School Department Research Articles

THU625 Med12 Mutation Activates Tryptophan-Kynurenine-ahr Pathway To Promote Growth Of Uterine Leiomyoma

Abstract Disclosure: A. Zuberi: None. Y. Huang: None. A. Dotts: None. H. Wei: None. J. Coon V: None. T. Lizuka: None. O. Wu: None. O. Sotos: None. D. Chakravarti: None. Y. Dai: None. S.E. Bulun: None. P. Yin: None. A.Z. and Y.H. contributed equally to this work.† Y.D., S.E.B., and P.Y. are co-senior authors. ‡To whom correspondence should be addressed: Serdar E. Bulun, M.D.Division of Reproductive Science in MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University 250 E. Superior Street, Suite 03-2306 Chicago, Illinois 60611-2914 Tel: 312-472-3636 Fax: 312-472-3740 Email: s-bulun@northwestern.edu Ping Yin, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University 303 E. Superior Street, Suite 10-111 Chicago, Illinois 60611 Tel: 312-503-1831 Fax: 312-503-0095 Email: p-yin@northwestern.edu. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists. Uterine leiomyomas (LM) cause heavy menstrual bleeding, anemia and pregnancy loss in approximately 10 million US women. Driver mutations in the mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) gene in uterine myometrial cells initiate 70% LM tumors that grow in a progesterone-dependent manner. We showed a distinct chromatin occupancy landscape of MED12 and a shift of binding sites from proximal promoters to intronic/intergenic regions in mutant (mut-MED12) vs wild-type LM tissues. Integration of cistrome and transcriptome data identified tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) as the top mut-MED12 target gene, which was massively upregulated in mut-MED12 LM. TDO2 catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine, which is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligand and significantly elevated in mut-MED12 LM. Incubation of primary mut-MED12 LM cells with tryptophan or kynurenine stimulated AHR nuclear translocation, increased proliferation, inhibited apoptosis and induced AHR-target gene expression, whereas blocking the TDO2-kynurenine-AHR pathway by siRNA or pharmacologically abolished these effects. Progesterone receptor regulated the expression of AHR and its target genes. In vivo, TDO2 expression positively correlated with the expression of genes crucial for LM growth. In summary, activation of the TDO2-kynurenine-AHR pathway selectively in mut-MED12 LM induces tumor growth and may inform the development of targeted treatments and precision medicine. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and behavior related to children's oral health in pediatricians and students in the pediatric field in Iran: a cross-sectional study.

Pediatricians have an important role to play in motivating and instructing parents on oral health in children. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge of, attitude to, and behavior regarding oral health care in children among pediatricians and students in the pediatric field in Iran. This cross-sectional study included all students in the pediatric field (those who had started a residency or fellowship) and practicing pediatricians in provincial centers and universities (61 setting centers) throughout Iran in the course of 2021. Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing details of the parameters of knowledge of, attitude to, and behavior toward oral health for each individual. A convenience sampling technique was used to gather the study sample. All data were coded for each of the parameters. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)/Tukey and Pearson's correlation tests and path analysis. Out of 582 participants who visited the website, a total of 217 completed the entire questionnaire (participation rate of 37.2%). On the attitude parameter, 84.8% of participants scored above 75% of the possible attainable score, while only 37.9% and 48.1% of them had adequate knowledge and behavior for the possible score, respectively. Specialists had a higher mean score on behavior and knowledge than residents (P=0.001). There was a significant correlation between the scores on attitude and behavior (r=0.42, P<0.001), attitude and knowledge (r=0.19, P=0.005), and behavior and knowledge (r=0.25, P<0.001). Nearly all of the participants, 216 (99.5%), felt the need for the principles of dentistry to be included in the curriculum. Pediatricians showed a favorable attitude to oral health, but their knowledge of and behavior in the field was inadequate. Improvement of pediatricians' interest and performance in oral health in children should be encouraged through the inclusion of these parameters in the curriculum for students of the pediatric field. Implementing training programs for practical pediatricians or incorporating independent theoretical and clinical courses offered by pediatric dentists in dental school departments into the field curriculum of the students in the pediatric field is recommended.

The views of associate degree students from child development on distance education after the earthquake

This study aims to investigate the satisfaction and experiences of associate degree students from the child development department on distance education after the earthquake in Türkiye. The research was carried out in a mixed method embedded design with the participation of 133 associate degree students who studied in the child development department in a vocational school affiliated with Bursa Uludağ University in the spring term of the 2022-2023 academic year. The quantitate data were collected through "The Distance Education Satisfaction Scale of University Students.” The qualitative data were obtained through a semi-structured interview with 20 students from the same study group. Descriptive statistics, Independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H Test, and content analysis were used to analyze the data obtained. According to the findings, online education was less effective than face-to-face education due to the earthquake. The student’s satisfaction with distance education differs significantly depending on having technological tools. The students stated that they had difficulties due to the adverse psychological effects of the earthquake and the infrastructure problems. It was determined that distance education's most significant advantage is having a flexible environment and listening to the course recordings. However, they were disadvantaged in not making enough applications during the lessons in online education.

Role of Administrative Department in Education with reference to Schools and Universities

The administrative department in educational institutions serves as a crucial pillar, offering indispensable support and guidance to students, faculty, and staff. This multifaceted department shoulders a diverse array of responsibilities, spanning from the intricacies of admissions management to the meticulous upkeep of student records. Coordination of academic schedules and vigilant oversight of financial operations further accentuate the pivotal role played by this administrative backbone. This paper delves into the pivotal functions of the administrative department in education schools and universities, elucidating its intricate responsibilities and the seamless orchestration required for the institution's overall efficacy. Effective communication stands out as a linchpin in the administrative department's modus operandi, ensuring the dissemination of pertinent information and fostering collaboration among different units. The department's organizational prowess becomes evident in its adept management of academic schedules, harmonizing diverse activities to facilitate an optimal learning environment. Moreover, the administrative department's financial acumen is spotlighted through its meticulous oversight of financial operations, guaranteeing fiscal responsibility and sustainability. This study underscores the integral nature of the administrative department, emphasizing its role in the smooth functioning and efficiency of educational institutions. By delving into the nuances of its responsibilities and operational strategies, this paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the administrative dynamics crucial for the success of education schools and universities.

Enhancing Parent-School Partnership Through a General Parents’ Orientation Program

Based on Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory, this study seeks to assess the effectiveness of the General Parents' Orientation Program at Emilio Aguinaldo College - Manila, High School Department. The program targeted parents of Junior and Senior High School students, offering them an in-person orientation to familiarize them with school processes. Subsequently, feedback was collected from parents who attended the event via Google Forms, with 190 out of 439 participants responding. This research follows a descriptive design, with the quantitative aspect of the survey concentrating on evaluating the program's objectives, execution, and overall atmosphere. The study addresses parents' concerns and queries regarding their children's education. These concerns encompassed topics such as the voucher program, in-person class conduct, access to books and uniforms, documentation requirements, various curriculum-related issues, payment procedures, student discipline, and related matters. The study serves as a foundation for planning future events of a similar nature. Furthermore, the findings enhance services, instructional strategies, and the overall quality of education within the department, ultimately benefitting both parents and students alike. Keywords: parents, parents’ orientation program, Junior and Senior High School, parents and school partnership

Relationship between Personal Temperaments Based on the Traditional Medicine Knowledge and Lichen Planus and Lichenoid Reaction Disorders

Oral lichen planus and lichenoid reactions are autoimmune chronic inflammatory diseases. Since the inflammatory system is the main pathological process in these lesions, some etiological roles for inflammatory cytokines and personal temperaments (Mizaj) are proposed. In this preliminary study, establishing such an association between personal temperaments with oral lichen planus and lichenoid reactions would develop new horizons for better preventive programming to prevent or control the disease course in affected patients. This case-control study was carried out among 384 patients referred to the oral medicine department of dental school, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, from 2000 to 2017. They were categorized into three groups as follows: oral lichen planus (128), oral lichenoid reactions (128), and healthy control group (128). The temperament was assessed by Mojahedi et al. validated questionnaire, and the results were compared across the groups. Warm temperament was significantly higher in the lichen planus group (P=0.0001). The dry temperament was higher in oral lichen planus and lichenoid groups. In these groups, the intermediate group had the least rate, but in the control group, the moist temperament was less common. No statistically significant difference existed between groups in this era (P=0.210). However, among mixed temperaments, the warm and moist temperament was the same across the groups (P=0.195); the warm and dry temperament was significantly more common in cases with oral lichen planus (P &lt; 0.001); and the cold and dry temperament (P=0.017) and cold and moist temperament (P &lt;0.001) were significantly more common in the control group. The only difference between the two groups of control and lichenoid reactions was cold and dry temperament (P=0.008). This study revealed that warm temperament is related to oral lichen planus. Reestablishing this matter in future studies would help develop some evidence-based preventive strategies to reduce the burden of oral lichen planus.

Status and Problems of International Departments in Chinese Public Schools

International education in China is developing rapidly, and the current situation of the international department of public schools, a special category of international schools, is unclear and problematic. This paper analyzes the current situation and problems of the international section of public schools in China from different perspectives: the history and origins of this form of education, the cities where it is located, the quality of the student population, the content of the curriculum, the conflict between Chinese and foreign teaching methods, the conflict between learning modes, the use of learning equipment, the problems of the school management, the international section of public schools in the context of the epidemic, and the changing trends in the destination of study abroad. This paper is a comprehensive analysis of the international education system in public schools, from the perspective of students and those who have experienced it, using a variety of data and concrete analysis based on real-life situations to sort out existing problems and clarify the current situation so that it can be analyzed in greater depth.

STRATEGI HUMAS PONDOK PESANTREN AR-RAUDLATUL HASANAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN CITRA POSITIF PADA MASYARAKAT SUMATERA UTARA

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which Public Relations played an important role in improving the image of the Ar-Raudlatul Hasanah Islamic Boarding School among the public. This study also aims to analyze the strategy implemented by the Public Relations of the Islamic boarding school Ar-Raudlatul Hasanah to reinforce the positive image of the perpetrators in the community. The approach used in this study is a qualitative descriptive one, with data obtained through interviews, observations and literature reviews. The data analysis process includes data collection, data reduction, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study confirm that the Public Relations role of the Ar-Raudlatul Hasanah Islamic Boarding School is of particular importance in improving and maintaining a positive image of the Poidsren in the community. In fact, the role of Public Relations is now an essential and irreplaceable element in the context of Islamic boarding schools. The Public Relations efforts of the Ar-Raudlatul Hasanah Islamic Boarding School to enhance the image of the Islamic boarding school are carried out by increasing communication with the community outside the Islamic boarding school, establishing have good relations with other Muslim boarding schools and use social media as a means to widely spread information about the Ar-Raudlatul Hasanah Islamic Boarding School. In addition, the Public Relations Department of the Ar-Raudlatul Hasanah Islamic Boarding School also reviews each activity planned and carried out, as part of its ongoing efforts to improve the School's performance and image Islamic boarding.

Maxillary and upper airway changes immediately after mini-screw assisted rapid maxillary expansion in class Ⅲ patients

Objective: To assess maxillary sagittal and vertical as well as upper airway changes immediately after mini-screw assisted rapid maxillary expansion (MARME) in class Ⅲ patients. Method: A consecutive sample of 48 class Ⅲ patients with maxillary transverse deficiency who visited the Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University between January 2013 and March 2023 was retrospectively collected. The sample was comprised of 24 growing patients (cervical vertebra maturation, CVM 1-4) and 24 nongrowing patients (CVM 5-6). Cone-beam CT scans before (T0) and immediately after MARME (T1) were imported into Dolphin Imaging software, and then voxel-based superimposition was conducted on the basis of the anterior cranial base. Sagittal and vertical changes of the maxillary landmarks (A, ANS, PNS, UI and Spr), as well as upper airway changes after MARME were measured on multiplanar reconstruction views. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was employed to analyze the changes after MARME. Mann-Whitney U test was employed to compare the changes between growing and non-growing patients. Results: Some class Ⅲ patients exhibited significant maxillary sagittal and vertical changes immediately after MARME. The amount of changes in midpalatal suture was 4.03 (2.99, 4.87) mm in growing patients, significantly larger than that in non-growing patients [2.27 (1.49, 3.64) mm] (U=3.18, P=0.001). In growing class Ⅲ patients, the forward changes of A, ANS, PNS, UI and Spr were 0.35 (0.06, 0.80), 0.48 (0.11, 0.88), 0.48 (0.13, 0.99), 0.53 (-0.33, 1.04) and 0.40 (0.03, 0.69) mm, respectively. Vertically, the downward changes of A, ANS, PNS, UI and Spr were 1.45 (0.99, 2.13), 1.18 (0.61, 1.95), 1.30 (0.91, 1.96), 1.20 (0.71, 1.83) and 1.30 (0.81, 1.73) mm, respectively. All changes were significantly different from 0 after treatment (P<0.05). In nongrowing patients, PNS moved forward by 0.18 (-0.08, 0.39) mm while other sagittal changes were statistically insignificant (P>0.05); vertically, the downward changes of A, ANS, PNS, UI and Spr were 0.90 (0.51, 1.39), 0.73 (0.41, 1.21), 0.70 (0.55, 1.08), 0.60 (0.36, 1.19) and 0.70 (0.55, 1.23) mm, respectively. Significant immediate increase of the nasopharynx volume and nasal width was obtained in both groups (P<0.05), and the changes of oropharynx volume and minimum cross-sectional area (MCA) presented as statistically insignificant (P>0.05). Conclusions: For growing class Ⅲ patients, besides transverse expansion, significant forward and downward changes of maxilla were obtained immediately after MARME. For non-growing patients, significant downward changes were observed, while sagittal changes were negligible. The nasopharynx volume increased in both growing and nongrowing class Ⅲ patients immediately after MARME, whereas, the changes of oropharynx volume and MCA presented as statistically insignificant.

Optimization-informed Rule Extraction for HVAC system: A Case Study of Dedicated Outdoor Air System Control in a Mixed-Humid Climate Zone.

In the era of post-Coronavirus Disease 2019, the dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), which provides 100% outdoor air for the building, is widely acknowledged as it can ensure acceptable indoor air quality by delivering fresh outdoor air to occupied space. The DOAS with a proper design and operation can provide sufficient ventilation and dehumidification while achieving energy efficiency. Nonetheless, there is limited guidance in determining the optimal control sequence of the DOAS for the designers and operators to implement in practice. Accordingly, in practice, a number of issues have been acknowledged in the design and control phases of DOAS, including insufficient ventilation and dehumidification, and increasing supply air dry-bulb temperature in fear of over-cooling, which might cause significant discomfort and energy waste. There have been efforts to develop high-performing DOAS controls for better energy efficiency. However, such controls are often complex, or difficult to interpret, for building designers and operators to consider in practice. In this regard, this paper explores a simulation-based framework for generating a supply air temperature control sequence of the DOAS not only to ensure improved energy-saving potential but also to guarantee the implement-ability of the control logic. The U.S Department of Energy prototype primary school with dynamic occupancy profiles was modeled with a whole building simulation program, EnergyPlus. The model consists of a DOAS with an exhaust air energy recovery system for ventilation and fan-coil units for space cooling and heating. Then, a Genetic Algorithm was adopted to find the true optimal supply air temperature control sequence in terms of minimizing the energy cost of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system operation. Lastly, Decision Tree was adopted to extract rules out of the optimums to derive an implementable sequence of operation for the DOAS supply air temperature. A total of 12 week-simulation including four weeks of heating, cooling, and shoulder seasons, separately, under the weather condition of New York City was conducted for the case study. This case study identified that the optimization-informed rule extraction-based control, when compared to conventional outdoor air temperature-based reset control, could save about 13% of energy cost and 25% of energy consumption throughout the heating, cooling, and shoulder seasons. It is notable that the energy-saving was mainly achieved by reducing the heating energy consumption. Importantly, it nearly corresponds to the true optimal control result, which reduces approximately 14% of energy cost and 27% of energy consumption. From the results, it can be highlighted that the optimization-informed rule extraction can be as energy effective as the optimal control, while significantly reducing the complexity of the control.

Effects of Video Recording Platform (Flipgrid) on English as Second Language Students’ Oral Performance

This study is a quasi-experimental method of research that employed the pretest-posttest-control group design. This aimed to determine the effects of using Flipgrid, a video recording platform, on the oral performance of 80 ESL learners of the Junior High School Department of Liceo de Cagayan University. Forty participants were classified as the experimental group, exposed to speaking tasks using Flipgrid. The other forty were classified as the control group, where they did conventional speaking tasks using Google Meet. In order to gather the data needed, the speaking module of IELTS was modified as a pretest and posttest and was administered before and after the intervention. As for the rating scale, the public version of the IELTS speaking rubric was adopted. The findings revealed that both groups exposed to Flipgrid and conventional speaking tasks significantly increased their oral performance after the intervention. It was concluded that Flipgrid can improve students' oral language performance. Moreover, it was recommended that future researchers conduct studies on Flipgrid during limited face-to-face classes and adopt both conventional and video-recording speaking tasks.

Personalizing Students' Learning Needs by a Teaching Decision Optimization Method

With the rapid development of educational technology and the deepening of educational system reform, personalized education has gradually become an important topic in education. However, existing classroom teaching decision-making methods often fail to meet students’ personalized learning needs, resulting in some students being unable to reach their full potential in the classroom. To solve this problem, this study proposed a multi-conditional factor classroom teaching decision optimization method based on the improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm, and predicted students’ personalized learning needs by combining with the improved ant colony optimization-support vector regression (IACO-SVR) model. First, the IACO-SVR model was used to collect students’ learning data, such as grades, interests, hobbies and learning progress, to accurately predict their needs in different teaching contexts. Second, the IPSO algorithm was used to optimize the multi-conditional factor classroom teaching decisions, thus meeting the personalized needs of students. The IPSO algorithm had strong global search ability, which effectively found the optimal solution to achieve personalized teaching strategies. It is expected that the teaching quality can be improved by predicting the personalized learning needs of students and optimizing classroom teaching decisions in this study, thus providing better support for their comprehensive development. In addition, the results of this study can provide theoretical basis and reference for administrative departments of education and schools to formulate personalized education policies.

On the Operating Mechanism of the Party Government Joint Meeting System in School (Department) of Colleges and Universities

The party government joint meeting is the main carrier of party and government discussions in universities and colleges, and is a major institutional arrangement for implementing the fundamental mission of "educating people for the party and the country" in universities. With the reform and development of the grassroots leadership system and work mechanism in universities, the system of party government joint meetings has also exposed some problems. This article starts from the current situation of the operation of the party government joint meeting system in the governance of institutions (departments), explores how to improve the efficiency and level of party government joint meetings, and proposes policy suggestions on strengthening team building, improving meeting rules, and improving supervision systems.

Temporal and spatial shifts in gun violence, before and after a historic police killing in Minneapolis

ObjectiveTo determine the impact of the police murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis, MN on firearm violence, and examine the spatial and social heterogeneity of the effect. MethodsWe analyzed a uniquely constructed panel dataset of Minneapolis Zip Code Tabulation Areas from 2016–2020 (n = 5742), consisting of Minnesota Hospital Association, Minneapolis Police Department, Minneapolis Public Schools, Census Bureau, and Minnesota Department of Natural Resources data. Interrupted time-series and random effects panel models were used to model the spatiotemporal effects of police killing event on the rate of firearm assault injuries. ResultsFindings reveal a rising and falling temporal pattern post-killing and a spatial pattern in which disadvantaged, historically Black communities near earlier sites of protest against police violence experienced the brunt of the post-killing increase in firearm assault injury. These effects remain after adjusting for changes in police activity and pandemic-related restrictions, indicating that rising violence was not a simple byproduct of changes in police behavior or COVID-19 response. ConclusionsThe results suggest that the increases in firearm violence as a result of police violence are disproportionately borne by underserved communities.

A Model of Teacher Leadership Development on Competency-Based Learning Management for Teachers in Science and Technology Department in Large-Sized Secondary Schools under the Office of the Basic Education Commission in the Northeast

The objectives of this Research and Development were to: Develop Competency-based learning management for Teachers of the science and technology Departments in large-sized secondary Schools under the office of the basic education commission in the northeast. The findings were as follows: I) There were five main components in Developing Teacher Leadership in Competency-based, namely 1) Process management as the basis for learning 2) Self-development and peer teachers 3) Development Course 4) Performance measurement and evaluation 5) Characterization as the teacher. II) The necessary needs of teacher leadership for competency-based learning management were as follows: 1) Performance measurement and evaluation PNI Modified = 0.842 and 2) Process management is the basis for learning PNI Modified = 0.297. III) A Model for Developing Teacher Leadership in Competency-based for use of the form, Origin, and significance of form, principle, purpose, The content of the format, The process of form supervision, and follow-up 4) Analysis of results. Pre-test and Post-test Score before training and after training difference are significant at.05.The results of the evaluation of the behavior and leadership of the teacher in the field of learning management and overall performance in the process of management and learning are very high (x=4.026, S.D.=0.699) and In terms of performance measurement and evaluation, the average value is very high (x=4.144, S.D.=0.710), statistically used by one sample t-test Compared with the average criterion of 3.51, it was found that the average score of teacher leadership behavior in the competency-based learning management was higher than the average of 3.51 with a statistical significance at .05.

Perception and Challenges of Students Towards the Learning of Agricultural Science at Public Senior High Schools in Berekum East Municipal

The purpose of the study was to determine the perception and challenges of public Senior High School students towards the learning of Agriculture in Berekum East Municipal of the Bono Region of Ghana. The study employed a quantitative approach and descriptive survey was the design. A sample size of one-hundred and thirty-seven (137) students were used. The respondents were selected through a simple random technique. A questionnaire was used to obtain information from the participants. The analyses of data were done using descriptive statistics. It was revealed that, most students perceive Agriculture as a difficult course of study and therefore do not want to study it at the senior high school level. Students also perceive that most Agricultural departments are not well resourced making the study of the course unrealistic. The students further perceive that there are limited career opportunities in studying Agriculture. The study also reached that there are numerous challenges faced by Agricultural departments such as lack of resource/research centres, lack of practice fields, inadequate teachers, and unavailability of teaching and learning materials. The conclusions drawn from the study were that, the perceptions of students towards the study of Agriculture was due to misinformation, lack of guidance and counselling and several perceived challenges of studying Agriculture. The study therefore recommended that, guidance and counselling units should be enforced in Senior high schools to offer career counselling and also, Agricultural departments in senior high schools should be well resourced and schools offering Agricultural science should have school farms or gardens for practical work.

Potentiality of Malignant Transformation of Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Prospective Study

Objectives: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder (PMD) which has one of the highest rates of malignant transformation (MT) rate. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of MT of OSMF and to analyze the possible contributory factors such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, habits, various signs and symptoms, and presence of other oral PMDs in a group of OSMF patients attending the Oral Medicine Department. Materials and Methods: Out of 25,200 patients who visited the Outpatient Department of School of Dental Sciences, KIMSDU, Karad, from January 2017 to December 2020, 1342 (5.3%) were diagnosed with OSMF and comprised the study sample, in which 1300 (96.87%) were male and 42 (3.12) were female. All the patients were subjected to incisional biopsy, and clinical diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically. Results: The prevalence of OSMF was 5.3% with male predominance, and majority of OSMF patients were in the age group of 21–30 years. Betel chewer’s mucosa and leukoplakia was the most associated lesion. Out of total 1300 male and 42 female OSMF patients, 897 (69%) and 17 (40.47%) showed epithelial dysplasia, and 61 (4.69%) male and 1 (2.38%) female patients showed signs of MT, respectively. Conclusion: The present study highlights the importance of certain risk factors for OSMF that are associated with an increased chance of MT. There is an urgent need of awareness programs through public–private partnership.

Analysing Vestibulo-ocular and Oculomotor Reflex with Advancing Age

Background: Video Head Impulse Test (v-HIT) and saccades test of Videonystagmography (VNG) are used clinically to differentially diagnose patients into peripheral and central vestibular pathologies. However, age and clinic specific norms are required for both the tests. Aims: To investigate if there is any changes in parameters of v-HIT and saccades test with advancing age. Design: A prospective cross sectional research design study was carried out from April 2023 to June 2023 at the department of School of Audiology &amp; Speech Language Pathology. Method &amp; Materials: Individuals between the age range of 20- 80 years were included in the study. Participants with no history of vertigo, neurodegenerative disorders, negative Fukuda stepping and Romberg test were included. All of them underwent through v-HIT followed by saccades test of VNG. Results: Total 60 individuals participated in the study. Mean and SD values for gain, number of saccades and amplitude of saccades were determined as the parameters of v-HIT. On studying effect of age on vHIT, gain parameter was found to be changing with advancing age. Further, Mean and SD were also determined for velocity, precision and latency parameter of saccade test which was performed in horizontal and vertical planes at 0.3 Hz, 0.45 Hz and 0.6 Hz frequency of target stimulus. latency parameters were observed to be increasing with increase in age of participants. Conclusion: Age specific norms are necessary especially for gain parameter of vHIT test and latency parameter of saccade test

Perioperative Methadone: Perilous or Pain Panacea?

From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Accepted for publication November 8, 2022. Funding: All support was provided from institutional and/or departmental sources. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Address correspondence to T. Anthony Anderson, PhD, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305. Address e-mail to [email protected].

In Response.

South Shore University Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University / Northwell Health Bay Shore, New York, [email protected], Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan