID-19 Complicated by Troponin Elevation: A Prospective, Multicenter, Observational StudyFootnotesThe opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.For Disclosures, see page 377.Circulation is available at www.ahajournals.org/journal/circCorrespondence to: Aaron L. Baggish, MD, Institute for Sport Science, Service de Cardiologie, Bâtiment Hospitalier CHUV, 1011, Lausanne, Suisse. Email [email protected]ch

Peripheral artery disease and its endovascular treatment: literature review

Ramona Matusevičiūtė1, Dominykas Kaupas1, Rytis Stasys Kaupas2 1 Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania 2 Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics, Radiology Clinic, Department of Interventional Radiology, Kaunas, Lithuania Abstract Introduction. Atherosclerotic disease often involves arteries that supply blood to the lower extremities and is called peripheral arterial disease (PAD). […]

Acute mesenteric ischaemia: case report

Ramona Matusevičiūtė1, Dominykas Kaupas1, Rytis Stasys Kaupas2 1Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania 2Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics, Radiology Clinic, Department of Interventional Radiology, Kaunas, Lithuania Abstract Background. Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is the cause of acute abdomen in up to 10% of patients over 70 years of age. […]

Local reference and achievable dose levels for vascular and enterostomy access procedures in pediatric interventional radiology.

Knowledge of radiation quantities delivered in routine practice is an essential responsibility of a pediatric interventional radiology department. To review radiation indices in frequently performed vascular and enterostomy access procedures at a quaternary pediatric hospital to formulate dosimetric reference levels and achievable levels. A retrospective review of patient demographics, procedure information and quantitative dose metrics over a 2-year period was performed. Dosimetric details forcommon procedures (central line insertions, gastrostomy/gastrojejunostomy insertions and maintenance) were evaluated, correlated with demographic data and stratified acrossfive weight groups (0-5kg, 5-15kg, 15-30kg, 30-50kg, 50-80kg).Achievable (50th percentile) and reference (75thpercentile)levels with confidence intervals were established for each procedure. Within the evaluation period, 3,165 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Five were classified as device insertions (peripherally inserted central catheter, n=1,145; port-a-catheter, n=321; central venous line, n=285; gastrostomy-tube [G-tube], n=262, and gastrojejunostomy-tube [GJ-tube], n=66),and two were classified as maintenance procedures (G-tube, n=358, and GJ-tube, n=728, checks, exchanges and reinsertions). Representative reference and achievable levels were calculated for each procedure category and weight group. This work highlights the creation of local reference and achievable levels for common pediatric interventional procedures. These data establish a dosimetric reference to understand the quantity of radiation routinely applied, allowing for improved relative radiation risk assessment and enriched communication to interventionalists, health care providers, parents and patients.

Endovascular intervention in treatment of refractory epistaxis.

Angiographic embolization is an established method of treating intractable cases of posterior epistaxis. This study aimed to test the effectiveness and safety of this method in treating cases refractory to conservative methods. A descriptive retrospective analysis of consecutive cases referred to the department of interventional radiology with refractory epistaxis from January 2001 to December 2018 and received a selective angiographic embolization of the sphenopalatine artery was done. Only epistaxis of idiopathic origin was included in the study. During this period, 98 embolizations were performed. The success rate reached 81.6%. Minor complications were registered in 5%, with no single major complication. The length of stay was 10.5 ± 5.6. Selective angiographic embolization is an effective, safe, and minimally invasive method in treating refractory epistaxis.

Increased Complication Rate of Ports Placed into the Subclavian versus Internal Jugular Vein

Purpose: Totally implantable venous access ports are commonly placed via subclavian or internal jugular (IJ) veins. The purpose of this study is to investigate the rate of radiographic abnormalities in clinically dysfunctional ports for subclavian versus IJ venous ports. Methods: This retrospective study included 152 ports in 150 patients placed by multiple operators in both surgery and interventional radiology departments. Contrast-based, fluoroscopically guided vascular access studies performed for clinically dysfunctional ports from January 2019 to September 2020 were included. The port studies were evaluated for subclavian versus IJ access and to determine if there were radiographic abnormalities present, including catheter fracture, fibrin sheath, or catheter malposition. Results: Of the 152 ports investigated, 30 were placed into the subclavian vein and 122 into the IJ vein. During vascular access checks, subclavian ports (n=23, 76.7%) demonstrated significantly more radiographic abnormalities compared to IJ ports (n=66, 54.1%, p=0.025). Of the dysfunctional ports with abnormal radiographic findings, subclavian ports were significantly more likely to have a major abnormality (n=15, 65.2%), defined as a malpositioned or fractured catheter, compared to IJ ports (n=21, 31.8%, p=0.005). The most common finding during vascular access checks for all ports investigated was no abnormality, with a well-functioning port and the catheter tip in an appropriate position (n=63; 41.4%). Conclusions: This study suggests that for patients undergoing implantable port evaluation, ports placed into the subclavian vein are more likely to demonstrate a radiographic abnormality, as well as having increased likelihood of catheter malposition or fracture, compared to those placed into the IJ vein. Additionally, this study suggests that a relatively high rate of clinically dysfunctional ports referred for IR port checks have no demonstrable abnormalities on fluoroscopic port evaluation.