Denture Cleansers Research Articles

Denture Cleansing the Natural Way: A Review

Dentures are used to replace the missing teeth and are specially used by the elderly population. Though it helps in the function of digestion and improves the facial appearance, its cleansing should be given utmost importance. Denture hygiene, if unmaintained, leads not only to oral diseases but also to systemic diseases. The conventional cleansers come with a certain degree of side effects along with the high price. So the use of natural denture cleansers may be a boon.Various researches have shown the efficacy of the natural herbs in single or multi component form. Herbs are rich in phytotherapeutic compounds like polyphenols, flavonoids, aromatic compounds, organic acids, silica, resins, vitamins and tannins. This review highlights some of the researches validating the herbal way to clean the denture cleansers and keep the oral cavity healthy. Most of the herbs used contain a number of antioxidants and may further enhance the immunity system and boost the systemic health as well. Hence, backed with proper evidences through researches, herbal denture cleansers may be a readily available tool for cleansing dentures and a promising source of generating healthy smiles of the elderly.

The effect of various denture cleansers on porosity and discoloration level of acetal resin denture base

The effect of various denture cleansers on porosity and discoloration level of acetal resin denture base

Effects of Different Chemical Disinfectants on Physical Properties of Denture Base Acrylic Resin Material

Statement of the problem: There is still a lack of data regarding the effects of exposure to different chemical disinfectants on the color stability, light translucency, and surface roughness of dentures is limited. Objective: This study aims to investigate the impact of six different chemical disinfectants on the color change, translucency, and surface roughness properties of heat-polymerized denture base acrylic resin. Material & Methods: Totally 70 rectangular blocks (10×10×2 mm) were polymerized from the heat-polymerized acrylic denture base resin material. The surfaces of the specimens polished with 600- and 1200-grit waterproof abrasive paper. Each specimen were immersed in six denture cleansers. The total immersion time of a specimen in selected chemical disinfectant was 36 hours. Color changes, translucency and, surface roughness were measured after immersion process. The results were statistically analyzed with 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test (α=.05). Results: According to the results of the 1-way ANOVA test, significant differences were observed in the ∆E00, TP00 and Ra properties among the acrylic resin groups following immersion in chemical disinfectants (P<0.05). ΔE00 value of the CG group was significantly higher than that of the NS, SH, G, and E groups (P<0.05). The TP00 values of the NS and G groups were demonstrated significant differences compared with C group (P<0.05). The Ra values of the SH, SP, G, CG and, E groups were significantly increased after immersion process, in comparison with C and NS groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Color stability, translucency and surface roughness of the denture base heat polymerized acrylic resin is influenced by chemical disinfectants.

Impact of effervescent denture cleaning tablets on color and surface characteristics of additively manufactured and hand-cast splint materials.

This study is to evaluate the color stability, surface roughness, and hardness of additively manufactured and hand-cast splint materials after a 6-month commercially available denture cleaning tablet immersion simulation. Disc-shaped additively manufactured and hand-cast auto polymerizing acrylic resin specimens were prepared (N = 40 each). All specimens were exposed to coffee solution totally 2days. Thereafter, all specimens were immersed into three different effervescent solutions that simulated 6months of clinical use. The total color change (ΔE*ab), surface roughness (Ra), and Vickers hardness (Vh) were measured at baseline and after immersion protocols. A two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used for color change. The dependent t-test and ANOVA were used for roughness and hardness evaluation. Additively manufactured splint materials were more affected by coffee immersion. It was observed that all denture cleaning tablets induced a noticeable alteration in color of the specimens (p < 0.05). Roughness and hardness measurement changes after solution immersions were statistically significant for both splint groups (p < 0.05). On the other hand, distilled water and denture cleaning tablets created similar roughness and hardness measurements at baseline and after immersion. After 6months use of tested cleaning tables, the color stability, surface roughness, and hardness of both groups were affected. The evaluation of the surface properties of splint materials could be recommended to the dentists in periodic controls during splint treatments. The use effervescent denture cleaning tablets altered the surface characteristics of tested splint materials over time with nonsignificant difference between each other. After 6months, awareness should be raised about surface characteristics of splint materials.

The Effect of Ciplukan Leaves Extract (Physalis minima) Effervescent Tablets as an Denture Cleanser to the Growth Candida albicans

Denture stomatitis is one of the problems that often occurs in denture wearers. Prevention of denture stomatitis can be done by immersing the denture in a cleaning solution. Ciplukan leaves (Physalis minima) are natural ingredients that can be used for denture cleaning because they contain antimicrobials. This study aims to determine the effect of effervescent tablets of ciplukan leaf extract (Physalis minima) as a denture cleanser in inhibiting the growth of C. albicans. Methods: This type of research is a laboratory experiment with the post-test-only control group design. The sample used is acrylic resin plate made of heat curing acrylic material The samples used were 24 pieces with a size of 10x10x1 mm which were divided into 4 treatment groups. Samples were immersed in alkaline peroxide effervescent tablets and ciplukan leaf extract effervescent tablets with concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75% for 20 minutes. The number of C. albicans colonies was counted using a spectrophotometer and converted into the formula. The results of the One-Way ANOVA statistical test showed that the number of C. albicans in each treatment group was significantly different with a significance value of 0,00. Ciplukan leaf extract effervescent tablets were able to inhibit the growth of C. albicans on heat cured acrylic resin plates with the most effective concentration of 75%.

Efficacy of perioperative oral care management in the prevention of surgical complications in 503 patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy for resectable malignant tumor: A multicenter retrospective analysis using propensity score matching

BackgroundPancreaticoduodenectomy has been associated with a high mortality rate and significant postoperative morbidity. Recently, perioperative oral care management has been reported to be effective in preventing postoperative pneumonia and surgical site infection. In this study, we examined the effect of perioperative oral care management in reducing complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy, including surgical site infection. MethodsThis retrospective multicenter study included 503 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy at 8 facilities between January 2014 and December 2016. Among these, 144 received perioperative oral management by dentists and dental hygienists (oral management group), whereas the remaining 359 did not (control group). The oral care management program included oral health instructions, removal of dental calculus, professional mechanical tooth cleaning, removal of tongue coating, denture cleaning, instructions for gargling, and tooth extraction. The participants were matched using propensity scores to reduce background bias. Various factors were examined for correlation with the development of complications. ResultsThe incidence of organ/space surgical site infection was significantly lower in the oral management group than in the control group (8.0% vs 19.6%, P = .005). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that hypertension and lack of perioperative oral management were independent risk factors for organ/space surgical site infection. Lack of perioperative oral management had an odds ratio of 2.847 (95% confidence interval 1.335–6.071, P = .007). ConclusionPerioperative oral care management reduces the occurrence of surgical site infections after pancreaticoduodenectomy and should be recommended as a strategy to prevent infections in addition to antibiotic use.

Potential of tobacco leaf extract paste (Nicotiana tabacum L.) as a denture cleanser to prevent denture stomatitis

The percentage of use of dentures is relatively high. Dentures with less than optimal cleaning can cause Candida albicans infection, called denture stomatitis. The chemical method of cleaning agents from effervescent tablets of tobacco leaf extract has been studied. However, it is still not optimal, so a combination of mechanical cleaning is needed, namely by making a paste preparation. The aim is to analyze the most effective concentration of tobacco leaf extract in acrylic resin denture cleaning paste in reducing the number of C. Albicans. Type of laboratory experimental research. There were 4 sample groups, namely A: HPAI herbal toothpaste. B: Tobacco leaf extract paste (PEDT) 25%. C: PEDT 50%. D: 75% PEDT. The number of samples for each group was 10. Making Acrylic Resin Plates size 65 mm × 11 mm × 3.5 mm, Making tobacco leaf extract paste 25%, 50%, 75%. Preparation of C. albicans Suspension. Treatment of acrylic plates. Next, calculate the amount of C. Albicans using a spectrophotometer. There was a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between the control group, the 25% PEDT group, and the 75% PEDT group. A non-significant difference (p&gt;0.05) was found between the control group and the 25% PEDT group and 50 PEDT %, PEDT group 25% to 50% PEDT group, and PEDT group 50% to 75% PEDT group. Effervescent tablets of tobacco leaf extract (Nicotiana tabacum L.) are 75% effective in inhibiting C. Albicans with 30 minutes of soaking time.

Effect of denture cleansers on color stability and surface properties of denture base material containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

To investigate the effect of different denture cleansers on color stability, surface roughness, and hardness of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) infused with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) at concentrations of 1% and 2% by weight on each. In this in vitro study, 90 disc-shaped specimens (10×10×2mm) were divided into 3 main groups: the non-containing nanoparticle group (0wt% concentration), 1wt% concentration, and 2wt% concentration TiO2 NPs groups. Each group was further assorted into 3 subgroups (n = 10): immersed in distilled water, oxygenating tablet (Corega), and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. Color change, surface roughness, and hardness values were assessed after 90 and 180 days of storage. Color changes (∆E) were measured with a spectrophotometer (VITA, Easy Shade V, Germany) and assessed using the CIE L*a*b* colorimetric system and the American National Bureau of Standards (NBS = 0.92×∆E). The surface roughness and surface hardness values were measured using a profilometer device and Vickers hardness tester, respectively. First, ANOVA-repeated measurements were performed, followed by the Tukey test. The significance level in this study was considered 0.05. At all concentrations, there were significant differences in the mean color changes of samples immersed in cleansers compared to distilled water (p < 0.01). Moreover, hypochlorite caused a significant increase compared to Corega at 0wt% concentration after 90 days and at 1wt% concentration after 90 and 180 days. Evaluations also showed that the mean NBS values in all cleanser groups were in the range of appreciable change, except the water group. In addition, only hypochlorite changed the color higher than the clinically acceptable range (∆E >3.7). The mean roughness of samples immersed in hypochlorite at 0wt% concentration was significantly higher than the samples containing TiO2 NPs (p = 0.006). No significant difference was observed in surface roughness of samples containing different concentrations of TiO2 NPs immersed in different cleansers; however, hypochlorite increased the surface roughness of samples without TiO2 NPs compared to samples containing TiO2 NPs after 180 days. The immersion time in cleansers had a significant influence on the surface roughness and hardness while having no effect on the color. In general, the cleansers had a significant effect on color change in all groups compared to distilled water. The adverse effect of hypochlorite was more than Corega. The cleansers in the samples containing TiO2 NPs did not make a significant difference in surface roughness in comparison with the distilled water groups. Surface hardness of the samples was not affected in a steady pattern by the cleansers.

Effects of two novel denture cleansers on multispecies microbial biofilms, stain removal and the denture surface: an in vitro study

BackgroundThe continuously increasing demand for removable denture appliances and the importance of adequate denture cleaning have led to the development of various denture cleansing products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two novel denture cleansing agents (GE and TM) and three commonly available cleansers (0.5% sodium hypochlorite; NaClO, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate; CHX, and Polident®; POL) on multispecies microbial biofilm formation, stain removal and physical properties of dentures.MethodsThe antimicrobial activities of denture cleansing agents were determined against major oral opportunistic pathogens including Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, using time-kill assays. Multispecies microbial biofilms grown on acrylic resins for 72 h were generated to determine the antibiofilm effects of cleansing agents by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Evaluations of the tea and coffee stain removal properties and the alterations in the physical properties of dentures were also performed. The toxicity of cleanser residues released from denture acrylics to fibroblast cells was investigated using MTT assay.ResultsAll denture cleansing agents tested could effectively kill oral bacteria and Candida albicans. Furthermore, after immersion for more than 3 h, the cleansers Polident®, GE and TM could efficiently penetrate and inhibit multispecies denture biofilms with effects similar to 10 min of immersion in 0.5% NaClO. However, immersion in 0.12% CHX for 20 min showed less antibiofilm activity. The NaClO solution had the highest efficacy for removing stains from the artificial teeth. Conversely, the CHX solution enhanced tea and coffee staining, and the teeth immersed in this solution showed clinically unacceptable colour changes (ΔE > 5.5). However, the colour differences of teeth stained and immersed in POL, GE and TM cleansers were in the clinically acceptable range. There was no significant difference among the POL, GE and TM cleansers in terms of stain removal efficacy. The cleansers GE and TM did not alter the surface roughness and colour of the materials, moreover the residues of both cleansers did not exhibit cytotoxicity.ConclusionTwo novel denture cleansing agents containing natural products, GE and TM exhibited effective antimicrobial activity, antibiofilm and stain removal capabilities without toxicity or disturbance of the physical properties of acrylics.

Impact of different chemical denture cleansers on the properties of digitally fabricated denture base resin materials.

To compare the impact of three different chemical denture cleansers (CDCs) (Corega, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen peroxide) on the surface roughness, microhardness, and color stability of 3D-printed, computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) milled, and heat-polymerized denture base material (DBM). A total of 420 disc-shaped specimens (10 ±0.1 × 2 ±0.1mm) were fabricated using three different construction techniques: three-dimensional (3D) printing (n = 140), CAD-CAM milling (n = 140), and heat-polymerization (n = 140). Sixty specimens (20 of each DBM) were used for baseline (pre-immersion) measurements (T1) for the tested surface properties (hardness [n = 10/material] and roughness [n = 10/material]). The remaining 360 specimens (n = 120/material) were investigated for surface roughness, microhardness, and color change after immersion for 1 year (T2) in distilled water or CDCs (n = 30/solution and n = 10/test). The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey's test at a significance level of less than 0.05. Significant differences were observed in the effects of the tested CDCs on the surface roughness, micro-hardness, and color stability of varying DBM specimens (p<0.05). Corega showed the highest surface roughness and color change in all DBMs while H2O2 resulted in the lowest microhardness for all DBMs. The lowest changes in all tested properties were seen with distilled water followed by chlorhexidine. A significant effect of type of cleanser, denture base material, and the interaction between the two was seen on all measured properties (p<0.05). The tested CDCs significantly affected the surface properties of all DBMs but at varying degrees. Corega produced the highest negative effect on roughness and color change while H2O2 dramatically affected the microhardness. Prolonged use of CDCs should be cautiously followed.

The complex of tannic acid and cetylpyridinium chloride: An antibacterial and stain-removal cleaner for aligners

Effective aligner hygiene is recognized as an important part of orthodontic treatments and oral hygiene. However, there is no effective cleansing method for removable aligners. In this study, we incorporated tannic acid (TA) with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) to develop the TA-CPC complex. The antibacterial properties of 15.8 mg/mL TA-CPC against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated invitro, which were compared with 5.1 mg/mL TA, 10.7 mg/mL CPC, a commercial denture cleansing solution (YA; 15 mg/mL), and water. As for the assessment of stain-removal ability, the aligners stained by coffee were soaked in cleansing solutions, and the color changes (ΔE∗) were calculated on the basis of the CIE L∗a∗b∗ color system, and the National Bureau of Standards system was used for the clinical interpretation of the color change. Atomic force microscope examination, tensile property assessment, and wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis were performed to investigate the material compatibility of TA-CPC, and Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and live/dead assay were used to test the cytotoxicity of TA-CPC. The results showed that TA-CPC had a positive zeta-potential, and cation-π interaction changed the chemical environments of the phenyl group in TA-CPC, resulting in greater inhibition zones of S. aureus and E. coli than other cleaners. The quantification of the biofilm biomass and the fluorescent intensities also reflected that the TA-CPC solution exhibited better antibacterial ability. As for the ability of stain removal, ΔE∗ value of group TA-CPC was 2.84 ± 0.55, whereas those of stained aligners immersed with deionized distilled water, TA, YA, and CPC were 10.26 ± 0.04, 9.54 ± 0.24, 5.93 ± 0.36, and 4.69 ± 0.35, respectively. The visual inspection and National Bureau of Standards ratings also showed that the color of stained aligners cleansed by TA-CPC was much lighter than those of the other groups. Meanwhile, TA-CPC had good compatibility with the aligner material and cells. TA-CPC is a promising strategy to inhibit the formation of biofilms and remove the stains on the aligners safely, which may disinfect the aligners to improve oral health and help keep the transparent appearances of aligners without impacting the morphology and mechanical properties.

Denture Hygiene Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Toward Patient Education in Denture Care among Dental Clinicians in Benghazi City, Libya

Background: Denture cleaning is essential to prevent malodor, poor aesthetics and the accumulation of plaque/calculus with its deleterious effects on the mucosa. Moreover, denture and mucosal tissues of the edentulous mouth's hygiene, especially in the elderly are essential for overall health. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the denture hygiene knowledge and attitudes toward patient education in denture care among dentists in Benghazi, Libya.&#x0D; Materials &amp; Methods: The present questionnaire survey was conducted on 180 dentists. A self-administrated questionnaire was designed to gather the socio-demographic characteristics, assess the denture hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices among dental clinicians. The data was entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS Version 20 for Windows, SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL).&#x0D; Results: A total of 155 questionnaires had been returned to the researcher giving a response rate 86 %. The sample comprised of 74.8% of females and 25.2% of males. About 57.4% of participants were general dental practitioner. While 17.4% and 25.2% of them specialist (prosthodontics and non -prosthodontics). About 87.6% of dental general practitioner had aware about accumulation of oral biofilm on denture, but almost of them did not know that the oral biofilm associated with denture stomatitis. While high rates of specialists (prosthodontics 74.1% and non-prosthodontics 64.1%) had positive attitude in compared with general practitioner 48.3% (The difference was significant) about explaining denture hygiene instructions to old patients. All of prosthodontics gave patient's instruction regarding the denture cleansing methods at the time of denture delivery 64% of them used verbal medium for instruction delivery.&#x0D; Conclusion: Dental general practitioner had limited knowledge and attitudes toward patient education in denture care whereas specialists had sufficient denture hygiene knowledge, attitudes and practices toward patient education in denture care.

The Effect of Microwave Irradiation and Some Denture Cleansers on The Bond Strength of Soft Liner to CAD/CAM-Milled Acrylic Resin

Disinfection of dentures and denture liners was desired for cross-contamination prevention and improved safety. Nonetheless, it has been discovered that these procedures impact the physical and mechanical features of denture liners.To assess the impact of different disinfection procedures on the tensile bond strength of an acrylic-based soft liner with CAD/CAM-based acrylic denture resin. Material and Methods: 25 specimens were collected and randomly divided into five groups (sodium hypochlorite, chlorohexidine, cleansing tablet, microwave, and control groups), following the daily disinfection protocol, the samples were stored at room temperature (23±2°C) in distilled water. After 30 days, the tensile bond strength was determined using universal testing equipment (Gester, China). The specimens were subjected to force by the machine at a steady crosshead speed of 5 mm/minute till the failure was recorded. The data were analyzed using statistics software (SPSS). Results: Showed that the control group had a higher mean value for bond strength, whereas the chlorhexidine group had a lower value. There was no significant difference between the control and cleansing tablet groups. However, they were significantly different from the microwave, CHX, and NaOCl groups. The NaOCl soft liner group is significantly different from all the other groups. No significant difference is found between microwave and CHX disinfected liner groups. Conclusion: The tensile bond strength of all disinfected soft liners decreased as compared with the control, which was not significant with the protefix tab but significant with the NaOCl, CHX, and microwave groups.

Examining how PMMA and polyamide denture base materials' physical characteristics are affected by electrolyzed water used as a denture cleaner

Denture cleansing is an essential step that can stop cross‑contamination and adds to the health of the patient, denture durability, and the general quality of life. A disinfection technique must be practical and devoid of damaging effects on the material's properties used to construct the denture base. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of three concentrations of electrolyzed water denture cleanser on heat cure acrylic and polyamide after immersion in electrolyzed water. The evaluation is based on their efficacy on surface hardness, wettability, and color stability compared with one submerged in distilled water as a control group. The method consists of eighty samples of heat-cured acrylic and polyamide material. The samples were immersed in electrolyzed water at a concentration of (100-200ppm) and in distilled water for 5 minutes, 30 times, and daily for 12 days to simulate a one-year interval. The tests showed that the surface hardness and color stability were maintained, with no significant difference between the control and experimental groups. In comparison, the result of wettability showed a statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups. Thus, electrolyzed water does not affect the surface hardness and color stability of heat-cure acrylic and polyamide denture base materials. However, the wettability of these materials was significantly increased. Keywords: Electrolyzed water; Heat cure acrylic; Polyamide material

The Effect of Tea Tree Oil as a Denture Cleanser on the Surface Roughness of an Acrylic Resin

The Effect of Tea Tree Oil as a Denture Cleanser on the Surface Roughness of an Acrylic Resin

Comparative Evaluation of Surface Roughness and Adhesion of Candida albicans on Conventional Heat-cured, Injection-molded Thermoplastic Resin and CAD-CAM Denture Base Resin as Affected by Denture Cleanser: An In Vitro Study

Comparative Evaluation of Surface Roughness and Adhesion of Candida albicans on Conventional Heat-cured, Injection-molded Thermoplastic Resin and CAD-CAM Denture Base Resin as Affected by Denture Cleanser: An In Vitro Study

Effect of denture cleansers on the physical and mechanical properties of CAD-CAM milled and 3D printed denture base materials: An in vitro study

Statement of problemStudies on the impact of denture cleansers on the physical and mechanical properties of denture bases designed and constructed by using computer software programs are lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to test the effect of a peroxide denture cleanser on the hardness, fracture toughness, water sorption, and solubility of denture base materials manufactured by 3D printing and computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) milling. Material and methodsThe hardness, fracture toughness, water solubility, and sorption of CAD-CAM milled and 3D printed groups (n=40) were evaluated before and after exposure to a denture cleanser. Hardness (n=10) was analyzed with a Vickers hardness testing machine, and fracture toughness (n=20) with the 3-point bend test. After the fracture of specimens, a scanning electron microscope at ×300 was used for fractographic analysis. Water sorption and solubility (n=10) were evaluated before and after immersion in denture cleanser for 6 days to simulate 180 days of immersion. Two-way repeated ANOVA and 2-way ANOVA were used to test normally distributed data, whereas the Mann Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed ranks test were used for data that were not normally distributed (α<.05). ResultsThe Vickers hardness and fracture toughness of both materials decreased after immersion in denture cleansers, with a higher decrease in values for the 3D printed group (P<.001). The denture cleanser had no effect on the water sorption and solubility of either group. ConclusionsMilled specimens had higher hardness values and fracture toughness before and after immersion in the denture cleanser. Denture cleansers resulted in the reduced hardness and fracture toughness of both groups, but the percentage change in the milled group was lower. Denture cleansers had no effect on water sorption or solubility.

Influence of Three Different Denture Cleansers on Surface Roughness and Strength of Heat-polymerizing Resin: An In Vitro Study.

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the impact of three different denture cleansers on the strength and surface roughness of heat-polymerizing resin. A total of 120 resin discs (10 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick) were created using a stainless steel mold for surface roughness testing and flexural strength testing (in accordance with the American Dental Association (ADA) Specification No.12). Samples were divided into one of three groups (40 samples in each group): group I: Clanden, group II: Clinsodent, group III: Fittydent. Samples were immersed in denture-cleansing solutions for 30 minutes every day, and this process was repeated over a period of 15 days. Samples were stored in distilled water at room temperature in between the immersions. A surface analyzer was utilized to compare the surface roughness of each sample before and after immersion treatments. For recording flexural strength, each sample was subjected to three-point bending test by mounting samples on Universal testing machine. Comparing mean values between groups using one-way ANOVA and the Tukeys honest significant difference (HSD) post hoc test. A significance level of 0.05 was used for all statistical calculations Results: After 15 days, the maximum change of mean surface roughness of heat-polymerizing resin was found in Clanden denture cleanser group (2.64 ± 0.12) followed by Clinsodent group (2.26 ± 0.09) and Fittydent group (1.92 ± 0.06). After 15 days, the maximum change of mean flexural strength changes of heat-polymerizing resin was found in Clanden denture cleanser group (94.78 ± 0.14), followed by Fittydent group (98.64 ± 0.03) and Clinsodent group (99.26 ± 0.21). Within the limitation, the current study concluded that changes were observed in surface roughness and flexural strength of all heat-polymerizing resin samples after immersion in all three denture cleansers; but least surface roughness and flexural strength changes were observed with the Fittydent cleanser group and Clinsodent group, respectively. Cleaning dentures is crucial for maintaining both the prosthesis and oral health; therefore, it is necessary to select a cleanser that is effective without negatively affecting the base resin's qualities over time.

Influence of aging of PEEK attachment inserts on the pull-off force of implant-retained overdentures - A laboratory study.

The aim of the current study is to investigate the influence of mechanical stress as well as cleaning agents on the performance of various polyether ether ketone (PEEK) inserts for implant-retained overdentures (IOD). Three different standard PEEK inserts were subjected to rapid artificial aging through storage in chemical denture cleaning agents (acetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, or sparkling denture cleaner) as well as demineralized water. The pre-aged PEEK inserts were then placed in unilateral IOD and subjected to 200,000 chewing loads (5 kg ~ 50 N), with 5000 thermal cycles (5/55°C), and 1100 removal/insertion cycles (vertical movement 2 mm). For all the PEEK inserts, the retention forces decreased significantly with an increasing number of mechanical load cycles and after exposure to all the cleaning agents. PEEK inserts aged by exposure to chemical cleaning agents showed a significantly higher decline in retention force than the inserts stored in water. Confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that the decline in retention force might be caused by wear on the internal insert surface in contact with the patrix. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the application of chemical cleaning agents accelerates the decline in the retention forces of PEEK retentive inserts in IODs.

Effect of polishing and denture cleansers on the surface roughness of new-generation denture base materials and their color change after cleansing.

To evaluate the effect of polishing and denture cleansers on the surface roughness (Ra) of new-generation denture base materials that are additively, subtractively, and conventionally fabricated, while also assessing their color change after cleansing. One hundred and fifty disk-shaped specimens (Ø10×2mm) were prepared from five denture base materials (one subtractively manufactured nanographene-reinforced prepolymerized polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (SM-GC), one subtractively manufactured prepolymerized PMMA (SM-PM), two additively manufactured denture base resins (AM-DT and AM-ND), and one heat-polymerized PMMA (CV) (n = 30). The Ra of the specimens was measured before and after conventional laboratory polishing, while color coordinates were measured after polishing. Specimens were then divided into three subgroups based on the denture cleanser: distilled water, 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and effervescent tablet (n=10). The Ra and color coordinates were remeasured after nine cleansing cycles over a period of 20 days. The CIEDE2000 formula was used to calculate the color differences (ΔE00). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the Ra values before (n = 30) and after (n = 10) cleansing, while repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the Ra of material-time point pairs within each denture cleanser (n = 10). ΔE00 data after denture cleansing was also analyzed by using two-way ANOVA (n = 10) (α = 0.05). Before polishing, Ra varied significantly among the materials. SM-GC and SM-PM had the lowest and AM-ND the highest Ra values (P<0.001). Polishing significantly reduced Ra of all materials (P<0.001), and after polishing, Ra differences among materials were nonsignificant (P≥0.072). Regardless of the denture cleanser, the Ra of AM-DT, AM-ND, and CV was the highest before polishing when different time points were considered (P<0.001). After cleansing, AM-ND had the highest Ra of all the materials, regardless of the cleanser (P≤0.017). AM-DT had higher Ra than SM-PM when distilled water (P = 0.040) and higher Ra than SM-GC, SM-PM, and CV when NaOCl was used (P<0.001). The type of cleanser significantly influenced the Ra of AM-DT, AM-ND, and CV. For AM-DT, NaOCl led to the highest Ra and the tablet led to the lowest Ra (P≤0.042), while for AM-ND, distilled water led to the lowest Ra (P≤0.024). For CV, the tablet led to lower Ra than distilled water (P=0.009). Color change varied among the materials. When distilled water was used, SM-GC had higher ΔE00 than SM-PM and AM-DT (P≤0.034). When NaOCl was used, AM-ND had higher ΔE00 than SM-GC, SM-PM, and AM-DT, while CV and SM-GC had higher ΔE00 than SM-PM and AM-DT (P≤0.039). Finally, when the tablet was used, AM-ND and CV had the highest ΔE00, while AM-DT had lower ΔE00 than SM-GC (P≤0.015). The tested materials had unacceptable surface roughness (>0.2μm) before polishing. Roughness decreased significantly after polishing (<0.2μm). Denture cleansers did not significantly affect the surface roughness of the materials, and roughness remained clinically acceptable after cleansing (<0.2μm). Considering previously reported color thresholds, AM-ND and CV had unacceptable color change regardless of the denture cleanser, and the effervescent tablet led to perceptible, but acceptable color change for SM-GC, SM-PM, and AM-DT.