Department Of Housing Research Articles

Exposure to Hurricane Harvey flooding for subsidized housing residents of Harris County, Texas

This article contributes to research on social vulnerability to natural hazards by analyzing the relationship between spatial patterns of flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey and subsidized rental housing residents. Our study area is Harris County, the most populous county in Texas, which includes the city of Houston and was severely impacted by Harvey-induced flooding. We sought to determine whether: (1) federally subsidized housing units and residents were disproportionately located in areas with greater flood extent and (2) areal extent of flooding around subsidized housing developments was greater for developments where higher proportions of socially vulnerable households reside. We integrated information from the US Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Harvey flood depths grid with US Department of Housing and Urban Development data on relevant rental assistance programs. Results from multivariable generalized estimating equations indicated significantly higher percentages of subsidized housing units and residents in neighborhoods with greater flood extent, after accounting for pertinent spatial and social factors. We also found subsidized housing developments with more extensive flooding nearby to contain significantly higher percentages of extremely low income, female-headed and older (62 + years) households. Findings have important implications for future research and policy, since these socio-spatial inequalities are likely to be reproduced through climate change-related disasters projected to affect many cities within and outside Texas.

The Uncertain Future of the Fair Housing Act: HUD’s Recent Changes to Disparate Impact Standard

In 2013, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) published its Disparate Impact Final Rule in which it sought to formalize its longstanding interpretation of disparate impact liability under the Fair Housing Act (FHA) by setting forth a three-part burden-shifting framework. HUD subsequently revisited its disparate impact standard following the 2015 Supreme Court ruling in Inclusive Communities and published a Proposed Rule on August 19, 2019. On September 24, 2020, HUD published a new Final Rule substantially altering the disparate impact standard laid out by the 2013 Rule. This Comment will analyze the similarities and differences between the disparate impact standard in the 2013 Rule and the standard set forth in the current, 2020 Rule. Additionally, given that the 2020 Rule was drafted in response to Inclusive Communities, this Comment will examine whether, and to what extent, the 2020 Rule is consistent with the Court’s ruling. Finally, this Comment will address the criticism leveled at the 2020 Rule by fair housing advocates and explore potential consequences of the new standard. Ultimately, this Comment will argue that, although the 2020 Rule finds some textual support in Inclusive Communities for several elements of its new framework, given the broad remedial purpose of the FHA, the core mission of HUD to eradicate housing discrimination, the potential, negative consequences of the new standard, and President Biden’s recent memorandum on housing discrimination, HUD should abandon the 2020 Rule and readopt the 2013 Rule.

Housing and Social Connection: Older Formerly Homeless Veterans Living in Subsidized Housing and Receiving Supportive Services

ABSTRACT Objectives: The purpose of this study was to (Aim 1) describe United States military veterans’ experiences and attitudes about project-based housing (PBH) and tenant-based housing (TBH), including perceptions of their new environment, self‐sufficiency, and social integration. We identified (Aim 2) features of program design and housing facilities associated with self‐sufficiency and social integration including describing differences in veterans’ experiences of housing (PBH vs. TBH). Methods: Interviews were conducted with 30 Veterans in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development-VA Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) program (25 male and 5 female; average age 63). Thirteen lived in PBH and 17 in TBH in the Greater Boston Metro Area. Results: Social isolation may be a particular challenge of older formerly homeless adults. Veterans in both types of supportive housing struggled with social isolation despite social engagement opportunities available in PBH. Healthcare and transportation issues were important for veterans living in TBH while behavioral health issues were a major factor for those living in both types of housing. Both groups of veterans relied on their case management teams as a means of support and social engagement. Conclusions: To reduce social isolation and loneliness, more attention is needed by program staff to provide varied social engagement opportunities, from one-on-one to group activities. Clinical Implications: These findings can help providers recognize issues inhibiting formerly homeless veterans from being successful in supportive housing. Clinicians should consider how veterans’ behavioral health impacts their ability to engage in social activities. Substance use disorder remains a challenge for many veterans interviewed. Its effects impact their perceptions of fellow residents, perceptions of housing, and recovery.

Survivors Achieving Stable Housing: Implementation, Challenges, and Lessons Learned.

There is a movement toward permanent housing as an alternative to emergency shelter for survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). Through a case study, this article illuminates the challenges survivors encountered at multiple levels after being offered one of 25 permanent housing choice vouchers (HCVs) as part of the Survivors Achieving Stable Housing project. Obtaining an HCV is a complicated and lengthy process; survivors transitioning from emergency shelter may face time limits on shelter stays while awaiting this permanent housing option. This article identifies challenges, such as difficulties with landlords, moving costs, and a lack of affordable housing, similar to issues reported in previous research. However, specific to IPV survivors, intersecting U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 (S. 47) policies led to challenges in implementing and interpreting rules and guidance for IPV survivors. Survivor safety from an abusive partner and across other aspects of their lives is of particular concern to survivors as they consider housing options. Given the overlap of homelessness and IPV, social workers in both systems must be knowledgeable about the intersecting issues survivors face as well as the policies affecting them so they can advocate effectively for their clients.

Predicting Neighborhood Change Using Publicly Available Data and Machine Learning

Gentrifying and declining neighborhoods affect nearly all major cities in the United States. Although gentrification tends to increase the economic value of a neighborhood, its subsequent impact on demographics and affordability often draws criticism from the local population. Additionally, decline in living conditions create socioeconomic stress across affected neighborhoods. Current rules-based approaches for identifying these neighborhoods are backwards-looking and do not allow local policymakers to get ahead of neighborhood decline and gentrification to mitigate their effects. This paper proposes a methodology for identifying neighborhood change in near real time by using machine learning. We define four neighborhood change types – gentrifying, declining, inclusively growing, and unchanging – and leverage publicly available US Census American Community Service (ACS) data, Zillow home value and rent data, and US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) data to predict which of these categories a census tract is likely to be a part of in the coming year. We train individual models across eight different metropolitan core based statistical areas (CBSA). The average performance of our models was 74% accuracy and 74% precision, an improvement over the rules-based baseline of 61% accuracy and 61% precision. These results suggest a promising application of the data to enable community intervention to produce more inclusive urban development strategies. The approach outlined in this paper can also be expanded to other metropolitan areas, to determine whether these results hold for those areas. The methodology enables supplementing data from the study with more Metropolitan area focused data, when available, to improve the precision of the models. This can provide reliable results for the policymakers looking to mitigate adverse consequences associated with neighborhood changes.

Belong Anywhere? Airbnb’s Corporate Narratives as Emotional Governance

700 Feminist Studies 47, no. 3. © 2021 by Feminist Studies, Inc. Nina Medvedeva Belong Anywhere? Airbnb’s Corporate Narratives as Emotional Governance in February 2017, Dyne Suh, her fiancé, two friends, and their dogs were supposed to enjoy a short vacation at the Big Bear Lake ski resort in California. Thirty minutes before they pulled into their Airbnb rental, the host canceled on Suh with the message, “One word says it all: Asian. It’s why we have Trump.”1 Suh’s party was left stranded without shelter on top of a mountain in the middle of a snowstorm.2 In a viral YouTube video, Suh speaks about the racism she endured between sobs: There’s no bounds to racism—no matter what class you are, no matter what your education level, no matter if you’re an American citizen. What they see is that I’m Asian. What they see is my race and this is how we get treated . . . No matter if I follow the law, if I’m kind to people, no matter how well I treat others it doesn’t matter. If you’re Asian, you’re less than human and people can treat you like trash.3 1. Chris Sommerfeldt, “California Airbnb Host Banned for Naming President Trump as Reason to Refuse Asian-American Guest,” New York Daily News, April 8, 2017, https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/trump-citingairbnb -host-banned-refusing-asian-american-guest-article-1.3032358. 2. Amy B. Wang, “‘One Word Says It All. Asian’: Airbnb Host Reportedly Leaves Guest Stranded Because of Her Race,” Washington Post, April 7, 2017, https://wapo.st/2o6JOPi. 3. Scuba Steve, “Trump Supporter Cancels Asian Woman’s Airbnb Stay,” video, 2:43, April 5, 2017, https://youtu.be/nuZn8iVQbSc. Nina Medvedeva 701 Fortunately for Suh, her party was able to find emergency lodging and received a full refund after contacting Airbnb. Months later, Airbnb banned the host; the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing ordered the host to pay Suh $5,000 and take a course in Asian American studies. In response to these developments, Suh posted the following affirmation on Facebook: “Your pain is not insignificant and you are not alone. . . . The more [Asian Americans] speak out, the harder it becomes for people to ignore, deny, or trivialize our lived experiences of being discriminated against like this day-to-day.”4 Suh is not alone in her experience. Hundreds of users in the United States have charged Airbnb with racial and anti-LGBTQ discrimination through hashtag social media campaigns like #AirbnbWhileBlack, #AirbnbWhileAsian, and a takeover of Airbnb’s own #HostWithPride. The corporation responded to the claims in the same they did with Suh’s case—working to redress harm and restore a sense of belonging to the Airbnb community, however tenuous it may be. Taking these events as a backdrop, I theorize the work of the emotions of belonging and redress. I build on feminist theorizations of the interrelation between affect, labor, and racial capitalism to explore what role emotion—the knot of affect, social life, governance, and subjectification —plays in constituting Airbnb’s corporate community and maintaining a member’s attachment.5 Instead of assuming that a corporation ’s failures create revolutionary opportunities to imagine otherwise , I track how institutions use these very failures to strengthen their own projects and viability. I argue that while the processes of redress embrace a critique of racialized and gendered logics that render people of color and queer people disposable in the United States, such attempts to redress individual harms still leave a larger structure intact. I conceptualize how Airbnb’s corporate narratives offer a political project that promises to overcome the shortcomings of racial capitalism. I provide a case study of how corporations govern emotions that tap into what Airbnb calls “the universal human yearning to belong—the desire 4. Amy B. Wang, “Airbnb Host Who Stranded Guest Because of Race Ordered to Take Class in Asian American Studies,” Washington Post, July 14, 2017, https://wapo.st/2tQWRZH. 5. Sara Ahmed, “Affective Economies,” Social Text 79 22, no. 2 (June 2004): 118–19. 702 Nina Medvedeva to feel welcomed, respected, and appreciated for who you...

Getting to the Heart of the Matter: My 36 Years in the Senate by Carl Levin

Reviewed by: Getting to the Heart of the Matter: My 36 Years in the Senate by Carl Levin Meg Corner Carl Levin. Getting to the Heart of the Matter: My 36 Years in the Senate. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2021. Pp. 392. Illustrations. Hardback: $29.99. In Getting to the Heart of the Matter: My 36 Years in the Senate, Carl Levin looks back on his life as a public servant and his commitment to truth and governmental accountability. As Michigan's longest serving senator, Levin considers his thirty-six years in the US Senate as well as his early life in Detroit. Throughout seventeen thematically arranged chapters, the [End Page 152] themes of service, integrity in government, and commitment to family, community, and country link such topics as environmental protection, military action in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the 2008 financial crisis. With his conversational tone, Levin provides readers an intimate look at various historic moments that defined his career and shaped the past forty years of American political history. When considering his early career as a member of the Detroit City Council, Levin asserts that his opposition to the mismanagement of the housing program of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) proved to be one of his most satisfying moments in politics. Though essentially a project that allowed low-income families to purchase homes through HUD-subsidized loans, monthly payments and upkeep proved too expensive and caused people to default, thus moving ownership of these homes back to HUD. As the federal government refused to secure the upkeep of these buildings, Levin writes that "HUD-owned properties were no different than the properties owned by the slumlords who took advantage of the government-subsidized poor, indifferent to the blight that was killing our neighborhoods." (xiii) By countering HUD and ordering that these blighted buildings be destroyed, Levin maintains that this moment demonstrated his commitment to community well-being and sparked an interest in government effectiveness. Though the book considers various aspects of Levin's political career, readers interested in his influence on Michigan will find his role in protecting the Great Lakes of special significance. Although Levin notes that his work in environmental matters extended beyond the Midwest, his chapter on such ecological causes includes several examples of protecting environmental and historic sites in Michigan. Notably, he describes his role in co-sponsoring the Great Lakes Critical Programs Act of 1990 that regulated pollution, promoted cleanup of toxic waste, and prepared to prevent or contain oil spills. Matching this level of commitment to natural and historic wonders, Levin also discusses his role in establishing the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness (2014) and the Keweenaw National Historic Park (1992), protecting the maritime heritage of Thunder Bay, adding to the River Raisin National Battlefield Park, and improving the North Country Scenic Trail. Throughout Getting to the Heart of the Matter, Levin reflects on a life of service and what it means to be a responsible political figure. Beyond his career-long commitment to working across the political aisle to find the best solutions to a wide array of issues, Levin emphasizes the importance of doing what was best for his constituents in the long term. Despite appearing to vote against what was immediately popular at times, he [End Page 153] maintains that he "saw his responsibility as first needing to seriously study, without arrogance or certainty, an issue with all its complexities, being open to and respecting different views on the subject at hand." (290) In this manner, he demonstrates what he believed to be the most important quality for an elected official: trustworthiness. With such moral courage weaving throughout this work—a notable example being his explanation of not supporting the war in Iraq while previously supporting the war in Afghanistan—it comes highly recommended for those considering a career in public service and students and scholars of political history. Meg Corner Central Michigan University Copyright © 2021 Historical Society of Michigan

Learning about Homelessness Using Linked Survey and Administrative Data

Official poverty statistics and even the extreme poverty literature largely ignore people experiencing homelessness. In this paper, we examine the characteristics, labor market attachment, geographic mobility, earnings, and safety net utilization of this population in order to understand their economic well-being. This paper is the first to examine these outcomes at the national level using administrative data on income and government program receipt. It is part of the Comprehensive Income Dataset project, which combines household survey data with administrative records to improve estimates of income and related statistics. Specifically, we use restricted microdata from the 2010 Decennial Census, which enumerates both sheltered and unsheltered homeless people, the 2006-2016 American Community Survey (ACS), which surveys sheltered homeless people, and longitudinal shelter-use data from several major U.S. cities. We link these data to longitudinal administrative tax records as well as administrative data on the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), veterans’ benefits, Medicare, Medicaid, housing assistance, and mortality. Our approach benefits from large samples that offer a guide to national homelessness patterns and allow us to compare estimates between data sources, including the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)’s point-in-time (PIT) counts. By shedding light on issues of data linkage and survey coverage among homeless people, this paper contributes to efforts to better incorporate this hard-to-survey population into income and poverty estimates. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

“I Would, If Only I Could” How Cities Can Use California’s Housing Element Law to Overcome Neighborhood Resistance to New Housing

Author(s): Elmendorf, Christopher S.; Biber, Eric; Monkkonen, Paavo; O’Neill, Moira | Abstract: City councils are on the front lines of California’s housing crisis. But local lawmakers who understand that California needs to accommodate a lot more housing are stuck in a political bind. Wherever they might put new housing, neighborhood groups spring up and oppose it. The same groups will have money to spend or voters to turn out at the next election. What’s a well-meaning city councilperson to do? Our answer: California’s “housing element” process provides a way forward. California requires cities to periodically adopt a state-approved plan, called a housing element, which accommodates the city’s share of regional housing need. These plans are reviewed and certified for compliance by the state Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD). Cities across the state will adopt new housing elements between 2020 and 2022, guiding development for the next eight years. This process hasn’t always worked well in the past, but the legislature and HCD have recently strengthened the framework. There are now substantial political advantages for city officials to pursue pro-housing policies through their housing element, rather than through the normal municipal lawmaking channels.

Learning About Homelessness Using Linked Survey and Administrative Data

Official poverty statistics and even the extreme poverty literature largely ignore people experiencing homelessness. In this paper, we examine the characteristics, labor market attachment, geographic mobility, earnings, and safety net utilization of this population in order to understand their economic well-being. This paper is the first to examine these outcomes at the national level using administrative data on income and government program receipt. It is part of the Comprehensive Income Dataset project, which combines household survey data with administrative records to improve estimates of income and related statistics. Specifically, we use restricted microdata from the 2010 Decennial Census, which enumerates both sheltered and unsheltered homeless people, the 2006-2016 American Community Survey (ACS), which surveys sheltered homeless people, and longitudinal shelter-use data from several major U.S. cities. We link these data to longitudinal administrative tax records as well as administrative data on the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), veterans’ benefits, Medicare, Medicaid, housing assistance, and mortality. Our approach benefits from large samples that offer a guide to national homelessness patterns and allow us to compare estimates between data sources, including the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)’s point-in-time (PIT) counts. By shedding light on issues of data linkage and survey coverage among homeless people, this paper contributes to efforts to better incorporate this hard-to-survey population into income and poverty estimates.

Community Engagement and Outreach Programs for Lead Prevention in Mississippi.

The objective of the project was to encourage health promotion through education, outreach, and community-based training. The people attending health fairs (n = 467), community events (n = 469), and Kindergarten classes (n = 241) were the study participants. Hands-on training was offered at homebuilding retail stores (n = 25). U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)’s online visual training was given to realtors (n = 220), and inspectors, contractors, and Do-It-Yourself (DIY) workers (n = 75). Training workshops were attended by home-buyers and rental home owners at the Neighborhood Association Meetings (n = 91). The impact of training was evaluated by pre- and posttests. Nearly, 90% of the participants (n = 25) reported the hands-on training was useful. At posttest after the HUD online training, 59.4%, 67.9%, 65.1% of the participants (n = 220) identified soil, car batteries, and paint as sources of lead in the environment, respectively. Nearly 70% identified lead as a poison in the environment while 77.5% and 47.2% demonstrated two behaviors which help prevent lead poisoning. A total of 62.3%, 48.1%, and 58.5%, at posttest identified three complications or illnesses—behavioral, physical, and psychological, respectively. The home owners are required to get permission from the City for housing repair. In coordination with the federally funded housing repair or lead abatement programs, the trained inspectors are authorized to certify the renovation or repair works. These outreach activities were successful in improving the knowledge of the community people on lead poisoning prevention.

THE EFFECT OF HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENTAND WORK ABILITY ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND SETTLEMENTS AREA OF KAUR REGENCY

This study aims to analyze the effect of human resource development and work ability on employee performance in the Department of Housing and Settlements Area of Kaur Regency. Data collection method is by distributing questionnaires to 43 employees. Data analysis used was quantitative analysis, with multiple linear regression methods, determination test, t test and F test. The results showed that the development of human resources and work ability had a positive and significant effect simultaneously on employee performance in the Department of Housing and Settlement Areas of Kaur Regency.

INTEGRASI INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS PADA SISTEM IZIN MENDIRIKAN BANGUNAN KAWASAN PERDAGANGAN DAN JASA KOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG

The Department of Housing and Settlements of Bandar Lampung City was formed based on the Regulation of the Lampung Province Number 8 of 2016 concerning the Formation and Arrangement of the Lampung Province Regional Apparatus. One of the activities carried out by the service is to make a Building Permit (IMB). Problems that are often experienced in spatial planning include irregular use of space and not in accordance with Building Permit and utilizing the use of space without regard to negative impacts on the surrounding environment. Especially in the trade and service area, most of Bandar Lampung City residents are engaged in industry, trade and services. In supporting the infrastructure of the development of activities in the field of Trade and Services, naturally effective and efficient development as a factor of economic growth for the region is needed. Therefore, as an element of service improvement in making permits to construct buildings, it needs tools in the form of technology. The technology in question is a website-based online licensing. With the advancement in technology, permit makers can access and submit licenses without being limited by distance, time and place. Then the integration of Geographic Information is applied to the Building Permit System for the Bandar Lampung City Trade and Services Area. In this system using the PHP programming language and Mariadb as the database. Testing using Black Box testing. In addition to the licensing process, this system also uses Google Maps Api as a geographic information feature in mapping building locations that have been submitted by permit makers. So that in addition to facilitating the applicant in the process of making permits, this system can also facilitate the Housing Settlement Office in monitoring and structuring the location of buildings in the Trade and Services area.

Association of Childhood Asthma With Federal Rental Assistance

M Boudreaux, A Fenelon, N Slopen, SJ Newman. JAMA Pediatr . 2020;174(6):1–7 To examine whether participation in the US Department of Housing (HUD) rental assistance program was associated with pediatric asthma outcomes and whether those associations varied by program type. Data were linked between the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to administrative housing assistance records for 2992 children (0–17 years old) from 1999–2001 and 2004–2012. The main exposure is whether children’s families were participating in the HUD rental assistance programs (treatment group). Authors were concerned that rental program participation is voluntary, …

Multisolving Innovations For Climate And Health: Message Framing To Achieve Broad Public Support.

Rapid diffusion of solutions to a changing climate is paramount if the US is to mitigate carbon emissions. A timely response depends on how people perceive and understand innovations such as new practices, programs, policies, and technologies that promise to reduce emissions. This article explores multisolving innovations in the context of interventions that can be targeted to community leaders and decision makers. We focus on examples led by policy staff; directors of municipal offices and departments of transportation, housing, sustainability, urban planning, and public health; and elected county and city officials where there may be mixed support for efforts to reduce carbon emissions, to show that some innovations can be accurately framed solely in terms of community health benefits. When communicating with stakeholders who are dismissive or skeptical of climate change, we suggest using messages that describe the benefits of mitigation innovations in terms of human health, rather than climate, to achieve broader acceptability.

Eating Behavior of Imago Aulacophora similis Oliver on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) with Treatment Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

The cucumber harvests failure occurred mainly due to the destruction of crops by the leaf-eating beetle A. similis Oliver. Many ways are taken especially pesticides that are synthesized widely because it is considered the fastest and most potent to overcome pest disorders. Based on, one of the control techniques that can be used is PGPR, which is a group of bacteria that can be utilized to strengthen plants against pest attacks and plant diseases, so research needs to be done by using this technique to change the feeding behavior of the A. similis Oliver beetle on cucumber plants. The research was conducted at the Green House Department of Pest and Plant Diseases University of Brawijaya Malang in September 2018 to March 2019. It was conducted using Randomized Block Design (RBD) 5 treatment, i.e., PGPR, urea fertilizer and control (without treatment). Based on the results of the study shows that: Application of PGPR on cucumber plant can reduce damage on either leaves or flower due to the eating behavior of imago A. similis Oliver and Application of PGPR can increase the cucumber plant growth during the eating behavior of imago A. similis Oliver.

Measuring the Efficacy of a Pilot Public Health Intervention for Engaging Communities of Puerto Rico to Rapidly Write Hurricane Protection Plans.

The efficacy is measured for a public health intervention related to community-based planning for population protection measures (PPMs; ie, shelter-in-place and evacuation). This is a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) prospective study of intervention efficacy, measured in terms of usability related to effectiveness, efficiency, satisfaction, and degree of community engagement. Two municipalities in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are included. Community members consisting of individuals; traditional leaders; federal, territorial, and municipal emergency managers; municipal mayors; National Guard; territorial departments of education, health, housing, public works, and transportation; health care; police; Emergency Medical Services; faith-based organizations; nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); and the private sector. The intervention included four community convenings: one for risk communication; two for plan-writing; and one tabletop exercise (TTX). This study analyzed data collected from the project work plan; participant rosters; participant surveys; workshop outputs; and focus group interviews. Efficacy was measured in terms of ISO 9241-11, an international standard for usability that includes effectiveness, efficiency, user satisfaction, and "freedom from risk" among users. Degree of engagement was considered an indicator of "freedom from risk," measurable through workshop attendance. Two separate communities drafted and exercised ~60-page-long population protection plans, each within 14.5 hours. Plan-writing workshops completed 100% of plan objectives and activities. Efficiency rates were nearly the same in both communities. Interviews and surveys indicated high degrees of community satisfaction. Engagement was consistent among community members and variable among governmental officials. Frontline communities have successfully demonstrated the ability to understand the environmental health hazards in their own community; rapidly write consensus-based plans for PPMs; participate in an objective-based TTX; and perform these activities in a bi-lingual setting. This intervention appears to be efficacious for public use in the rapid development of community-based PPMs.

STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON SCHOOL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (CASE STUDY: SDN HARJAMUKTI 5, DEPOK CITY)

<p class="ListParagraph1">Improvement of education building facilities and infrastructure is needed to improve services to the community. In line with the green building planning, Housing and Settlements Department, Depok City plans to build SDN Harjamukti 5 Public with due regard to environmentally friendly development. The activity is predicted to cause environmental impacts, so a study of environmental impact analysis is needed. The purpose of this study is to determine the baseline condition of the study site and analyze the environmental impacts and obtain ways to overcome the results of the analysis in an effort to minimize the impact that will then be used as a reference in order to properly protect the environment. The method used is survey method. This research uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data include water quality data, ambient air quality and noise data, and flora and fauna data while secondary data include climate data and socio-economic data. The results of the study obtained an analysis of environmental impacts that occur and how to minimize impacts with good handling in order to create a construction that is green building concept.</p>

The Environmental Relative Moldiness Index reveals changes in mold contamination in United States homes over time

The Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI) is a scale created to compare mold contamination levels in U.S. homes. The ERMI was developed as a result of the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) first American Healthy Homes Survey (AHHS I), which sampled 1,096 homes selected to be representative of the U.S. housing stock. In AHHS I, a dust sample from each home was analyzed using quantitative PCR assays (qPCR) for 36 common indoor molds: 26 Group 1 molds, which were associated with water damage in homes and 10 Group 2 molds, which primarily enter the home from the outside environment. In 2019, HUD completed AHHS II by sampling 695 homes. Because lead was banned from paint in 1978, a larger proportion of homes selected for AHHS II had been built before 1978 compared to AHHS I. The 36 ERMI molds were analyzed in AHHS II exactly as in AHHS I. For the 36-ERMI molds, the rates of detection, average concentrations, and geometric means were in significant concordance (p < 0.001) between AHHS I and II, indicating that the ERMI methodology was stable over time. However, the average ERMI value in AHHS II homes was greater than in AHHS I. The reason for the difference was investigated by examining the Group 1 and 2 mold populations. The average summed logs of Group 1 molds were significantly greater in homes built before 1978 than the average for homes built later. Conversely, the average summed logs of Group 2 mold populations were the same in homes built before 1978 and homes built later. Since the summed logs of Group 2 mold is subtracted from the summed logs of Group 1 molds in the ERMI calculation, the average ERMI value was higher in AHHS II homes than AHHS I. In conclusion, by using the ERMI metric, we were able to demonstrate that water damage and mold growth were more likely to occur as homes get older.

PENGARUH LOYALITAS PEGAWAI TERHADAP PROMOSI JABATAN PADA DINAS PERUMAHAN DAN KAWASAN PERMUKIMAN KABUPATEN BIMA

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of significant employee loyalty to the promotion of positions at the Bima Regency Housing and Settlement Office. The type of research used is associative, with a sample of 68 respondents. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Data collection using a questionnaire with a Likert measurement scale. Data analysis methods used are validity test, reliability test, simple linear regression, simple correlation, determination test and t test (two parties). The results of this study conclude that employee loyalty has a significant influence on the promotion of position in the Department of Housing and Settlements of Bima Regency, where the t value of 0.425 is greater than the value of t table of 1.996 (0.425&gt; 1.996) with a significance value of 0,000 less than 0.05 (0,000 &lt;0.05).Keywords: Employee loyalty, promotion