Department Of Biology Research Articles

Effect of different Potting Mixtures on Acclimatization of In vitro Developed Plants on Survival Percentage under Glass House Condition

The experiment was conducted during the years 2020-22, all of the experiments for the current research were carried out in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Gwalior, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior (M. P.). Pomegranate cv. Bhagwa plantlets were placed in polythene bags containing various potting mixtures, such as soil, FYM, and Vermicompost, alone and in various combinations. The hardened plantlets were then exposed to direct sunshine to help them acclimate to their new surroundings. The percentage of tissue culture plantlets that survived was calculated. Experiments were conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications of each treatment and each replication contain three explants. Data were analyzed using Duncan’s multiple range test whereas the survival percentages were analysed by arc-sine transformation. On the basis of present study it is concluded that cocopeat soil combination had the highest survival rate (95.00%), followed by cocopeat (85%). In the case of pomegranate, sand, perlite, vermiculite, vermiculite soil and perlite sand alone were not shown to be effective hardening materials because all of the plants withered within a week. After two months of hardening under polyhouse circumstances, cocopeat soil showed the greatest growth with a notable increase in plant height (37.23 cm), followed by cocopeat (33.03 cm). Therefore, we may conclude that cocopeat is the ideal material for pomegranate plants that have been produced in vitro.

Parasitological, Bacterial and Fungal Evaluation of Some Ready-to-Eat Foods Sold by Vendors in Port Harcourt, Rivers State

Aims: To determine the prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal parasites, bacteria and fungi in Date, Wet Tiger nut, Dry Tiger nut, Kuli-kuli and kola nuts sold by roadside vendors in nine locations in Rivers State. Study Design: A total of 270 samples were procured randomly from roadside sellers. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Animal and Environmental Biology [parasitology unit), University of Port Harcourt, between March and July 2022. Methodology: The 270 samples were examined for gastrointestinal parasites using direct wet preparation and sedimentation techniques, while 135 of the samples selected based on type and location were examined for bacteria and fungi using standard microbial techniques. Results: Out of the 270 samples examined, 124(49.9%) were positive for gastrointestinal parasites as follows; Ascaris lumbricoides 52(19.3%), Ancylostoma spp 39(14.4%), Trichuris trichiura 19(7.0%) and Giardia lamblia 14(5.2%). dry Tiger nut recorded the highest prevalence 39(72.2%) and Kola nut 11(20.4%) had the least prevalence. Aluu had the highest prevalence 21(70.0%) while Rumuokoro recorded the least 3(10.0%) p=05. Of the 135 samples, 96(71.1%) was positive for bacteria while 19(14.1%) was positive for Candida species (fungi). The bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli 48(35.5%), Klebsiella species 32(23.7%) and Staphylococcus aureus 16(11.9%). Kola nut recorded the highest bacterial contamination 26(96.3%) and Date the lowest 10 (37.0). Samples from Choba had the highest bacterial contamination 12(80%) while Alakahia had the least bacterial contamination 7(46.7%) p=05. Dry Tiger nut 12(44.4%) and Wet Tiger nut 7(25.9%) were the only sample types with fungal contamination. Conclusion: Vendors and consumers should be educated on the possible health implications of poorly handled RTE foods, and government should implement and enforce sanitary rules to preserve the environmental quality of areas where RTE foods are being processed and sold.

First person – Emily D. McParland and T. Amber Butcher

ABSTRACT First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Emily D. McParland and T. Amber Butcher are co-first authors on ‘ The Dilute domain in Canoe is not essential for linking cell junctions to the cytoskeleton but supports morphogenesis robustness’, published in JCS. Emily and Amber conducted the research described in this article while they were postbaccalaureate research assistants in the labs of Dr Mark Peifer (E.D.M. and T.A.B.) and Dr Kevin Slep (T.A.B.) at Chapel Hill Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, USA. Emily is now a PhD student in the lab of Dr Thomas Roberts at Brown University, Providence, USA, where she is broadly interested in functional morphology and muscle biomechanics, and focuses on the function of the collagenous extracellular matrix in muscle force production. Amber is a PhD student in the lab of Dr Eric Greene at Columbia University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, USA, where she uses biochemical and biophysical techniques to investigate protein function, most recently within the context of homologous recombination.

Ecology, ethology, and evolution in the Anthropocene.

The 53rd Ontario Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution Colloquium (OE3C 2023) took place at Western University (London, Canada) on 25-27 May 2023, attracting 160 participants. This Meeting Review aims not only to recapitulate what was discussed during the event, but also to provide a brief synthesis of how biologists can move forward. The event was organised and run by graduate students and postdoctoral researchers from the Department of Biology at Western University. With three international keynote speakers, seventy talks, and fifty poster presentations, the OE3C 2023 spanned a wide range of contemporary research in Ecology, Ethology, and Evolution ("the 3 E's"). The colloquium theme was "Surviving the Anthropocene: future steps for the 3 E's under pressing planetary issues", which was complemented by illustrations depicting the fauna and flora of the "Canadian Anthropocene". Participants discussed what biologists and researchers can do regarding future climate and environmental catastrophes. The meeting culminated in a panel discussion comprising three climate change specialists who examined topics such as the Anthropocene and the Great acceleration, the living planet index, and carbon bombs. Although not exhaustive, these topics served as a starting point for the necessary discussions about how biologists can contribute to the fight for the survival of life on Earth.

مستوى تمكن المهارات العملية في مادة فسلجة حيوان العملي لدى طلبة قسم علوم الحياة

This study aims to identify Analogical Reasoning skills and their relationship to the level of mastery of practical skills in the practical animal physiology course among biology department students, Moreover, fourth-stage students’ practical skills can be measured by measuring the skill using an observation card. The students were classified to determine their mastery levels based on the final scores of the observation card. The current study is limited to the students of the University of Al-Qadisiyah, College of Education, department of Biology for the academic year 2021-2022. The descriptive correlational approach was adopted. The study sample consisted of (100) students, selected randomly, from the Department of biology at Al-Qadisiyah University The second tool was a scale of the practical skills of biology students through an observation card, which contained seven basic skills divided into a group of sub-skills. The skill score was extracted for each student and their mastery levels determined after classifying them into (three levels). The two study tools were applied in the second semester of the academic year 2021-2022. Data statistical analysis and processing were performed using Microsoft Excel and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software package, t-test equation of one sample, Pearson's correlation equation, regression analysis equation, and two-way ANOVA. Keywords :- Level of Mastery , Practical Skills , Practical Animal Physiology

Association of Oral Submucous Fibrosis Risk with GSTM1 and GSTT1 Gene Polymorphisms.

To determine the association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). A case-control study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, de Montmorency, College of Dentistry/ Punjab Dental Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from 1st April 2019 to 31st April 2020. OSF patients were diagnosed with different clinical staging of mouth opening by Vernier caliper with the help of a professional dentist in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial, de Montmorency, College of Dentistry, Lahore. One hundred and eight blood samples of OSF patients and 108 samples of normal controls were collected. Genomic DNA was obtained from whole-blood extraction. Multiplex PCR amplification using GSTM1, GSTT1, and β -Globin gene primers was performed. GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes frequencies were found in 43.5% (47/108) and 13.9% (15/108) of controls, whereas 54.6% (59/108) and 25.9% (28/108) of OSF patients, respectively. OSF patients had a greater frequency rate of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes than controls [OR 1.56, 95% CI 0.91-2.67 (p=0.13)]and [OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.08-4.34 (p=0.04)], respectively. The GSTT1 genotype was found statistically significant with OSF (p=0.05), and risk was also determined. The cumulative effect of null genotypes of GSTM1/GSTT1 did not show any association with the controls and in OSF patients. Proportions of active and null alleles of the patient group were; 86.1%/13.9%; and in control, it was 92.6%/7.4% (OR = 2.01; CI: 0.82-4.97; p=0.18), respectively. The study determined a statistically significant association of GSTT1 gene polymorphism with OSF. Oral submucous fibrosis, GSTM1, GSTT1, Gene polymorphisms, Genetic risk.

Abstract 1385 Crosstalk between V-ATPase and PI(3,5)P2 lipid in Osmotic Stress. How, When, and Where? Kalaivani Saravanan and Patricia Kane Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States

Abstract 1385 Crosstalk between V-ATPase and PI(3,5)P2 lipid in Osmotic Stress. How, When, and Where? Kalaivani Saravanan and Patricia Kane Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States

Association of Socio-demographic factors with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome; A Comparative Study

Objective: To compare the association of Socio-demographic factors in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) patients with healthy controls. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, in collaboration with Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics PEMH, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from Apr to Aug 2023. Methodology: The study comprised 300 females within reproductive age groups. Participants were separated into two groups. Group-I included 150 diagnosed PCOS patients, and Group-II had 150 healthy females selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Results: The PCOS patients exhibit a higher mean weight than the control Group (p-value; 0.017). The comparison of PCOS patients and controls showed significant association with physical activity (p-value: 0.038), hirsutism (p-value: 0.010) and Ferriman-Gallwey score (p-value: 0.001) and consanguineous marriages (p-value: 0.076). Conclusion: This study underscores the significance of socio-demographic factors in the manifestation of PCOS in Pakistan, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis, intervention, and tailored healthcare strategies, particularly among young women.

Peer mentorship and academic supports build sense of community and improve outcomes for transfer students.

The experience of transferring to a 4-year college, especially in STEM programs, can be particularly challenging for students. While much of the onus for preparing students for transfer has been placed on community colleges, the 4-year institutions to which students transfer have critical roles to play. With this in mind, we established the Pre-transfer Interventions, Mentoring, and Experience in Research (PRIMER) program to support students transferring into the biology department at our university. The design of this program is based around the key elements of Schlossberg's Transition Theory, focusing on the support and strategies elements of the theory. Through a weekly academic skill course, peer mentoring, and informal academic and social supports, our goals were for students to increase their involvement in the campus community and to increase their use of academic support resources. We used qualitative and quantitative assessments to compare sense of community and use of campus resources between students who participated in our program and others. We found that students in our program strongly increased their sense of community during the semester compared to other students and used campus resources at a higher rate. Our insights from the PRIMER program can help others in developing programs to support transfer students in biology departments.

Relationship of ACE1 and ACE2 genetic polymorphisms on SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of symptoms in different regions of Iraq

This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Biology Department - College of Science - Tikrit University, the laboratories of the Food Science Department - College of Agriculture - University of Anbar, and the Public Health Laboratories - Anbar for the period from December 2021 AD until February 2022 AD, study involved taking samples from hospitalized COVID-19 patients of both sexes, after a confirmed positive PCR test result. As well as those lying in quarantine in three Iraqi governorates (the isolation unit in Karkh, Yarmouk and Kadhimiya hospitals, the Al-Shifa quarry hospital in Anbar, the public health laboratory in Anbar, and the quarantine hospital for thousands in Erbil), in addition to outpatient clinics. They were distributed by 30 patients and 20 healthy subjects from each governorate, with ages ranging from 18-80 years, randomly to men and women in order to determine the role of genetic polymorphisms in the ACE inhibitor gene in the study samples. The results of the genetic polymorphisms of ACE-1rs4646994, ACE-2rs2106809, and ACE-2rs4240157 showed that there were non-significant differences between the frequency of alleles and genotypes in the patient's group compared with the healthy group. The DD mutant genotype of ACE-1rs4646994 appeared in the patient's group in Baghdad and Anbar with a high percentage, while patients in Erbil showed the highest percentage of the heterozygous genotype ID compared to healthy subjects, with an OR= 0.922, OR= 2.750, and OR= 1.118, respectively, for the mutant allele D. Therefore, it is not considered a risk factor for the disease in Baghdad, in contrast to Anbar and Erbil. The polymorphism of ACE-2rs2106809, the homozygous genotype CC was dominant in patients in the aforementioned provinces and may not be considered a risk factor for the disease. The results of ACE-2rs4240157 gene polymorphism, the heterozygous CT genotype showed a high percentage in patients in Baghdad and, while in Anbar patients, the normal genotype TT appeared to be the highest percentage compared to healthy subjects. The C mutant allele in Baghdad, Anbar, and Erbil patients reached OR= 1.306, OR= 4.333, and OR= 9.00, respectively, so this allele is considered a risk factor for the disease. We can conclude from this study the role of each of the polymorphisms rs4646994 ACE-1 and rs4240157 ACE-2 in infection with COVID-19 and the severity of its symptoms according to the geographical region and race, in contrast to rs2106809 ACE-2, as it is possible to conduct clinical studies to demonstrate the role of genetic polymorphisms with Relationship to diseases depending on the region and race.

First Death Anniversary of Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aslam khan (1932-2023)

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aslamkhan died peacefully on February 20, 2023, in Lahore, Pakistan. Prof. Aslamkhan was the founding head of the Human Genetics and Molecular Biology Department of the University of Health Sciences Lahore (UHS). He was also a Director of Sports and cocurricular activities at the UHS. His services to UHS were brought by the Higher Education Commission’s project entitled “strengthening of basic medical sciences at UHS, ” commonly known as SBMS as a project director. This project not only brought a lot of funding for the establishment of research facilities at the UHS but also employment opportunities for young people. Prof. Aslamkhan received his Doctorate of Science (D.Sc.) in Genetics and Anthropology from Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, Germany, in 1963, after his master's degree from Punjab University (1953). He was among the founding fellows of the Biological Society of Pakistan (1956) and the Zoological Society of Pakistan (1968). In 1968, he was awarded the Fellowship of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London. Later, the Pakistan Academy of Medical Sciences awarded him a fellowship in 1985. His professional services include academic and research affiliations with the provincial bodies of Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). He served as Deputy Chief for the Division of Medical Entomology of the International Center for Medical Research and Training (ICMRT) at the Pakistan Medical Research Center, Lahore. Later, he became the Chief of Malaria Vector Research at ICMRT. This was the time when he studied the bionomics of mosquito species in Pakistan, which serves as a reference (1). While affiliated with the University of Maryland School of Medicine, he extended his research towards vector-borne diseases of public health importance (2-10). After retirement from the University of Maryland, he worked as an independent consultant for several national and international bodies. Later, he joined the Higher Education Commission’s project SBMS as Project Director. During this affiliation, he also launched the first department of Human Genetics in the country at UHS Lahore. This department is still operational and produces many PhDs in human genetics, working at various reputable organizations in and outside the country. The department’s objective was to study the basics of genetic diseases in the country, and it has been doing very well until today. Prof. Aslamkhan’s research on genetic diseases has mainly focused on the role of consanguinity in gene pooling in the Pakistani population (11-13). Over the past several years, he has also voluntarily offered genetic counselling to patients with hemoglobinopathies at Sundas Foundation Lahore. He also studied the public health dynamics of blood donors at the Sundas Foundation in addition to genetic counselling (14, 15). He was also recognized as an Eminent Professor of Genetics by Higher Education Commission. In 2017, he founded The International Journal of Frontier Sciences and became its first editor-in-chief until he died last year. I am publishing this obituary at his first death anniversary on February 20, 2024, praying for his eternal peace. I wish him to rest in peace in his life in hereafter. Ameen!

Relation of Serum Bilirubin in Physiological Range with Spot Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio and eGFR Among Diabetic Patients with or without Nephropathy

Recent studies have suggested a potential role of bilirubin as an antioxidant to protect diabetic patients from hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress thereby preventing diabetic complications. Diabetic nephropathy is a serious microvascular complication which is determined by increased urinary albumin to creatinine ratio and reduced eGFR. The present work aimed to study the relation of the simple biochemical parameter of serum bilirubin level with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and spot urine albumin to creatinine ratio in diabetic patients with or without nephropathy. This cross sectional study was done in the department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) Academy from July 2017 to June 2018. We have taken 63 diabetic patients without nephropathy and 63 diabetic patients with nephropathy.Data about clinical and biochemical parameters (blood pressure, BMI, fasting serum glucose, estimated GFR, serum bilirubin and spot urine ACR etc.) were measured by appropriate methods. We used student’s t test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient to detect the relationship of serum bilirubin with other variables All statistical tests were considered at 5% level of significance. We found diabetic patients with nephropathy have significantly lower serum bilirubin (p<0.001) than diabetic patients without nephropathy (0.46±0.18 and 0.64± 0.21 mg/d respectively). Pearson’s correlation test showed that serum bilirubin positively correlated with eGFR (r=0.312, p=0.013) in diabetic patients with nephropathy. This study concluded that low serum bilirubin level is associated with eGFR in diabetic patients with nephropathy.
 Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2019; 12(2): 16-22

Assessment of Student Satisfaction With the Quality of Education Using the Example of One of the Departments of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University

To improve the quality of education at a university, analysis of the educational process and organization of effective interaction between teachers and students are crucial. The professional activity of a university teacher is multifaceted and covers many types of work, which are assessed during periodic certification. However, evaluation of a teacher’s performance is incomplete without taking into account the opinions of students, which can be identified using a survey. Therefore, the teacher should be an interesting person; hence, his subject will become an interesting science area. This article presents a comparative analysis of the students’ satisfaction at the Faculty of Medicine with the quality of taught disciplines, such as biology, physics, medical informatics and evidence-based medicine. These subjects are given in junior and senior courses at the Department of Physics, Medical Informatics and Biology at the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University. This analysis was carried out for the first time at the department in 2020 (297 students), again in 2023 (504 students), and showed that in general the average score of the department increased slightly, as well as the pedagogical qualities of the teacher in the rating of lecture courses. Nevertheless, the ratings for practical classes remained unchanged. An analysis of students’ feedback expressed in free form to the teacher showed the majority of students are grateful for the teachers’ work.

Demographic analysis of hearing impairment based on various parameters in patients with cochlear implant.

To analyse the demographic and clinical variables in children having undergone cochlear implant surgery because of deafness. The cross-sectional study was conducted from January to November 2022 at the Centre for Research in Experimental and Applied Medicine laboratory of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, in collaboration with the Ear, Nose and Throat Department of Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, and comprised children of eith gender aged up to 10 years who had received cochlear implant. Data was collected through questionnaire-based detailed interviews. Syndromic Hearing Loss, Non-Syndromic Hearing Loss, and Acquired Hearing Loss were identified among the subjects. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Of the 250 cases, 147(58.8%) were boys, 146(58.4%) were aged 0-5 years, 219(87.6%) had prelingual onset of disease, and 202(80.8%) had a non-progressive disease course. In 203(81.2%) cases, normal developmental milestones were seen. Parental consanguinity was observed in 219(87.6%) cases. However, 63(25.2%) patients had a first-degree relative who had a history of deafness. In 170(68%) cases, hearing loss was hereditary, whereas in 80(32%) it was acquired. Meningitis was the most commonly identified risk factor 55(68.75%). Acquired risk factors and family history had significant association with hearing loss (p<0.05). Speech perception significantly improved in all 219(100%) patients with prelingual hearing loss who underwent cochlear implantation. Majority of the cases were found to be male, had a prelingual disease onset and a non-progressive disease course. Family history was a significant factor, while meningitis was the most common acquired cause of hearing loss.

Determination of Glyoxalase-1 levels and Identification of Genetic Variants in GLO1 Gene in Patients of Diabetic Nephropathy.

To determine the association of diabetic nephropathy with glyoxalase-1 enzyme levels and a genetic missense variation (SNP rs4746) in its gene (GLO-1). This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi from November 2020 to December 2022. One hundred patients and one hundred and thirteen healthy controls were enrolled using the nonprobability convenience sampling method. Medical history and 10ml blood were obtained from each individual after written informed consent. Blood samples were subjected to biochemical tests and DNA extraction which was later used for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis (C332C variant of rs4741 GLO-1 gene) using Tetra primer ARMS PCR and gel electrophoresis. Glyoxalase-1 enzyme activity in serum was measured using ELISA. There was a significant difference in serum glyoxalase-1 levels in the two groups (p-value< 0.001). The patient group had lower levels (16.24 ± 22.51mg/dl) of glyoxalase-1 as compared to the control group (48.70 ± 42.54mg/dl). In genotypic analysis, 98 out of 100 control individuals had AA genotype-while only one had CC and another AC genotype. In the patient group, 94 out of 100 patients showed AA genotype, three AC, and three CC genotypes. As the statistical significance (p-value) was 0.37, there was no significant association found between AC or CC genotype and diabetic nephropathy. Glyoxalase-1 levels are linked to the development of diabetic nephropathy in our patients while a known missense variant rs4746 in the GLO-1 gene is not associated with increased risk.

Seroprevalence of Rubella in Pregnant Women at the Military Hospital Oued Eddahab Agadir, Morocco

Rubella is an epidemic rash that is generally benign, but dangerous for pregnant women in the early stages of pregnancy, due to the teratogenic power of the virus. It causes spontaneous abortion, fetal death, premature delivery and congenital malformations known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The aim of this study was to determine the rubella immune status in all pregnant women consulting or being tested at the Medical Biology Department of the Oued Eddahab Military Hospital in Agadir. An 18-month retrospective cross-sectionnal study was conducted from January 1, 2022 to June 30, 2023 to assess the IgG seroprevalence of rubella in 1393 pregnant women aged 19 to 43 years old of any gestationnal age using the Architect i1000SR Analyzer. Of the 1393 pregnant women tested, 1184 (85%) were seropositive. Despite of the vaccination recommandations after their anterior pregnancy, 07% of multiparous remained seronegativ. Preventive measures against congenital rubella must be reinforced and vaccination awareness campaigns, particularly for unimmunized multiparous women, remain essential.

Study of drosophila kinship from three regions in East Java, Indonesia

Drosophila has a massive number of members and a wide range of habitats. Different natural conditions make it possible to find diverse Drosophila populations, although several types of Drosophila are cosmopolitan. Drosophila diversity is characterized by morphological variations. The structural similarity of an individual can be used to determine various kinship relations between organisms. This research aimed to determine the relation between Drosophila from three regions in East Java, Indonesia, namely Malang, Mojokerto, and Pasuruan, based on similarities in morphological characteristics. Samples were taken from these three areas, and observations were carried out from January to May 2023 at the Genetics Laboratory, Biology Department, FMIPA UM. Identification of Drosophila is based on an identification key consisting of 52 traits. Drosophila was purified to the third generation to achieve a homogeneity of 87.5%. The kinship relation is sought by calculating the association coefficient and similarity index as a reference in preparing the dendrogram. The dendrogram illustrates that Drosophila from Malang had a closer relationship with Drosophila from the Pasuruan area than from the Mojokerto area. Drosophila kinship relations are influenced by internal and external factors, which include gene flow, mobility, distance, and natural conditions.

Estimation of Tooth Dimensions and Golden Divine Ratio in Extracted Human Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Canines in a Cohort of Tamil Ethnicity.

Background Teeth serve many functions, and aesthetics is one of the most important aspects served by teeth, perceived by the limbic system of the human brain. The golden divine ratio is the unique proportion often correlated with beauty. The present study was devised to estimate the dimension of human permanent canines and approximation to the golden divine ratio. Materials and methods The present study included 47 extracted human permanent canines retrieved from the tooth repository of our institute's Department of Oral Biology. Using digital vernier calipers (Themisto TH-M61 digital vernier caliper, 0-150mm/ 6 inch, JIPVI Ecommerce Pvt. Ltd, India, 2022), the following measurements were taken: Mesio-distal and labiolingual dimensions of the crown, crown length, root length, root to crown ratio (R/C) and the tooth to root ratio (T/R). The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26. Results All the dimensions' mean and standard deviations were calculated for both maxillary and mandibular canines. While the means of mesio-distal and labiolingual dimensions of the crown approximated the values reported in the literature, there was some variation in crown and root lengths. The mean crown lengths of the upper and lower canines were 10.34mm and 9.76mm, respectively, while the root lengths were 16.52 and 15.54mm, respectively. The R/C of both sets and the T/R of the upper canine only followed the golden ratio. T/R of the lower canine was slightly higher (1.64) Conclusion Although the number of included teeth was less, owing to the fact that canines are rarely extracted, our results provided new values of canines for updation in a unique population. More studies are required for comparative anthropological data updates.

Dengue in Bangladesh and neighboring countries: an overview of epidemiology, transmission, control, and prevention

Background and Objectives: Dengue fever, caused by four serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV), is a global health threat, affecting millions of people annually, with a significant burden in Asian countries. Bangladesh, where dengue was first documented in the 1960s, has witnessed an escalation of cases in recent years. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on dengue covering dengue epidemiology in Bangladesh and neighboring countries, efficacy of available vaccines, diagnostic tests and preventive measures. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted using the keywords such as dengue in Bangladesh, dengue in South and Southeast Asia, epidemiology, genomic structure, transmission, diagnosis, vaccines and prevention. The information and data of this article were drawn from extensively reviewed scientific journals and pertinent authoritative sources. The data search was limited from year 2000 to 2023. Results: Magnitude of dengue infection in Bangladesh and neighboring countries was assessed. The usefulness of diagnostic tests as well as the prospect of available vaccines was reviewed. Control and preventive measures to mitigate spread and transmission of the disease were also discussed. Conclusion: Effective prevention and control of dengue needs coordinated efforts in surveillance, research, control and preventive measures. This holistic approach is necessary to mitigate detrimental consequences of dengue on public health and economies worldwide. IMC J Med Sci. 2024; 18(1):012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.18.012 *Correspondence: M. S. Zaman, Department of Biological Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, Mississippi, USA. Email: zaman@alcorn.edu; mzaman@southtexascollege.edu

Experience of breeding char (genus Salvelinus) under industrial fish harvedy farming conditions

Of undoubted interest is the introduction into the aquaculture of the region of such a species native to the basins of the Kara and Laptev seas as the Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus (L.). A number of biological features of this species give special relevance to the prospects of the char as an object of aquaculture. The purpose of the work is experimental research and experience in breeding Arctic char using the example of the freshwater form of char on the Taimyr Peninsula. Information provided. Objectives: to study the conditions of keeping, feeding and growth characteristics of freshwater char when kept in cages on the Yenisei River. The object of the study was the freshwater form of char of the Taimyr Peninsula of generations 2021–2022. The study was carried out at two sites of Maltat LLC (Balahtinsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, fish breeding farm in the city of Divnogorsk near the dam of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station) and at the Department of Breeding, Genetics, Biology and Aquatic Bioresources of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University. Environmental conditions, growth characteristics, growth rate and waste (mortality) were determined. When growing, granulated feed produced by Coppens were used. It has been shown that the weight of fish during cage rearing is higher than that of loaches from their native range. The growth rate of fish is minimal in January (about 2%), maximum in June-July. Freshwater char during cage cultivation on artificial feeds in the lower reaches of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station shows high weight growth characteristics exceeding those of fish from native habitats. Thus, research has confirmed the feasibility of factory reproduction of freshwater char from reservoirs of the Taimyr Peninsula in cages on the Yenisei River.