Forestry Department Research Articles

Strengthening community and stakeholder participation in the implementation of integrated vector management for malaria control in western Kenya: a case study

BackgroundIntegrated vector management (IVM) is defined as a rational decision-making process for the optimal use of resources for vector control. The IVM approach is based on the premise that effective control of vectors and the diseases they transmit is not the sole preserve of the health sector. It requires the collaboration and participation of communities and other stakeholders in public and private sectors. Community participation is key to the success of IVM implementation at the local level.Case descriptionThe study was conducted in Nyabondo, a rural area of Kenya where malaria is endemic. The objective of the project was to promote adoption and sustainability of IVM and scale up IVM-related activities as well as increase community participation and partnership in malaria control through outreach, capacity-building and collaboration with other stakeholders in the area. Collaboration was pursued through forging partnership with various government departments and ministries, particularly the fisheries department, ministry of education, ministry of health, forestry department and the social services. In total, 33 community-based organizations working within the area were identified and their role documented. Through distribution of information, education and communication (IEC) materials alone, the project was able to reach 10,670 people using various social mobilization methods, such as convening of sensitization meetings—dubbed 'mosquito days'—mainly spearheaded by primary school pupils. A total of 23 local primary schools participated in creating awareness on malaria prevention and control during the project phase. The collaboration with other departments like fisheries led to stocking of more than 20 fishponds with a total of 18,000 fingerlings in the years 2017 and 2018. Fish ponds provided an opportunity for income generation to the community. In partnership with the county government health department, the project was able to re-train 40 CHVs on IVM and malaria case management in the area. Additionally, 40 fish farmers were re-trained on fish farming as part of income generating activity (IGA) while 10 CBOs made up of 509 members received both eucalyptus and Ocimum kilimandscharicum seedlings that were distributed to four CBOs composed of 152 members. Four primary schools made up of 113 health club members also received eucalyptus seedlings as part of IGA in addition to fish farming. In total, around 20,000 eucalyptus seedlings were distributed to the community as part of IGA initiatives. By the end of 2018, the project was able to reach 25,322 people in the community during its two-year advocacy and social mobilization initiatives.ConclusionThrough advocacy and social mobilization, the IVM strategy improved inter-sectoral collaboration, enhanced capacity building and community participation. However, more IVM related activities are needed to effectively mobilize available resources and increase community participation in malaria control.

Economic evaluation of chemical and biological control of four aquatic weeds in South Africa

ABSTRACT Invasive alien plants (IAPs) pose a threat to biodiversity and the economy of the countries they invade. In South Africa, the Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, Natural Resources Management Programmes, previously The Working for Water Programme (WfW) is tasked with controlling IAPs in a way that protects the environment, as well as producing maximum return to society through poverty alleviation. Biological control is one of the management tools used to control IAPs in South Africa. Four aquatic weeds, Pista stratiotes, Salvinia molesta, Azolla filiculoides and Myriophyllum aquaticum, are under complete biological control in South Africa. However, in the absence of biological agents, the WfW programme would have used herbicides to control these weeds. This paper presents a retrospective analysis of the relative herbicide cost-saving associated with the use of biological control instead of chemical control. The study used cost benefit analysis (CBA) framework with an 8% discount rate. The estimated cost of the biological control on all four aquatic weeds was about R7.8 million, while the estimated cost of chemical control to achieve the same level of control varied between R150 million and R1 billion, depending on the method of application and number of follow up operations. Benefit to cost ratios varied between 90:1 and 631:1, again depending on method of application and number of follow up sprays. The results remained robust under a 5% and 10% sensitivity test and show that biological control is the most cost-effective management option for aquatic weeds in South Africa.

Характеристика уровня залесенности и охотничьих ресурсов в Кемеровской области

Environmental management is a priority for the development of science, technology and technology, which cannot be carried out without monitoring the state of the environment. Industrial-oriented natural ecosystems are experiencing significant anthropogenic pressures, resulting in an increased negative impact on the environment and a reduction in biodiversity. In this work, on the territory of the Kemerovo region - Kuzbass (on the territory of 19 administrative districts), an analysis of the impact of the area's planting on the number of hunting animals was carried out. This analysis was performed by correlation method. The source of information was official data for the period from 2015 to 2019 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of Kuzbass, the Department for the Protection of Animal Objects of Kuzbass, the Department of Forestry of Kuzbass, the Federal State Statistics Service of Kuzbass. The results of the landfill study showed a decrease in dynamics, which is associated with intensification of agriculture, unfavorable climatic conditions and forest fires. The largest decrease in the level was observed in the Izhmorsky, Kemerovo, Mariinsky and Prokopyevsky districts. The results of the study of the dynamics of the number of hunting animals (ungulates, bears and fur animals) presented in this work showed a stable, annual growth in numbers. The predominant ungulates of the region are Siberian roe deer and European elk of 5 species, fur animals are white hare, squirrel, common beaver, ondatra, sable, common badger, European mink of 17 species of animals, bears in the region are represented by a brown bear. There was a high and moderate inverse dependence of the dynamics of the number of brown bear, ungulates on the influence of the salinity of the fixed hunting grounds of various territories. The results showed that the increase in the number of bears and ungulates negatively affects the greenland of certain territories, which does not contradict the literary data. Keywords: BIODIVERSITY, BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES, FORESTS OF REGIONS, RATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, KEMEROVO REGION, HUNTING ANIMALS, POPULATION DYNAMICS, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

Imposition of cumulative administrative penalty: technical-legal defects and law enforcement problems in the sphere of forest conservation

The subject of this research is the social relations arising in the context of application of administrative sanctions for violating forestry legislation. The object of this research is the legislation on administrative offenses of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, law enforcement and judicial practice. The author observes the ambiguity of application of legislation on administrative offences by the state forestry departments in some constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Therefore, this scientific article indicates one of the relevant issues that stir up disputes among the law enforcement agencies – imposition of cumulative administrative penalty for violating forestry legislation. Using the universal dialectical, descriptive, and hermeneutical methods, the author analyzes the current administrative legal norms that regulate the procedure for imposition of cumulative administrative penalty. Special attention is given to the factors of ambiguity in law enforcement practice in terms of imposition of cumulative administrative penalty, which has developed due to the flaws in legal writing: 1) the absence of conceptual scientific developments dedicated to imposition of administrative penalty for cumulative administrative offenses; 2) simplified approach towards legal regulation of certain institutions of administrative responsibility that generates gaps in the legislation on administrative responsibility, which must filled in by law enforcement practice; 3) inappropriate interpretation of norms of the Article 4.4. of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences by the law enforcement, and namely, judicial bodies. The scientific novelty consists in recommendations for improving the provisions of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses in this sphere. The conclusions are based on the formal-legal and logical methods of research.

ORGANIZATION AND MONITORING OF FOREST PESTS WITH THE USE OF PHEROMONES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE STATE ENTERPRISE «ZARICHANSKE FORESTRY»

ORGANIZATION AND MONITORING OF FOREST PESTS WITH THE USE OF PHEROMONES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE STATE ENTERPRISE «ZARICHANSKE FORESTRY»

Socio-Economic Benefit of Fuel-Wood Marketing on the Host Communities of Onigambari Forest Reserve, Nigeria

Fuel wood extraction and marketing is one of the off farm activities for rural dwellers around the forest reserve of Oyo State, Nigeria. The assessment of fuel wood extraction on the rural dwellers’ livelihoods was carried out using multi-stage sampling techniques. Purposive sampling was used to select Onigambari Forest Reserve where fuel wood extraction is one of the major off-farm businesses by the rural dwellers. Random sampling was also used to select 50% of the registered fuel wood marketers by Oyo State department of forestry. Structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews waere used to generate data. Data collected were analysed through tables of percentage. Results showed that fuel wood marketing is a profitable business with an average of 54,000 gains per month by the respondents. Fuel wood business has helped the respondents to possess properties such as houses, land for building, farmland and vehicles. Farming activities in the study area have also improved drastically as many of the respondents had farming as their primary occupation and their gains from fuel wood business were re-invested into farmland and haulage vehicles.

Rate of timber harvest and the effects of illegal activities on forest conservation in Southwestern Nigeria

Abstract. Daramola JO, Adesuyi FE, Olugbadieye OG, Akinbowale AS, Adekunle VAJ. 2020. Rate of timber harvest and the effects of illegal activities on forest conservation in Southwestern Nigeria. Asian J For 5: 8-16. Availability of accurate data on timber harvest is very important for sustainable forest management. These data are not readily available, making forest management more complex. This study aimed at investigating the rate of timber harvest, illegal activities and its impacts on forest conservation in Osun State Forest Reserves. The selected reserves were Shasha Forest Reserve (SFR), Ago-Owu Forest Reserve (AFR), and Ikeji-Ipetu Forest Reserve (IFR). Data were collected using two sets of semi-structured questionnaires. One for the forest community dwellers and the other for forest officers. Simple random sampling was used to select 120 respondents from the population of concessionaires, saw millers, rural community dwellers, taungya farmers and the government officers in the study area. Secondary data was collected and compiled from the State Forestry Department to provide results for timber harvested only in SFR from January to July, 2019. The results revealed that SFR is under massive timber exploitation, as illegal logging and timber processing are the most prevalent driver of exploitation in this area; while AFR and IFR are degraded forest reserves marred with grazing and poaching, and illegal logging, respectively. The impacts of the illegal activities on forest conservation were categorized under economic, social, and environmental impacts. The most exploited species in SFR were Celtis spp. (3024 stems), Ricinodendron heudelotii (1789 stems), and the least exploited was Anthocleista spp. (3 stems). The study showed that many economic tree species that contribute to national development and rural livelihood have been exploited from the study sites and therefore recommend that timber harvest be carried out on a sustainable basis.

The Classification Status of River Water Quality in Riau Province Using Modified K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm with STORET Modeling and Water Pollution Index

The Department of Environment and Forestry, Pollution and Environmental Damage Control Division, has an active role in monitoring water quality in Riau Province. The rivers that are still monitored and managed are Kampar River, Siak River and Indragiri River. Division of Environment Pollution calculates river quality status manually using Microsoft Excel, this is not maximally done since this important information should be processed quickly. Division of water pollution must determine the right calculation to get the results of the water quality status. Because of many calculation formulas set by the government, the commonly used method is the STORET method and the Pollution Index. So, in overcoming the problem of classification, the researcher proposes the use of learning methods that can predict or determine the status of water quality with classification techniques on data mining that is Modified K-Nearest Neighbor (MKNN) which is a modification of K-NN. The calculation of the MKNN algorithm produced the highest accuracy of 85.10% at K = 5 using STORET result data as training data. While, using the Pollution Index data results, the highest accuracy is 76.92% at K = 1. Based on the analysis with attribute analysis, the attributes that influence the determination of river water quality are BOD, COD, NH3, Fecal Coli and Total Coli. This result can be taken into consideration by the Division of Environmental Pollution in the process of overcoming and reducing pollutant overload that exceeds quality standards.

Использование низкочастотного электромагнитного поля и гидрогеля для увеличения приживаемости и роста сеянцев ели европейской (Picea abies L.)

This paper presents the results of a study that was conducted in the Sergiev Posad forestry of the Moscow region forestry Department with the participation of the laboratory of the Department of Forest crops, breeding and dendrology of the BMSTU (Mytishchi branch). This study shows the technology of planting European (Picea abies L.), seedlings in culture, which can significantly increase the survival rate of experimental samples and improve their biometric characteristics: height, diameter of the root neck, weight, and also the anatomical structure of seedlings. The experiments were performed using a low-frequency generator «Rost-Active», the author’s technology pre-sowing treatment of seeds and seedlings by an electromagnetic field, hydrogel (polymer water-retaining agent) and a method of histometric analysis of cross sections of control and experimental stems of European spruce seedlings. The results of the study indicate a clear positive effect of electromagnetic field and hydrogel on the increase in survival of experimental samples of seedlings of common European spruce in relation to the control. Also, the results of comparative histometric analysis indicate the effectiveness of methods for treating pine seedlings with low-frequency EMF and applying hydrogel to the soil.

Foreign Migrants Trespassing in Sabah Forest Reserves: A Legal Discourse

According to Sabah Forestry Enactment 1968, Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sabah is given the power to reserves forests for various purposes including commercial, protection, domestic and others. Sabah Forestry Department is entrusted with proper and efficient planning, and implementation of State forest resources management (SFM) to comply with the sustainable forest principles. It achieves to manage forest resources towards sustainable and profitable forest governance. However, Sabah forest reserves were threatened by illegal trespassing by foreign migrants to possess forest produce unlawfully and to occupy State land illegally. This article aims to expose the causes of the invasion of forest reserves by foreign migrants, the offences committed by foreign migrant activities in the forest reserves, violation of specific legislation such as the Immigration Act 1959/63 and the Forest Enactment 1968. The qualitative legal research methodology was used to understand the issues at hand, the existing applicable laws and the legal implications for such illegal activities in these forest reserves. Secondary data found in the legislation, journals, annual report, and law publication were collected, reviewed, analysed, and discussed to understand its legal implications better. Thus, efforts to expose these illegal activities by foreign migrants is essential to ensure Sabah Forest Reserves can continuously be maintained and not destroyed at the hand of illegal foreign trespassers. Employers should also be made responsible for their involvement in trafficked or smuggled illegal migrants as workers and simultaneously, conduct illegal activities to deceit the State Forestry efforts and developmental planning in Sabah.

ПИОНЕРЫ ЛЕСНОЙ СЕЛЕКЦИИ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОМ ЧЕРНОЗЕМНОМ РЕГИОНЕ

The article contains brief information from the life and scientific work of the founders of forest breeding, who worked in Voronezh. On the initiative of N.P. Kobranov in 1919, on the basis of Voronezh Agricultural Institute, a forestry department was opened, which was later transformed into the forestry faculty, and since 1930 Voronezh Forestry Institute (now VSUFT) was organized. The main scientific work of N.P. Kobranov is the country's first publication on forest selection - the monograph “Oak selection” (1925), which also outlined possible ways of selection development of forest woody plants in general. Further, his associates and colleagues were engaged in the introduction and selection of forest tree species in the pre-war period: O.G. Kapper ("Study of ecotypes of tree species", 1946; "Conifers", 1954, etc.) and S.A. Samofal (manuscript of his doctoral dissertation "Heredity and variability of forest species and their importance for forest growing", 1938, etc.). Then a huge contribution to the development of forest breeding in the country was made by M.M. Veresin ("Forest seed production", 1963; "Centennial experience of afforestation in the Savalsky forestry", 1963; "Forests of Voronezh", 1971; a new program for forest selection for universities, 1966, etc.). He is the author of grandiose experiments on the geographical planting of Scots pine on an area of about 40 hectares, including more than 350 origins. In addition, he created oak, nut, Karelian birch, seed plantations and collections of hybrids of different tree species. He developed a number of new highly productive poplar hybrids. The director of the Voronezh Forestry Institute V.I. Rubtsov, who himself laid large-scale experimental field facilities for Scots pine forest plantations. Vasily Ivanovich played an important role in the creation of Central Institute of Forest Genetics and Breeding in Voronezh. Among the well-known successors of forest selection work in the country is the director of All-Union Scientific Production Association "Soyuzlesselektsiya" A.I. Iroshnikov. Under him (together with Voronezh Forestry Institute and the Central Research Institute of Forest Genetics and Breeding), a department of forest selection was organized. All these scientists have shown an example of selfless service to the chosen cause

Termiticidal activity of oil from Jatropha curcas L. and Azadirachta indica A. Juss against Coptotermes sjostedti Holmgren (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

BackgroundCoptotermes sjostedti Holmgren (Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae) is one of the major termite species found infesting woods and other plant materials in Africa. Bioassays were carried out at the Arboretum of the Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Nigeria to investigate the effect of oils from the kernel of Jatropha curcas L. and Azadirachta indica oils A. Juss against the African subterranean termite (Coptotermes sjostedti Holmgren). Treatments comprised of the plant oils and Solignum (a synthetic termiticide, serving as positive control) applied at the rate of 5, 10 and 15 mL per 100 cm3 of the wood from seven plant species. Untreated woods also served as control. Seven wood species were placed in a test arena and artificially infested with 50 termites per unit. The setup was a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Data on termite mortality and wood weight loss were recorded.ResultsThe use of 10 and 15 mL of J. curcas oil caused more than 90% mortality of C. sjostedti, after 96 h, kept wood consumption by the insect below 6.0% after 3 months, and these outcomes were similar to that of Solignum at the same concentrations. About 35.0–65.2% reduction in weight was observed among untreated woods from the tested woods, indicating their susceptibility to C. sjostedti attacks. Correlation analysis shows a significant (r > − 0.900; P < 0.0001) negative association between termite mortality and the rate of wood consumption.ConclusionThe use of J. curcas oil at 10 mL per 100 cm3 of wood could be a potent alternative to Solignum for the control of C. sjostedti.

Nursery growth performance of aquilaria malaccensis (agarwood) in terai zone of west bengal

Agarwood is an economically important native tree species of sub-tropical-tropical rainforests of northeast India. The species is included in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. This study was carried out in the Department of Forestry during 2015–2018. The aim of this investigation was to measure the variability of seed traits. Field survey was carried out across the population of Aquilaria malaccensis throughout Mizoram, Nagaland, Assam, West Bengal and Tripura to select well represented nineteen seed sources viz. Basistha, Ganakpokhari, Hathipara, Hmarveng, Hybergyon, Islam nagar, Kumar ghat, Lanka, Lonigodam, Nagariborline, Naharani, Namti, Nazari, Nelbagan, Newdiakkawan, Rajabhatkhawa, Sephizala, Sukhana and Thikau. Nursery and field level study was carried out each respective seed source were raised in Randomized Block Design to assess growth performance w.r.t Plant height (cm), Collar Diameter (mm), Root length (cm), Fresh weight leaf (g), Fresh Weight of shoot (g), Fresh weight of root (g), Dry weight of leaf (g), Dry weight of shoot (g), Dry weight of root (g), Sturdiness Quotient (SQ), Dickson Quality Index (DQI), Volume index (cm.mm2), Total biomass (g), were recorded range respectively 40.03–47.23 cm, 4.856.72mm, 19.57–23.91cm, 3.43–5.68g,4.05–5.81g,2.01–3.18g, 0.96–1.89g, 0.83–1.70g, 0.76–0.96g, 7.55–8.58(SQ), 1.342.2 (DQI), 972.89–2132.83 cm.mm2 2.58–4.25g, were recorded Significant variations (p < 0.05).

Efficacy of weed control treatments on weeds and productivity of chickpea under Jatropha based agroforestry

A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Department of Forestry, JNKVV, Jabalpur during Rabi season 2019-20 to find out the effect of weed management on weeds and productivity of Chickpea under Jatropha based Agroforestry. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and 12 herbicidal treatments consisted of Pendimethalin (1000 g ha-1), Imazathaper (900 g ha-1), Atrazine (1000 g ha-1), Metribuzin (300 g ha-1), Oxyflorfen (100 g ha-1), Pendimethalin (500 g ha-1) fb Imazathaper (450 g ha-1), Pendimethalin (500 g ha-1) fb Oxyflorfen (50 g ha-1), Metribuzin (150 g ha-1) fb Oxyflorfen (50 g ha-1), Atrazine (500 g ha-1) fb Metribuzin (150 g ha-1), Imazathaper (450 g ha-1) fb Atrazine (500 g ha-1), hand weeding (30 DAS) and Weedy check (control). The field was infested with 4 major weed species Medicago denticulata Willd., Vicia sativa L., Cynodon dactylon L., and Cyperus rotundus L. Minimum weed density per m2 (7.53) and weed dry weight (5.42 q ha-1), was found under hand weeding 30DAS over weedy check. Minimum dry weight of weeds was found under hand weeding (30 DAS) 5.42q ha-1 as compare to weedy check (control) 16.84q ha-1). The highest weed control efficiency was found in hand weeding (30DAS) 89.75%, Pendimethalin (1000 g ha-1) 78.50 %, Atrazine (1000 g ha-1) 67.67 %, Oxyflorfen (100 g ha-1) 66.83 %, and Metribuzin (150 g ha-1) fb Oxyflorfen (50 g ha-1) 65.41%. The loss of grain yield was significantly reduced where weeds were control by Pendimethalin (1000 g ha-1) 11.16 %, and Metribuzin (150 g ha-1) fb Oxyflorfen (50 g ha-1) 11.19 %. Amongst the different herbicidal treatments higher seed yield was found under Pendimethalin (1000 g ha-1) 12.54 q ha-1, higher stover yield was found under Pendimethalin (1000 g ha-1) 37.46 q ha-1, higher crop biomass was found under Pendimethalin (1000 g ha-1) 50.00 q ha-1 and higher harvest index was found under Pendimethalin (1000 g ha-1) 24.99 % as compared to other treatments. The perusal data showed that higher harvest index was found under hand weeding (30DAS) 25.06 % which was significantly superior over weedy check (control) 18.74 % and rest of the weed control treatments. Pre emergence herbicides and hand weeding can further enhance the weed suppressive effect of the crop under Jatropha based Agroforestry.

Effect of weed management on nutrient utilization by chickpea and weeds under Jatropha based agroforestry

A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm, Department of Forestry, JNKVV, Jabalpur during Rabi season 2019-20 to find out the effect of weed management on nutrient utilization by Chickpea and weeds under Jatropha based Agroforestry. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and 12 herbicidal treatments consisted of Pendimethalin 1000 g ha-1, Imazathaper 900 g ha-1, Atrazin 1000 g ha-1, Metribuzin 300 g ha-1, Oxyflorfen 100 g ha-1, Pendimethalin 500 g ha-1 fb Imazathaper 450 g ha-1, Pendimethalin 500 g ha-1 fb Oxyflorfen 50 g ha-1, Metribuzin 150 g ha-1 fb Oxyflorfen 50 g ha-1, Atrazin 500 g ha-1 fb Metribuzin 150 g ha-1, Imazathaper 450 g ha-1 fb Atrazin 500 g ha-1, hand weeding (30 DAS) and Weedy check (control). The nutrient absorption by crop and weeds is significantly influence by different herbicidal treatments. The result revealed that there were different variations in nutrients absorption by weeds. The highest nutrient absorption by chickpea seed was observed in hand weeding (42.6: 9.22: 19.2) and minimum was in weedy check (14.3: 2.22: 7.25). The highest nutrient absorption by stover was observed in hand weeding (44.4: 10.6: 32.8) and minimum was in weedy check (23.7: 2.93: 18.2). The maximum nutrient absorption of hand weeding (87.07: 19.85: 50.48) and minimum was in weedy check (38.15: 5.16: 24.85) of total (seed + stover). Among different herbicidal treatments application of Pendimethalin 1000 g ha-1 was found the highest (66.37: 13.85: 42.29) and lowest was in Imazathaper 900 g ha-1 (49.12: 7.06: 29.:39) of total (seed + stover). Weedy check recorded significantly higher nutrient absorption of weeds viz., Cynodon dactylon (4.52: 2.40: 3.46 NPK kg ha-1), Cyperus rotundus (3.03: 1.41: 7.41), Medicago arabica (24.23: 3.34: 31.33), and Vicia sativa (15.77: 2.57: 24.37). Hand weeding (30DAS) recorded significantly lower nutrient absorption by weeds viz., Cynodon dactylon (0.59: 0.28: 1.78), Cyperus rotundus (0.29: 0.11: 0.77), Medicago arabica (2.14: 0.30: 2.86), and Vicia sativa (1.46: 0.21: 2.27 K) Lower absorption of nutrient in these treatments attributed to lower weeds density and dry weight. The maximum nutrient absorption of total weeds in weedy check (47.60: 9.72: 76.67) and minimum was in hand weeding (4.48: 0.91: 7.65). Among different herbicidal treatments application of application of Imazathaper 450 g ha-1 fb Atrazin 500 g ha-1 was found the highest (21.31: 4.20: 36.51) and lowest was in Metribuzin 150 g ha-1 fb Oxyflorfen 50 g ha-1 (13.44: 3.09: 24.80).

Salabat Khan Tomb: An under explored heritage site

The tomb of Salabat Khan was constructed in 1579A.D. on a hill called Shah Dongar (Salabat Khan II was a wazir of Murtuza Nizamshah and was an able administrator, planner, architect and water management expert). Later this tomb was also of strategic importance. It is currently a monument with ASI & is surrounded by land with private owners & the forestry department. At a height of about 3080 feet above sea level, located on top of a hill, it is 700 and 800 feet above the city of Ahmednagar. Surrounded by vegetation and giving a panoramic view of the city, it has a cool breeze flowing throughout the day. Attempts have been made in the past to promote this historic tourist spot but have been ineffective. In the absence of adequate consolidated effort of the administration, government machinery, political leadership and local citizenry it lies in neglect. This case study attempts to focus on marketing the peripherals along with the essentials in this destination tourism.

СВЯЗЬ МЕЖДУ ЭЛЕМЕНТАМИ ВОДНОГО БАЛАНСА ЗОНЫ АЭРАЦИИ ПОЧВ И РАСЧЕТНОГО СЛОЯ ПОЧВЫ ПРИ ПОЛИВЕ ВИКО-ОВСЯНОЙ СМЕСИ

The subject of research is the study of the regularity of changes in the components of the water balance of the aeration zone and the calculated layer, aimed at preserving the fertility of soddy-podzolic soils of the Central Russian province of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia, and obtaining optimally high yields of table carrots. The object of research, the components of the water balance of the aeration zone and the calculated layer, are soddy-podzolic soils and soil moisture of watershed areas associated with the cultivation of table carrots. Experimental studies included field, lysimetric and laboratory experiments carried out in years with different meteorological conditions. In field and lysimetric experiments, as well as in the processing and analysis of experimental materials, the theory of groundwater movement, the water balance method, physical and mathematical modeling, and the theory of mathematical statistics were used. The studies carried out in lysimeters and on the experimental site in 2010-2012 were the basis for obtaining the patterns of changes in the components of the water balance of the aeration zone and the calculated layer during irrigation of the vetch-oat mixture on soddy-podzolic soils. When conducting scientific research on the water balance of the aeration zone and the calculated layer during the irrigation of the vetch-oat mixture on soddy-podzolic soils, the methodology developed at the Department of Agricultural Melioration, Forestry and Land Management of the Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev. The relationship between the irrigation norms of the vetch-oat mixture and the moisture content of the calculated layer of soddy-podzolic soil was obtained. The correlation coefficient of the considered values is 0.982+0.067. The relationship between the water consumption of vetch-oat mixture and the moisture content of soddy-podzolic soil of watersheds has been obtained. The correlation coefficient of the considered values is 0.984+0.055.

Fishing for administrative justice in marine spatial planning: Small-scale fishers’ right to written reasons

The emergence of marine spatial planning (MSP) has been ascribed to the inability of the ocean spaces to meet all demands simultaneously. With increasing uses and users of the ocean comes a rise in conflicts. Studies that sought to reduce those conflicts have shown the benefits of zoning the ocean in space and time. In South Africa, the Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, which functions through a national working group (NWG) on MSP, is responsible for the implementation of MSP, which includes ocean zoning in South Africa’s ocean spaces. In the implementation of MSP, the NWG will make decisions which, this article argues, constitute administrative action triggering the constitutional right to written reasons. This article examines the small-scale fishers’ right to written reasons following a decision by the NWG. It concludes that the NWG does have an obligation to fulfil this right and that the MSP instruments are drafted in a manner that supports this duty.

Networks within networks: scaling response operations in the lightning complex fires in northern california, August 2020

Wildfire risk has increased dramatically in California over more than two decades, 2000 - 2021, reflecting the intense impact of climate change on the state’s environmental and ecological systems. Most urgent is the impact of wildfire at the wildland-urban-interface (WUI), and the challenge to prevent cascading disaster for regions connected via interdependent lifelines of transportation, communications, electrical power, water, sewer, and gas line distribution systems that characterize geographic regions. To what extent do large, multi-organizational, multi-jurisdictional networks of organizations learn from experience and adapt their performance in response to the dynamic conditions of an actual extreme event? This article identifies four types of networks operating in the 2020 Lightning Complex Wildfires in northern California and documents the rapid escalation of risk and costs based on a preliminary analysis of the 209 incident reports filed by California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CalFire) for the SCU Fire that engulfed large sections of five counties in the southeastern San Francisco Bay Region. The article concludes that Interagency Incident Management Networks provide essential intelligence to support local management of operations in the dynamic context of wildfire risk.

Wildfires in Botswana and Their Frequency of Occurrence

Fires play an essential part in the maintenance of the environment, but amplified fire activity often leads to adverse effects in the environment such as destruction of property and loss of life. Botswana has experienced wildfires that are caused by humans intentionally and unintentionally. Some of these wildfires grow into mega fires such as the 2008 wildfires. Data of wildfires reported in Botswana from the Department of Forestry and Range Resources and the frequency of occurrence was studied and analyzed. It shows the period of 2006-2017, Ghanzi and Ngamiland districts were mostly affected by wildfires. These districts have protected land such as the wildlife parks which may lead to the outbreak of natural wildfires that burns unnoticed due to minimal movements of people. The wildfires reported in each district show an increase over the years and this may affect the smooth running of operations.