Deontological Considerations Research Articles

Social Workers’ Perceptions Regarding Legal Intervention for Older Adults without Significant Cognitive Decline Who Are Abused by Their Adult Child

ABSTRACT Social workers aiding older adults facing abuse from their adult child confront an ethical dilemma: whether to honor autonomy or prevent harm. The study explores how social workers perceive legal intervention against the older adult’s will. Twenty-one aging-specialized social workers took part in semi-structured interviews using a vignette. The analysis was conducted inductively, guided by content analysis principles. Two main themes emerged, focusing on the disadvantages and benefits of legal intervention. The findings underscore that combining teleological and deontological considerations could form a foundation for developing decision-making tools to aid social workers in navigating this dilemma effectively.

Immuno-allergic dermatoses in children of 0-5years old in Kinshasa hospital environment.

The frequency of immuno-allergic dermatoses (IAD) is gradually overtaking that of infectious dermatoses in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to identify the epidemioclinical profile and the determinants of IAD in children of 0-5years old at the University Clinics of Kinshasa (UCK). This was a documentary and descriptive study that focused on children from 0 to 5years old with IAD, over an 11-year period from 2011 to 2021. Included were children from 0 to 5years old received in consultation the first time for IAD. The parameters of interest were sociodemographic and clinical. Data was entered and analysed using Excel 2010 software. Ethical and deontological considerations were respected. The value of p<0.05 was the significance threshold. The frequency of IAD in children aged 0-5years in the UCK was 17.8%, with a high peak between 2 and 3years (41.9%) and a female predominance at 54.4%, which represents a sex ratio of 0.8. Prurigo strophulus (42.3%) and atopic dermatitis (22.8%) were the most common IAD. In multivariate analysis, the determinants were significantly the age group of 4-5years, the rainy season and the child's environment. Prurigo strophulus and atopic dermatitis were the most frequent IAD in children aged 0-5years. A holistic care (medical, ecological) of children and their parents may reduce morbidity related to IAD for this age.

Ethics And Deontology in Archival Practice: Uses and Epistemological Issues

Ethics and professional conduct have become central concerns in the archival profession, as well as in heritage-related fields, for several years. The integrity of cultural artifacts and the respect for the rights and dignity of individuals are of paramount importance. These principles are governed by a professional archival framework and specific codes of conduct that archivists must adhere to. This paper delves into ethical and deontological considerations within the context of an archivist's role. It explores how these considerations impact every stage of the archival process, from acquisition to giving access to documents for users. To offer a comprehensive understanding of the various layers of ethical management in the archival field, we have developed a holistic diagram encompassing all the elements that shape a professional's actions throughout the archive processing journey. Part of these elements belong to the professional framework and another part of them is linked to the subjectivity factors specific to the archivist. This model takes into account, in particular, the dynamics between various stakeholders in the system, including the relationships between archivists and creators of archives, as well as the relationships between archivists and users of archives. These relationships further underscore the societal role of the archivist.

The presence of automation enhances deontological considerations in moral judgments

The rapid deployment of semi-autonomous systems (i.e., systems requiring human monitoring such as Uber AVs) poses ethical challenges when these systems face morally-laden situations. We ask how people evaluate morally-laden decisions of humans who monitor these systems in situations of unavoidable harm. We conducted three pre-registered experiments (total N = 1811), using modified trolley moral dilemma scenarios. Our findings suggest that people apply different criteria when judging morality and deserved punishment of regular-car versus AV drivers. Regular-car drivers are judged according to a consequentialist minimizing harm criterion, whereas AV drivers are judged according to whether or not they took action, with a more favorable prior for acting. Integrating judgment and decision-making research with moral psychology, the current research illuminates how the presence versus absence of automation affects moral judgments.

In Defense of Vaccine Mandates: An Argument from Consent Rights.

This article will focus on the ethical issues of vaccine mandates and stake claim to the relatively extreme position that outright requirements for people to receive the vaccine are ethically correct at both the governmental and institutional levels. One novel strategy employed here will be to argue that deontological considerations pertaining to consent rights cut as much in favor of mandating vaccines as against them. The presumption seems to be that arguments from consent speak semi-definitively against forcing people to inject something into their bodies, and so any argument in favor of mandates must produce different and overriding logical and ethical considerations. Our central claim will be that the same logic that might seem to prohibit vaccine mandates as violations of consent actually supports such mandates when viewed from the perspective of the potential bystander who might otherwise be exposed to COVID-19.

Medico-legal, ethical and deontological considerations of vaccination against COVID-19 in healthcare professionals

Medico-legal, ethical and deontological considerations of vaccination against COVID-19 in healthcare professionals

Not all who ponder count costs: Arithmetic reflection predicts utilitarian tendencies, but logical reflection predicts both deontological and utilitarian tendencies

Conventional sacrificial moral dilemmas propose directly causing some harm to prevent greater harm. Theory suggests that accepting such actions (consistent with utilitarian philosophy) involves more reflective reasoning than rejecting such actions (consistent with deontological philosophy). However, past findings do not always replicate, confound different kinds of reflection, and employ conventional sacrificial dilemmas that treat utilitarian and deontological considerations as opposite. In two studies, we examined whether past findings would replicate when employing process dissociation to assess deontological and utilitarian inclinations independently. Findings suggested two categorically different impacts of reflection: measures of arithmetic reflection, such as the Cognitive Reflection Test, predicted only utilitarian, not deontological, response tendencies. However, measures of logical reflection, such as performance on logical syllogisms, positively predicted both utilitarian and deontological tendencies. These studies replicate some findings, clarify others, and reveal opportunity for additional nuance in dual process theorist’s claims about the link between reflection and dilemma judgments.

The Limits of Confidentiality: Informed Consent and Psychotherapy.

The Limits of Confidentiality: Informed Consent and Psychotherapy.

The values and ethical commitments of doctors engaging in macroallocation: a qualitative and evaluative analysis

BackgroundIn most socialised health systems there are formal processes that manage resource scarcity and determine the allocation of funds to health services in accordance with their priority. In this analysis, part of a larger qualitative study examining the ethical issues entailed in doctors’ participation as technical experts in priority setting, we describe the values and ethical commitments of doctors who engage in priority setting and make an empirically derived contribution towards the identification of an ethical framework for doctors’ macroallocation work.MethodWe conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 doctors, each of whom participated in macroallocation at one or more levels of the Australian health system. Our sampling, data-collection, and analysis strategies were closely modelled on grounded moral analysis, an iterative empirical bioethics methodology that employs contemporaneous interchange between the ethical and empirical to support normative claims grounded in practice.ResultsThe values held in common by the doctors in our sample related to the domains of personal ethics (‘taking responsibility’ and ‘persistence, patience, and loyalty to a cause’), justice (‘engaging in distributive justice’, ‘equity’, and ‘confidence in institutions’), and practices of argumentation (‘moderation’ and ‘data and evidence’). Applying the principles of grounded moral analysis, we identified that our participants’ ideas of the good in macroallocation and their normative insights into the practice were strongly aligned with the three levels of Paul Ricoeur’s ‘little ethics’: ‘aiming at the “good life” lived with and for others in just institutions’.ConclusionsOur findings suggest new ways of understanding how doctors’ values might have procedural and substantive impacts on macroallocation, and challenge the prevailing assumption that doctors in this milieu are motivated primarily by deontological considerations. Our empirical bioethics approach enabled us to identify an ethical framework for medical work in macroallocation that was grounded in the values and ethical intuitions of doctors engaged in actions of distributive justice. The concordance between Ricoeur’s ‘little ethics’ and macroallocation practitioners’ experiences, and its embrace of mutuality, suggest that it has the potential to guide practice, support ethical reflection, and harmonise deliberative practices amongst actors in macroallocation generally.

Dual processes and moral conflict: Evidence for deontological reasoners’ intuitive utilitarian sensitivity

AbstractThe prominent dual process model of moral cognition suggests that reasoners intuitively detect that harming others is wrong (deontological System-1 morality) but have to engage in demanding deliberation to realize that harm can be acceptable depending on the consequences (utilitarian System-2 morality). But the nature of the interaction between the processes is not clear. To address this key issue we tested whether deontological reasoners also intuitively grasp the utilitarian dimensions of classic moral dilemmas. In three studies subjects solved moral dilemmas in which utilitarian and deontological considerations cued conflicting or non-conflicting decisions while performing a demanding concurrent load task. Results show that reasoners’ sensitivity to conflicting moral perspectives, as reflected in decreased decision confidence and increased experienced processing difficulty, was unaffected by cognitive load. We discuss how these findings argue for a hybrid dual process model interpretation in which System-1 cues both a deontological and utilitarian intuition.

Conflict detection during moral decision-making: evidence for deontic reasoners’ utilitarian sensitivity

ABSTRACTMoral dilemmas often force us to decide between deontological (harming others is wrong) and utilitarian (harming others can be acceptable depending on the consequences) considerations. Cognitive scientists have shown that utilitarian responders typically engage demanding deliberate thinking to override a conflicting intuitive deontological response. A key question is whether deontic responders also take utilitarian considerations into account and detect that there are conflicting responses at play. The present study addressed this issue by contrasting people's processing of moral dilemmas in which utilitarian and deontological considerations cued conflicting or non-conflicting decisions. Results showed that deontic responders were slower and less confident about their decision when solving the conflict (vs. no-conflict) dilemmas. This suggests that they are considering both deontic and utilitarian aspects of their decision and indicates that a deontic decision is more informed and less oblivious than it might appear.

Orientación Ética de los Estudiantes de Contabilidad: Evidencia en una Universidad Estatal de Chile

Este estudio tiene como objetivo conocer, analizar y explicar la orientación y juicio ético de estudiantes pertenecientes a la carrera de Contador Público y Auditor (CPA), en una Universidad Estatal de Chile en base a las consideraciones deontológicas y teleológicas. En forma similar, se busca explicar la decisión del estudiante de premiar o castigar conductas éticas o no éticas. Todo esto con la finalidad de orientar su formación educacional superior con base ética. Por tanto, los objetivos de investigación planteados en el estudio son: 1) determinar la orientación ética que tienen los estudiantes universitarios de la carrera de CPA, 2) conocer las actitudes del estudiante universitario de la carrera de CPA con respecto al plagio y copia ilícita en el trabajo académico.&#x0D; La investigación está basada en una adaptación, tanto del diseño como de las medidas utilizadas por Hunt y Vasquez-Parraga (1993). Los resultados revelan una realidad interesante de los estudiantes universitarios de la carrera de CPA. La gran mayoría tiene idea clara sobre cómo hacer juicios éticos, pero muchos quedan confundidos cuando tienen que tomar decisiones (como premiar o castigar) en relación a dichos actos éticos o no éticos. La gran mayoría entiende el valor de la moral, lo saben, pero muchos quedan entrampados en la consideración de las consecuencias y no deciden en base al valor moral de las acciones, si no en base a las consecuencias positivas que se quieren lograr o negativas que se quieren evitar. El estudio concluye con reflexiones teóricas y aplicaciones pedagógicas.

The Ethics of Delusional Belief

In this paper we address the ethics of adopting delusional beliefs and we apply consequentialist and deontological considerations to the epistemic evaluation of delusions. Delusions are characterised by their epistemic shortcomings and they are often defined as false and irrational beliefs. Despite this, when agents are overwhelmed by negative emotions due to the effects of trauma or previous adversities, or when they are subject to anxiety and stress as a result of hypersalient experience, the adoption of a delusional belief can prevent a serious epistemic harm from occurring. For instance, delusions can allow agents to remain in touch with their environment overcoming the disruptive effect of negative emotions and anx- iety. Moreover, agents are not blameworthy for adopting their delusions if their ability to believe otherwise is compromised. There is evidence suggesting that no evidence-related action that would counterfactually lead them to believe otherwise is typically available to them. The lack of ability to believe otherwise, together with some other conditions, implies that the agents are not blameworthy for their delu- sions. The examination of the epistemic status of delusions prompts us to (1) acknowledge the complexity and contextual nature of epistemic evaluation, (2) establish connections between consequentialist and deontological frameworks in epistemology, and (3) introduce the notion of epistemic innocence into the vocabulary of epistemic evaluation.

Una rassegna bibliografica sui traduttori romeni dell’Inferno (1883-2015): considerazioni di tipo metodologico e deontologico

Abstract This paper is intended as part of a larger research that aims to the realization of a monographic study dedicated to the Romanian translations of Dante's Inferno, from 19th to 21th century. It is a historical and critical approach, intended as an interdisciplinary study, to be placed at the crossing of disciplines like translation history, translation criticism, reception theory, history of literature, history of literary language, cultural history. The bibliographical selection we propose is complete with some methodological and deontological considerations of utility in the study of the history of translation.

Contractualism and Punishment

T. M. Scanlon's contractualism is a meta-ethical theory that explains moral motivation and also provides a conception of how to carry out moral deliberation. It supports non-consequentialism––the theory that both consequences and deontological considerations are morally significant in moral deliberation. Regarding the issue of punishment, non-consequentialism allows us to take account of the need for deterrence as well as principles of fairness, justice, and even desert. Moreover, Scanlonian contractualism accounts for permissibility in terms of justifiability: an act is permissible if and only if it can be justified to everyone affected by it. This contractualist thesis explains why it is always impermissible to frame an innocent person, why vicarious punishment is impermissible, and why there has to be a cap on sentences. Contractualism therefore allows us to take deterrence as a goal of punishment without the excess of utilitarianism. This paper further argues that the resulting view is superior to pure retributivism. Finally, it shows why legal excuses and mitigation can be justified in terms of the notion of negative desert.

Gerechtigkeitssinn und Gerechtigkeitsprinzipien

The „petite éthique” which Ricoeur develops in Soi-meme comme un autre is distinctive in its way of paying attention to the individual, the other and the society all at the same time. For this very reason the problem of the distribution of social goods is fundamental. Ricoeur tries to solve this problem through a synthesis of teleological and deontological considerations, and here the approach of Rawls occupies a central place. On the one hand, the attempt to solve this problem in the framework of a teleological approach draws on principles of justice which Rawls establishes through formal procedure; on the other hand, Rawls‘ position depends on a number of teleological presuppositions which are not compatible with his deontological approach. Ricoeur does not only attempt to refute Rawls, but to interpret his principles of justice as the result of a rationalisation of a sense of justice which is simply presupposed.

As nossas mentes deontoutilitaristas

In this article I discuss the standard responses given by people for moral dilemmas related to life and death, proposing a philosophical model that I call “the utilitarian-deontological (deontoutilitarian) model ” to explain how the majority of people respond to these dilemmas. I suggest that when people make moral judgements they use a system of judgments that combines utilitarian and deontological considerations, a system that is primarily deontological, and accept that to kill innocent people is wrong. Faced, however, with the necessity of having to kill someone to save more people, they will typically say that it is right to do this, unless they have to use their own personal force or have to have some kind of personal contact with the person(s) to be sacrificed. In these cases they will refrain from carrying out the act. However, typically they will agree that it is right to kill the person even using their personal force or having some kind of contact with the person if death is inevitable or in catastrophic situations, in which unless you kill one person hundreds of people will die as a consequence. The majority of us, however, will come back to their deontological judgment again if we are faced for example with a “blackmail” situation, in which someone asks us to carry out a killing and if we refuse they threaten to kill everybody. In this situation people are outraged with the offer and will typically judge the situation in a deontological way again, saying that it is wrong to carry out the killing. Key words: trolley problems, moral dilemmas, deontoutilitarianism, utilitariandeontological model.

Ethical Approaches to Robotic Data Gathering in Academic Research

Internet researchers increasingly have at their disposal of an array of automated software agents, or “bots,” which can rapidly and efficiently retrieve a variety of economic and technical data from publicly accessible web sites. While these automated tools greatly facilitate the retrieval and analysis of data for academic research, they may pose ethical problems for Internet researchers. Specifically, automated software bots place some load on servers being accessed, possibly in contradiction to the expected use of such servers, and possibly in violation of the legal prerogatives of web site owners. Determining how and when to access such web sites, and whether to seek the consent of web site owners for retrieval of publicly accessible data presents an apparent conflict between general principles of information policy and the emerging legal precedent regarding trespass to computers. This conflict may be characterized as pitting utilitarian considerations against deontological considerations in a fashion reminiscent of previous debates over informed consent in on-line research. In this paper, we examine both utilitarian and deontological characterizations of the ethical obligations of researchers employing automated data retrieval bots, and argue that the contrasts between the two approaches do not necessarily result in conflict. Instead, we argue that the tension within the relevant practices indicates the need for a “meta-choice” between utilitarian and deontological considerations. We further suggest certain factors that may differentiate such a “metaethical” choice in the context of automated data retrieval from the “meta-ethical” choice presented in previously identified contexts of human subjects research or of web browser technology design. In the end, we argue that by analyzing the ethical issues in terms of the contrast between utilitarian and deontological ethics, it is possible to resolve some of the ethical dilemmas regarding automated data retrieval in fruitful and cogent ways.

Deontological And Teleological Influences On Marketing Research Ethics

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 37.8pt 0pt 0.5in; tab-stops: -.5in; mso-hyphenate: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Batang;"&gt;Using factorially designed marketing research scenarios this study investigates the influence of deontological and two teleological factors on marketing professionals' (1) ethics judgment and (2) decision to either reward or punish an ethical/unethical research behavior.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The results indicate that marketing professionals make research ethics judgment based on deontological considerations (the inherent rightness or wrongness of a researcher's behavior).&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;However, their decisions to either reward or discipline ethical/unethical research behaviors are guided primarily by ethical judgment and only marginally by teleological considerations (the consequences of behaviors on the organization).&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Implications of results for marketing research ethics and some directions for future research are discussed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The Pub, the People, the Place, the Passions, and the Principles: The Social and Personal Context of Engagement in a Collective Action

Towards the end of 2006 the owners of a small, historic public house withdrew from sale the locally produced beer that had been sold there for many years. Pub regulars instigated a boycott in an attempt to have the beer reinstated. Following a four-month widely supported boycott and considerable media coverage, the pub company owners returned the local beer to the pub. This paper reports on a selection of the experiences of some of those taking an active role in the boycott. Following intensive semi-structured interviews, we extracted a number of themes from participants’ accounts. We identify potentially important factors in the “causal net,” explaining their involvement in the boycott. Affective experience, collective interests, and deontological considerations [the obligation to do the right thing even if doing so could be personally damaging] emerge as important dimensions of people’s discussion of their participation. The findings are discussed in relation to theoretical perspectives bearing on an understanding of action choices.