Use Of Dentifrice Research Articles

In Vitro Evaluation of Resilient Liner after Brushing with Conventional and Experimental Ricinus communis-Based Dentifrices.

To evaluate the effect of experimental (Ricinus communis) and commercial dentifrices used for denture cleaning on abrasiveness (gravimetric method; roughness), hardness, and color stability of a resilient relining material. Sixty circular (15 × 3 mm) specimens were distributed into four groups: C (control; brushing with water); CO (brushing with Colgate - for natural teeth); CB (brushing with Corega Brite - for complete dentures); RC (brushing with experimental dentifrice). Brushing was performed in a toothbrushing machine with a soft brush and a dentifrice suspension for 50 minutes, calculated to correspond to 1 year of regular brushing. Variables were measured initially and after the trial period. For the gravimetric method, the difference in mass was considered. The surface roughness was measured by a rugosimeter, and the hardness test was performed by a Shore A durometer. Color changes (ΔE; CIE L*a*b* and NBS systems) were measured by a portable spectrophotometer. Results were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The largest mass variation (μg; p < 0.0001) occurred in C (-6.21 ± 3.18). Concerning roughness, CB (0.26 ± 0.04) showed the lowest value, followed by RC (0.29 ± 0.08) and CO (0.34 ± 0.24) (p < 0.0001). Group C produced the greatest surface roughness (0.72 ± 0.25). Hardness values decreased after brushing with water (p = 0.014). No significant differences were found among RC (50.31 ± 1.03), CO (49.11 ± 1.31), CB (49.17 ± 1.23), and C (48.02 ± 1.26). Color stability was similar in all groups (p = 0.135; C: 2.3 ± 0.77; CO: 2.6 ± 0.54; CB: 2.2 ± 0.44; RC: 2.9 ± 1.56). The use of experimental dentifrice could be indicated, as it showed similar results to the specific dentifrice, keeping the resilient material properties within acceptable values.

The use of fluoride dentifrices in children: conceptual bases in a confusing context. A topic review

Fluoride toothpastes have long been recommended as part of the measures to prevent dental caries. Controversial findings suggest that an inappropriate use of this type of dentifrices can significantly contribute to the total intake of fluoride by children younger than 3 years, being one of the reasons why they have been linked to the development of dental fluorosis. The cost-benefit relationship of using fluoride dentifrices in children has been controversial and has allowed the evolution of concepts that reinforce the recommendations to use them. This topic review discusses some aspects that determine the preventive potential of fluoride toothpastes, the academic recommendations to use them, the various policies in Latin American countries on the issue, and a brief description of the availability of products in the Colombian market. This article seeks to contribute to a better understanding of this issue and therefore to a better orientation of patients.

Effect of dentifrices containing sorbitol, combination of xylitol and sorbitol on salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts in 14-15 year old children: a randomized trial

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Xylitol, a naturally occurring sugar alcohol which cannot be fermented by oral microorganisms has been shown to reduce &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;mutans&lt;/em&gt; levels in plaque and saliva and to markedly reduce tooth decay. Studies have proved that combination of xylitol and sorbitol added in chewing gum is more effective in reducing tooth decay compared to xylitol alone. Purpose&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;of this double blinded, parallel, randomized trial was to compare the relative effect of sorbitol and combination of xylitol and sorbitol containing dentifrices on salivary &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus mutans&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Lactobacillus&lt;/em&gt; in a group of high school children.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Sixty school children with age group of 14-15 years were randomly allocated into 2 study groups (S-sorbitol containing dentifrice and X+S- Xylitol and Sorbitol containing dentifrice), with 32 participants in each group. Subjects were asked to use the experimental dentifrices twice daily for 3 months period. Resting whole saliva was collected at baseline, at the end of 1 month, 2 months and 3 months interval after the use of assigned dentifrice. Saliva samples were used for microbial analysis. &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus mutans &lt;/em&gt;was cultured on Mitis salivarius bacitracin agar and &lt;em&gt;Lactobacilli&lt;/em&gt; on Rogosa SL agars. Results were expressed in frequencies. Nonparametric tests namely Wilcoxons-signed rank test and Mann Whitney U test were used for testing the statistical significance. The level of significance was set at p=0.05.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; There was no significant difference in salivary &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus mutans&lt;/em&gt; count amongst the two groups at baseline (p=0.271). There was no significant difference in counts of &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus mutans&lt;/em&gt; and lactobacilli among the subjects in the sorbitol containing dentifrices (S) group at different time intervals of the study whereas there was significant reduction in counts of &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus mutans&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Lactobacillus&lt;/em&gt; count among the subjects in the xylitol and sorbitol (X+S) containing dentifrices at all the time interval. At the end of 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; month interval there was significantly low &lt;em&gt;Streptococcous mutans &lt;/em&gt;and lactobacilli count for X+S group compared to S group with p&amp;lt;0.001 and p=0.02 respectively. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The use of dentifrices containing combination of xylitol and sorbitol, twice daily showed significant antimicrobial properties against salivary &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus mutans&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;lactobacillus&lt;/em&gt; by the end of 3 month compared to sorbitol containing dentifrice.&lt;/p&gt;

Baking soda dentifrice and periodontal health: A review of the literature

BackgroundMechanical disruption of dental biofilm is critical to maintain periodontal health. Baking soda–containing dentifrices have shown to be potential aids for improving gingival health and maintaining dental biofilm control. Types of Studies ReviewedEvidence from classic and contemporary literature is reviewed and summarized in this review. In vitro and in vivo (animal and human, respectively) studies and clinical trials have been analyzed. ConclusionsSome clinical studies demonstrated the benefits of baking soda dentifrices in plaque and gingivitis reduction. Clinical trials with longer follow-up would be useful to confirm the impact of baking soda on gingival health. Practical ImplicationsRegular dental biofilm control and adjunctive use of baking soda dentifrices in an otherwise healthy and compliant patient may provide success in maintenance of gingival health.

Clinical study to monitor dentinal hypersensitivity with episodic use of a desensitising dentifrice

Objectives/Aims:To evaluate continuous and episodic twice-daily usage regimens of a desensitising dentifrice containing 5% calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS).Materials and Methods:In this exploratory, single-centre, randomised, examiner-blind study, subjects with dentinal hypersensitivity were randomised to continuous (24 weeks) use of a 5% CSPS-containing dentifrice or episodic use of the dentifrice comprising two 8-week treatment periods separated by 8 weeks′ use of a standard fluoride dentifrice. Sensitivity was assessed by tactile threshold (Yeaple probe) and evaporative (air) sensitivity (Schiff sensitivity score). Other measures included labelled magnitude scales to assess subjects′ responses to the evaporative stimulus, the Dentine Hypersensitivity Experience Questionnaire and a tooth sensitivity question.Results:Seventy-six subjects were randomised to continuous (n=38) or episodic (n=38) use. Small but statistically significant improvements from baseline in Schiff sensitivity scores were observed at weeks 8, 16 and 24 with both regimens (all P<0.05). Increases from baseline in tactile threshold were not statistically significant. No significant between-regimen difference was observed for any endpoint. No treatment-related adverse events were reported.Discussion:Dentifrice containing 5% CSPS improved dentinal hypersensitivity with both episodic and continuous twice-daily usage regimens over 24 weeks and was well tolerated.Conclusion:No performance differences were observed between the two usage regimens.

Fluoride in Dental Biofilm Varies across Intra-Oral Regions

Information on differences in biofilm fluoride concentration across intra-oral regions may help explain the distribution of caries within the dentition. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe the fluoride concentration in saliva and in biofilm fluid and biofilm solids across 6 intra-oral regions. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from 42 participants and biofilm harvested from the buccal sites in the 4 molar and 2 anterior regions. Samples were collected at least 1 h after use of fluoride dentifrice. No attempt was made to control the participants' food consumption or use of other topical agents. Centrifuged saliva, biofilm fluid, and biofilm solids were analysed for fluoride using a fluoride ion-selective electrode, adapted for microanalysis. Fluoride in biofilm varied across intra-oral regions. The mean biofilm fluid fluoride concentrations across the oral cavity ranged from 11.6 to 16.8 µ<smlcap>M</smlcap>, being statistically significantly higher in the upper anterior region than in any other region. In all regions the fluoride concentration in biofilm fluid was higher than in saliva. For biofilm solids the fluoride concentration was highest in the lower anterior region (2,461 μmol/kg) and lowest in the lower molar regions (388 and 406 μmol/kg, respectively). Within biofilm, the solids contained most of the fluoride (81 to >99%). The biofilm fluid fluoride concentration was significantly positively associated with salivary fluoride and only marginally associated with that of biofilm solids. In conclusion, this study has shown pronounced differences in fluoride distribution across intra-oral regions and compartments. This shows that the sampling site is a crucial factor for studies of biofilm fluoride.

Influence of the Extended Use of Desensitizing Toothpastes on Dentin Bonding, Microhardness and Roughness.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of an extended use of desensitizing toothpastes (DTs) on dentin bonding, microhardness and roughness. One hundred and twenty bovine incisor teeth were randomly divided into four groups: G1, distilled water (WATER); G2, Colgate Total 12 (CT12); G3, Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief (CSPR); and G4, Sensodyne Repair ?αμπ; Protect (SRP). Dentin surfaces were etched with 17% EDTA and 2 years of simulated tooth brushing (20,000 cycles) was performed on their surfaces. Knoop microhardness, surface roughness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed before and after the simulated tooth brushing. For microshear bonding test, a 2-step self-etching adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond) was used and 0.8 mm diameter composite resin (Filtek Z350 XT) cylinders were built. Microshear test was performed with an orthodontic wire and with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The data were analyzed for: 1) bond strength (one-way ANOVA), 2) microhardness intra-group (Student's test) and inter-group (one-way ANOVA/Tukey's test) comparisons, 3) roughness intra-group (Student's test/Wilcoxon's test) and inter-group (Kruskal-Wallis/Student-Newman-Keuls test) comparisons. The extended use of both dentifrices (conventional and for sensitive teeth) did not affect the bond strength and produced a significant increase in microhardness and roughness of the dentin, except for the microhardness of the SRP group. The simulated tooth brushing technique with water produced an increase in roughness, without reducing significantly the dentin microhardness.

Caries Incidence Among Obese Adolescents: A 3-year Prospective Study.

To determine the incidence of caries in a 3-year follow-up of obese adolescents. Seven-hundred eighty five 13-year-old school children were selected randomly. Caries was recorded according to WHO criteria and body mass index was assessed in a medical evaluation. With appropriate sample weighting, relationships between caries and other variables were assessed using the chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis H-test, and multivariable logistic regression. At baseline, 185 (24.2%) adolescents presented with caries, having mean DMFT and DMFS scores of 0.9 ± 2.0 and 2.4 ± 3.6, respectively. The accumulated incidence of caries during the 3-year period of study was 16.5%, with mean DMFT and DMFS increments of 0.8 ± 0.2 and 1.1 ± 3.3, respectively. Obese and overweight adolescents had a 3.7 times (95% CI = 1.3-6.8) greater chance of developing caries after adjusting for socioeconomic status, gender, use of fluoridated dentifrice, and past caries experience. Obese and overweight adolescents were at a higher risk of developing new caries in a 3-year-follow-up.

Relationship between Oral Health Behavior and Happiness Index in Elderly People

This study examined the relationship between oral health behaviors and in senior citizens to determine how to improve their happiness index. The subjects in this study were 260 senior citizens aged 65 years or older, who resided in North Jeolla Province. A survey was conducted from June 17 to 30, 2016. The happiness index of elderly people who brushed their teeth more often and had dental checkups on a regular basis was significantly higher (p<0.05). Evaluation of subfactors associated with quality of life related to oral health showed significant differences in functional disturbances according to gender, age, the presence or absence of a spouse, and the use or nonuse of dentifrice (p<0.05). Physical pain significantly varied with the presence or absence of a spouse, educational level, monthly mean allowance, and regular dental checkups (p<0.05); significant differences were found in psychological discomfort according to gender, tooth brushing frequency, and regular dental checkups (p< 0.05). There were significant differences in declining physical capacity according to gender, age, educational level, and monthly mean allowance (p<0.05); waning mental capacity significantly differed with age, living alone or with another person, the presence or absence of a spouse, and regular dental checkups (p<0.05). The factors that influenced the happiness index in senior citizens were age, living alone or with another person, educational level, monthly mean allowance and the Oral Health Impact Profile score (p<0.05). The study showed that measures are needed to improve the quality of life and happiness index in elderly people, including the development of oral health programs for this population.

A randomised clinical in situ study to evaluate the effects of novel low abrasivity anti-sensitivity dentifrices on dentine wear

ObjectivesTo compare the abrasive wear on human dentine in an in situ model associated with use of an experimental low abrasivity anti-sensitivity dentifrice containing 1% alumina and 5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) with an experimental ultra-low abrasivity non-alumina 5% STP dentifrice, a higher abrasivity daily-use whitening dentifrice, and water as controls. MethodsThis was a single-centre, single-blind, randomised, split-mouth, four-treatment, two-period, crossover in situ study in 29 healthy subjects. Subjects wore bilateral lower buccal appliances, each fitted with four dentine specimens. Study treatments were applied ex vivo (three times daily). Dentine loss was measured by non-contact profilometry after 5, 10 and 15days’ treatment. ResultsAll 29 subjects were included in the efficacy analysis. Significantly less dentine loss was associated with brushing with the low and ultra-low abrasivity dentifrices than with the higher abrasivity dentifrice at all timepoints (p<0.01). Brushing with ultra-low abrasivity dentifrice or water resulted in statistically significantly less dentine loss compared with brushing with the low abrasivity dentifrice at all timepoints (p<0.05). Dentine loss after brushing with ultra-low abrasivity dentifrice was not significantly different from brushing with water. ConclusionsThe degree of dentine loss observed in this in situ model reflected the abrasivity of the study dentifrices. Brushing with low or ultra-low abrasivity STP-containing anti-sensitivity dentifrices resulted in significantly less dentine loss (equating to dentine wear) than with a higher abrasivity daily-use whitening dentifrice.

Does dentifrice use help toremove plaque? Asystematicreview.

The aim of this systematic review was to establish the efficacy of brushing with and without a dentifrice for dental plaque removal. MEDLINE-PubMed, Cochrane-CENTRAL, EMBASE and other electronic databases were searched. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials and subjects ≥18years of age with good general health. Studies that evaluated the effect of toothbrushing with a dentifrice compared to brushing without a dentifrice were included. Data were extracted from the eligible studies, and a meta-analysis was performed where feasible. The search was conducted until June 2016 and retrieved 10 eligible publications that included 20 comparisons. On average, 49.2% of plaque was removed when brushing was performed with a dentifrice, and 50.3% of plaque was removed when toothbrushing was performed without a dentifrice. The descriptive analysis indicated that the majority of the comparisons did not show an additional effect of dentifrice use. Regarding the meta-analysis of post-brushing scores, no significant difference was observed between toothbrushing with and without a dentifrice (DiffM 0.00, 95%CI [-0.05: 0.05], p=0.91). The meta-analysis of incremental data (as means or percentages) supported and strengthened these findings. The cumulative evidence for this systematic review demonstrates that there is moderate certainty that toothbrushing with a dentifrice does not provide an added effect for the mechanical removal of dental plaque.

In vivo study on the Subside Effect of Gingivitis by Use of Dentifrice with Centella and Magnolia Components

In vivo study on the Subside Effect of Gingivitis by Use of Dentifrice with Centella and Magnolia Components

The Closure Effect of the Dental Tubules by Use of Dentifrice with the Desensitization Agent

The Closure Effect of the Dental Tubules by Use of Dentifrice with the Desensitization Agent

A PILOT STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF ORAL DENTIFRICE ON SALIVARY AMYLASE

Saliva is an important body fluid which aids in digestion, in providing a first line of defense and has been recently identified as a repertoire of biomarkers. Salivary composition, hormone levels and enzyme activities are greatly influenced by physiology and well being of the individuals. Oral hygiene is generally maintained by the use of Oral dentifrice like toothpaste and mouthwash. These oral dentifrice which mainly provide antimicrobial property also have other added reagents whose role on saliva is not yet clear. Therefore, the current work deals with the study of, the effect of oral dentifrices on the activity of salivary amylase; one of the most abundant enzymes in the saliva. Several mouthwashes and toothpastes having natural or synthesized active ingredients were used in this work. Saliva samples of individuals were collected before and after use of the oral reagent and amylase activity pre and post rinse was measured by DNS method. Our results have shown that Himalaya, Colgate total, Himalaya sparkling white toothpastes decrease amylase activity where as Pepsodent, Colgate visible white increase salivary amylase activity. In the case of mouthwash use of Listerine, Freshclor, Hiora increases the amylase activity. These results indicate that oral dentifrices influence the salivary amylase activity. This is a pilot study which can be extended to a bigger sample size and can include more dentifrices to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effect of various oral reagents on salivary constituents.

In vitro effects of acid challenge on incisal/occlusal cupping/cratering

Statement of problemThe cause of occlusal/incisal cupping/cratering (depressed dentin surrounded by elevated rims of enamel) has been postulated to be primarily the effect of acid on exposed dentin. It is hypothesized that abrasion, bruxism, attrition, and stress-corrosion may play a secondary role in lesion formation. The primary cause and sequence of occlusal/incisal cupping/cratering remain scientifically controversial. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effects of acid on human enamel, mantle dentin, and peritubular dentin in the creation of incisal/occlusal cupping/cratering. This study was designed to visually illustrate the role of acid in the formation of cupping/cratering. Material and methodsA soft compact toothbrush was tested using both high relative dentin abrasivity (RDA)- and low-RDA dentifrices and water only (nonabrasive) on extracted human teeth. Seventeen specimens of 4 teeth each (68 teeth) were subjected to horizontal brushing with a 1:1 dentifrice-to-water slurry or water only. Twelve of these 17 specimens, a total of 48 teeth, were subjected to acid challenge. Each of these 12 specimens were brushed for 500 strokes after each acid challenge for a total of 150000 strokes and 300 acid immersions. Half the specimens were acid challenged for 5 minutes and the other half for 10 minutes between brushings. ResultsNo visible loss of tooth structure was noted in the control specimens brushed in water only. The control specimens brushed in a 1:1 slurry of toothpaste/water demonstrated incisal/occlusal cupping/cratering. The acid-challenged specimens brushed in water only demonstrated enamel and peritubular dentin loss with elevated rims and/or plateaus of mantle dentin, the opposite of occlusal/incisal cupping/cratering. All specimens brushed with the higher abrasive dentifrice demonstrated visible wear of enamel, mantle, and peritubular dentin, culminating in occlusal/incisal cupping/cratering. Surprisingly, those acid-challenged specimens brushed with the lower abrasive toothpaste demonstrated visible wear of the enamel and peritubular dentin, resulting in elevated rims and/or plateaus of mantle dentin. ConclusionsAcid affects both the enamel and the mineralized component of dentin. This study demonstrated that incisal/occlusal cupping/cratering occurring in worn dentition can be caused by the use of dentifrice alone. Acid challenge affects the inorganic components of tooth structure but not the organic components and so does not cause the dentinal cupping/cratering of the incisal/occlusal surfaces of the human dentition.

A Clinical Study on the Desensitization Effect by Use of Calcium-Glycerophosphate-Containing Dentifrice

A Clinical Study on the Desensitization Effect by Use of Calcium-Glycerophosphate-Containing Dentifrice

Anticaries Potential of Low Fluoride Dentifrices Found in The Brazilian Market.

Low-fluoride (F) dentifrices (<600 µg F/g) are widely available worldwide, but evidence to recommend the use of such dentifrices, with either regular or improved formulations, is still lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anticaries potential of low-F dentifrices found in the Brazilian market, using a validated and tested pH-cycling model. Enamel blocks were selected by surface hardness (SH) and randomized into four treatment groups (n=12): non-F dentifrice (negative control), low-F dentifrice (500 μg F/g), low-F acidulated dentifrice (550 μg F/g) and 1,100 μg F/g dentifrice (positive control). The blocks were subjected to pH-cycling regimen for 8 days and were treated 2x/day with dentifrice slurries prepared in water (1:3, w/v). The pH of the slurries was checked, and only the acidulated one had low pH. After the pH cycling, SH was again determined and the percentage of surface hardness loss was calculated as indicator of demineralization. Loosely- and firmly-bound F concentrations in enamel were also determined. The 1,100 μg F/g dentifrice was more effective than the low-F ones to reduce enamel demineralization and was the only one that differed from the non-F (p<0.05). All F dentifrices formed higher concentration of loosely-bound F on enamel than the non-F (p<0.05), but the 1,100 μg F/g was the only one that differed from the non-F in the ability to form firmly-bound F. The findings suggest that the low-F dentifrices available in the Brazilian market, irrespective of their formulation, do not have anticaries potential.

Fluoride and calcium concentrations in the biofilm fluid after use of fluoridated dentifrices supplemented with polyphosphate salts.

The present study evaluated fluoride (F) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in the biofilm fluid formed in situ under cariogenic challenge after using F dentifrices supplemented or not with sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) or calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP). Volunteers (n=12) were randomly divided into 5 groups according to the toothpastes used: placebo (without F, CaGP or TMP), 1100ppmF (1100F) and low-fluoride dentifrice (LFD, 550ppmF) with no supplementation (550F) or supplemented with 1% TMP (550F-TMP) or 0.25% CaGP (550F-CaGP). In each phase, volunteers wore palatal appliances containing 4 bovine enamel blocks. Cariogenic challenge was performed with 30% sucrose solution, 6 times/day. On the morning of the eigth day, biofilm samples were collected 12h and 1h after brushing and cariogenic challenge. F and Ca analyses in the biofilm fluid were performed with the inverted electrode after buffering with TISAB III and using the Arsenazo III method, respectively. Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA (repeated measures) and Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). A dose-response relationship was verified between F concentrations in the dentifrices and in the biofilm fluid. Significant differences were observed among placebo, 550F, and 1100F only 1h after brushing, without statistical differences among 550F, 550F-TMP, and 550F-CaGP. No defined trend was observed among the groups regarding Ca concentrations, with the highest values seen for placebo and 550F-CaGP. The anticaries effect of LFDs supplemented with CaGP or TMP cannot be related to an increased availability of F and Ca in the biofilm fluid. The better performance of LFDs containing CaGP or TMP shown in previous studies should be attributed to their ability to interact with tooth enamel and with the biofilm, rather to their effect on the biofilm fluid.

치약용 약효제의 적용시간에 따른 실험실적 효능 연구

페이스트 치약의 구강 내 사용시간(1~3분)과 사용시간을 길게 조절할 수 있는 부착형 치약의 사용시간을 고려하여 치약제의 유효성분을 처리시간 조건별로(1분, 3분, 10분, 30분 및 60분) 미백 효과, 항치석 효과, 재광화 효과 및 상아세관의 폐쇄 효과를 실험실적으로 평가한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 처리 시간대별 명도 변화값(<TEX>${\Delta}L$</TEX>)은 1분 <TEX>$5.50{\pm}1.51$</TEX>에서 60분 <TEX>$27.35{\pm}0.54$</TEX>였고 치석으로부터 제거된 칼슘 양(ppm)은 1분 <TEX>$4.23{\pm}0.14$</TEX>에서 60분 <TEX>$25.15{\pm}0.32$</TEX>였으며 경도 증가값은 1분 <TEX>$1.96{\pm}1.44$</TEX>에서 60분 <TEX>$12.55{\pm}2.09$</TEX>였다. 상아세관의 폐쇄 정도는 10분 처리에서 일부 상아세관의 폐쇄가 관찰되기 시작하여 60분 처리에서는 대부분의 상아세관의 폐쇄가 관찰되었다. 본 실험조건에서는 처리시간을 10분에서 60분 처리시 1분에서 3분 처리할 때보다 최소 1.57배에서 최대 8.26배까지 효능을 증가시켰으며 재광화 효과, 항치석 효과 및 상아세관 폐쇄 효과에서는 사용시간 10분 이상에서 적절하였고 미백효과에서는 30분 이상이 보다 효과적일 것으로 생각되었다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in-vitro efficacy of the active ingredients of dentifrice following treatment time. The whitening effect was evaluated by a change in lightness value relative to the contact time of hydrogen peroxide, by using artificially stained hydroxyapatite discs. The anti-calculus effect was assessed based on the amount of calcium eluted from the human dental calculus by sodium pyrophosphate. Remineralization was evaluated by the Vickers hardness test following the application of sodium fluoride to bovine enamel. In order to view dentinal tubules occlusion, the formation of insoluble calcium salts by bovine dentin specimens was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Change in lightness value (<TEX>${\Delta}L$</TEX>) was <TEX>$5.50{\pm}1.51$</TEX> after 1 min of treatment, <TEX>$5.73{\pm}0.43$</TEX> after 3 min, <TEX>$8.64{\pm}0.24$</TEX> after 10 min, <TEX>$18.93{\pm}0.76$</TEX> after 30 min, and <TEX>$27.35{\pm}0.54$</TEX> after 60 min. The amount of calcium eluted from the human dental calculus was <TEX>$4.23{\pm}0.14ppm$</TEX> after 1 min of treatment, <TEX>$4.51{\pm}0.04ppm$</TEX> after 3 min, <TEX>$12.12{\pm}0.16ppm$</TEX> after 10 min, <TEX>$17.85{\pm}0.81ppm$</TEX> after 30 min, and <TEX>$25.15{\pm}0.32ppm$</TEX> after 60 min. The Vickers hardness change value (<TEX>${\Delta}VHN$</TEX>) was <TEX>$1.96{\pm}1.44$</TEX> after 1 min, <TEX>$1.52{\pm}1.06$</TEX> after 3 min, <TEX>$9.06{\pm}0.15$</TEX> after 10 min, <TEX>$10.83{\pm}5.13$</TEX> after 30 min, and <TEX>$12.55{\pm}2.09$</TEX> after 60 min. Partial dentinal tubules occlusion was observed at 10 min and complete occlusion was evident at 60 min. In summary, the use of patch type dentifrices for 10, 30, or 60 min were 1.57 to 8.26 times more effective than using the paste type dentifrices for 1 to 3 min. Based on these findings, it is reasonable to expect that the use of patch type dentifrices for 10 min would lead to remineralization, anti-calculus and dentinal tubules occlusion effects, and that use for 30 min would result in a whitening effect.

Frequency of Fluoride Dentifrice Use and Caries Lesions Inhibition and Repair

The clinical relevance of the frequency of fluoride dentifrice (FD) use on enamel caries is based on evidence. However, the relative effect of FD on reduction of demineralization or enhancement of remineralization is unknown and the effect of frequency on root dentine caries has not been explored. The aim of this double-blind, crossover, in situ study, which was conducted in 4 phases of 14 days each, was to evaluate the relationship between the frequency of FD use and enamel and root dentine de- and remineralization. Eighteen volunteers wore palatal appliances containing enamel and root dentine slabs, either sound or carious. Biofilm accumulation on the slab surface was allowed, and 20% sucrose solution was dripped 3 or 8 times per day on the carious and sound slabs, respectively. Volunteers used FD (1,100 μg F/g) in the frequencies 0 (fluoride-placebo dentifrice), 1, 2 and 3 times per day. The demineralization and remineralization that occurred in sound or carious slabs was estimated by the percentage of surface hardness loss (%SHL) or recovery (%SHR). Loosely (CaF₂) and firmly (FAp) bound fluoride concentrations were also determined. The relationship between the variables was analyzed by linear regression. The %SHL, CaF₂ and FAp concentrations were a function of the frequency of FD use for enamel and dentine, but the %SHR was a function of the frequency of FD use only for enamel (p < 0.05). The results suggest that demineralization in enamel and root dentine is reduced in proportion to the frequency of FD use, but for remineralization the effect of the frequency of FD use was relevant only to enamel.