Dental Examination Research Articles

Prevalence of likely retro-odontoid pseudotumor in patients receiving dental CBCT examinations

ObjectivesWe calculated the prevalence of unsuspected retro-odontoid pseudotumor (ROP) as detected in cone beam computed tomography examination. Additionally, we examined patient age, sex, and presence and severity of cervical osteoarthritis (OA) as potential risk factors for ROP. Study DesignWe retrospectively analyzed de-identified CBCT scans of 455 patients from the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology at the University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine. Identification of likely ROP was completed through a likelihood scoring scale (1-4) due to the lack of magnetic resonance images. Severity of cervical OA was determined using 5 osteoarthritic features. An ordinal logistic regression model was used to link potential risk factors to ROP. ResultsIn total, 18 patients (3.9%) were classified with probable [11 patients (2.4%)] or definite [7 patients (1.5%)] likely ROP. Older age and the presence and severity of OA were significantly associated with higher ROP scores (P<0.001). There was no significant association of ROP likelihood and patient sex (P=.637). An increase of one year of age increased the chance of a patient having a higher ROP likelihood score (P<0.001). The age-adjusted chance of having a more severe ROP increased with moderate to severe OA (P≤ 0.017). ConclusionsPrevalence of likely ROP increases with age and OA but is not associated with sex. Individuals with moderate or severe OA are more likely to have ROP. Statement of Clinical RelevancePatients with retro-odontoid pseudotumor may experience spinal cord compression, which can result in adverse health effects. Clinicians should be aware of the appearance of this lesion on CBCT scans and be knowledgeable of the associations with increasing age and osteoarthritis.

Prevalence and socio-behavioral determinants of early childhood caries in children 1-5- year- old in Iran.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), early childhood caries (ECC) is still considered a major global health problem despite the general improvement in oral health practice. This study aimed to assess ECC's prevalence, severity, and key social and behavioral determinants in Iranian children 1-5- years of age. This cross-sectional study recruited Iranian 1-5-year-olds with a three-stage stratified clustered sampling method. After providing consent, parents were interviewed using a validated questionnaire, including questions on child characteristics and behavioral factors. Each child underwent a dental examination by one of four trained and calibrated dentists. Associations between key covariates of interest and primary outcome measures were assessed by multivariable logistic regression modeling and multivariate generalized negative binomial regression modeling after weightings were applied. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V25 and Stata V14.2 software packages. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. The mean age of 909 participants was 41.1±1.2 months, 48.6% were male, and 38.1% lived in rural areas. The overall prevalence of ECC was 53.2% and mean dmft score was 2.7± 0.3. Key determinants associated with ECC included living rurally (p = 0.009, OR = 2.13), consuming sweet drinks, sugary snacks, or both [p-value = 0.02 (OR = 2.53), and p-value<0.001 (OR = 4.96), respectively], and visible plaque (p<0.001, OR = 3.41). Covariates associated with dmft scores included residing in rural regions (p = 0.02, IRR = 1.31), having both sugary snacks and sweet drinks (p = 0.02, IRR = 1.85) compared to those had none, and visible dental plaque (p<0.001, IRR = 2.06). The prevalence of dental caries in children is high in Iran. The increase of ECC prevalence and severity from toddlers to preschoolers emphasizes on the critical importance of early interventions in toddlers. Improving access to care for rural children is essential along with the need to change dietary and self-care behaviors through multilevel efforts.

The prevalence and common risk indicators of root caries and oral health service utilization pattern among adults, a cross-sectional study.

Root caries is a prevalent oral health concern among adults, yet there remains a need for a comprehensive understanding of its occurrence and associated risk indicators. The present study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of root caries and to determine significantly associated indicators with it among adults. The residents aged 35-74 years old were enrolled in a cross-sectional study in which dental examination were taken and structured questionnaires were collected in Zhejiang Province, China. All data were recorded in an electronic system and analyzed. The prevalence of decayed and filled root caries in 1,076 respondents was 31.9%. Elder age, greater attachment loss, and exposed root surface were associated with higher odds of incidence for decayed/filled roots and decayed roots. In the last 12 months, 27.4% of adults with decayed or filled roots and 23.2% of others utilized oral health services. Carious adults who had a very poor/poor oral health status were 2.905 times likely to report dental visits. People with sound roots who were female (OR = 2.103, P < 0.001), perceived their oral health status as moderate (OR = 1.802, P = 0.015), or poor/very poor (OR = 4.103, P < 0.001) were more likely to visit a dentist in the past 12 months. Age, attachment loss and root exposure were most significantly associated with the prevalence of root caries. Individuals who recognize their poor or very poor oral health status should feel encouraged to make use of oral health services.

One-stage combined ENT and dental surgical treatment of odontogenic sinusitis: a prospective study

PurposeThe study analyses outcomes of the surgical treatment of odontogenic sinusitis that concurrently address sinusitis and its dental source.MethodsA total of 364 adult patients were included, representing 13% of all patients we have operated on for any rhinosinusitis over the past 18 years. The diagnosis was based on both ENT and dental examinations including CT imaging. Patients were divided into three groups: (1) FESS with dental surgery without antrotomy, (2) FESS with intraoral antrotomy, and (3) intraoral surgery without FESS. The mean postoperative follow-up was 15 months.ResultsFirst group involved 64%, second group 31%, and third group 6% of the cases. The one-stage combined ENT and dental approach was used in 94% of cases (group 1 and 2) with a success rate of 97%. Concerning FESS, maxillary sinus surgery with middle meatal antrostomy only was performed in 54% of patients. Oroantral communication flap closure was performed in 56% of patients (success rate 98%). Healing was achieved within 3 months. The majority (87%) of patients were operated on unilaterally for unilateral findings. Over the past 18 years, a 6% increase of implant-related odontogenic sinusitis was observed.ConclusionOdontogenic sinusitis is common, tending to be unilateral and chronic. Its dental source needs to be uncovered and treated and should not be underestimated. Close cooperation between ENT and dental specialists has a crucial role in achieving optimal outcomes. The one-stage combined surgical approach proves to be a reliable, safe, fast and effective treatment.

Dietary Habits and Oral Hygiene as Determinants of the Incidence and Intensity of Dental Caries-A Pilot Study.

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of dietary and hygiene habits on the prevalence and intensity of dental caries. A group of 148 adults participated in the study. A self-administered nutrition and oral hygiene questionnaire was used to assess dietary habits and oral hygiene routine. A preventive diet index (PDI), a cariogenic diet index (CDI), and an oral health hygiene and prevention index (OHHPI) were created based on part of the questions. The intensity of dental caries among the respondents was investigated by the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT), which was estimated on the basis of data obtained during the dental examination. The study showed that 97% of the respondents had filled carious cavities, while untreated carious cavities were observed in up to 78% of the study participants. The respondents had an average consumption of preventive products and a low consumption of caries-stimulating foods. The preventive dietary index (PDI) value was higher in the female group than in the male group. A more frequent consumption of caries-inhibiting products was demonstrated by those declaring that they took various types of dietary supplements. The use of health-promoting sugar substitutes by the respondents was associated with a lower intensity of dental caries and a more frequent consumption of preventive products. The analysis of the survey results indicates the need to implement educational activities aimed at increasing public awareness of the prevalence of dental caries among adults.

Tooth Abnormalities and Their Age-Dependent Occurrence in Leukemia Survivors.

The multidrug nature of anticancer treatment and different treatment protocols used in the studies are likely to be a major limitation in establishing real risk factors determining the occurrence of dental abnormalities. The authors aimed to establish a relationship between the duration and the dose of chemotherapy and the number of tooth adverse effects in the group receiving the same treatment. Of the 40 anticancer therapy recipients who attended the outpatient dental clinic, 7 leukemia survivors receiving the treatment according to the ALL IC-BFM 2002 protocol were selected. The study group consisted of four females and three males aged 92 to 207 months at the time of dental examination and 29 to 91 months at leukemia diagnosis. As a result of the clinical and radiological examination, dental abnormalities such as agenesis, tooth size reduction, root abnormalities, and taurodontia were identified, and the medical records of all survivors were reviewed in terms of drugs administered, their doses, and treatment schedules. No correlation was observed between the treatment duration of an intensive therapy, the entire therapy, and the number of tooth abnormalities. No relationship was also found between the number of dental abnormalities and the cumulative dose of vincristine, L-asparaginase, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, and 6-mercaptopurine. The age at the onset of antineoplastic therapy is likely to be the strongest risk factor for toxic injury during tooth development.

Periodontal health of a low socioeconomic level population in Yucatan (Mexico): A cross-sectional study.

With the objective of assessing the periodontal health status, treatment needs, and oral hygiene habits of the population of Mérida, in Mexico, a descriptive cross-sectional study was performed. Four hundred forty individuals individually completed a questionnaire on oral health, oral hygiene habits, and quality of life. Additionally, a complete clinical dental examination was performed for each. For the statistical analysis, continuous variables (means and standard deviation) and categorical variables (frequencies) were studied. The associations were made using the analysis of variance test for continuous variables and the Chi-square test for categorical variables. The critical value to identify statistically significant differences was P < .05. The main concern of the population was the possible untreated caries they thought they had, with 36.21% followed by pain with 14.62%. Possible periodontal issues were the main discomfort for only 9%. The percentage of the sample that required periodontal intervention by a specialist was 21.14%. Statistically significant differences were found between age, place of residence, socioeconomic level, and schooling. There are great deficiencies in oral health in the studied group, which is accompanied by a great need for periodontal treatment. Periodontal health is closely related to oral hygiene, so the related sociocultural level should also be taken into account for the study of oral health in the most vulnerable populations. It is crucial to establish strategies to promote oral health.

Is Dental Anxiety Associated with Oral Health-Related Quality of Life? Assessment of Statistical Significance and Clinical Meaningfulness in a Sample of Russian Medical and Dental Students.

Information about oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and dental anxiety (DA) in Russian young adults is scarce. We investigated how DA is associated with OHRQoL in a group of medical and dental students in North-West Russia. The study had a cross-sectional design and included 807 students aged 18-25 years who attended the Northern State Medical University in Arkhangelsk. OHRQoL and DA were measured by the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS), respectively. A questionnaire collected information on socio-demographics and self-reported oral health (OH) characteristics. A dental examination was executed to assess dental caries and oral hygiene. We observed differences in the OHIP-14 scores between dentally anxious and non-anxious students: unadjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29-2.12; after adjustment for socio-demographics and clinically assessed OH: IRR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.23-2.02; after adjustment for socio-demographics, clinically assessed OH, and self-reported OH characteristics: IRR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.99-1.63. The differences between estimated marginal means for the DAS categories in the models were 2.92, 2.51, and 1.24, respectively. Minimal clinically important differences of OHIP-14 fell between 1.68 and 2.51. We found a negative statistical association between DA and OHRQoL in our study sample, but after adjustment for potential confounders, the association lost its clinical importance.

Oral health status and oral habits of children and adolescents with hemophilia: a report from the children’s hemophilia comprehensive care center of China

In recent years, the diagnosis and treatment of hemophilic children in China has significantly improved. However, oral health conditions, which affect quality of life, haven’t received attention in this population. To explore the oral health status and oral hygiene of children and adolescents with hemophilia in the Children’s Hemophilia Comprehensive Care Center of China. Dental and oral hygiene examinations were performed in children and adolescents with hemophilia who visited Beijing Children’s Hospital. DMFT/dmft (decayed, missing, filled teeth in permanent and primary teeth) was assessed according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. The simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) was used to evaluate the oral hygiene condition of the subjects. Questionnaires were completed by their parents. SPSS 21.0 was used for statistical analysis. A total of 114 children and adolescents were enrolled. The caries prevalence was 57.4%, 72.2% and 41.2% in primary, mixed and permanent dentitions respectively. The filling rates were 14.4%, 13.9%, and 11.4%, respectively, and the OHI-S scores of the three dentition groups were 1.49 ± 0.46, 1.57 ± 0.43, and 1.76 ± 0.46, respectively. A total of 103 valid questionnaires were collected. Sixty-nine children (67%) didn’t brushed their teeth 2 times a day. Nearly half of the parents knew little about fluoride toothpaste. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that brushing teeth with the help of parents had a significant positive impact on OHI-S. Conclusion: Dental health was unsatisfactory among hemophilic children and adolescents. The caries filling rates were low. Patients and their parents did not give much attention to oral health.What is Known:• Caries and gingivitis are the two main oral diseases that affect children with hemophilia.• However, the oral health conditions of children and adolescents with hemophilia have not received much attention in China.What is New:• This is the first study concentrating on the dental health of children with hemophilia in China.• Dental health was unsatisfactory among children and adolescents with hemophilia in China.

Assessment of Pediatricians' and General Practitioners' Knowledge and Practice Regarding Oral Health, Dental Caries and Its Prevention in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the knowledge and practices of family physicians (general practitioners) and pediatricians concerning children's oral health. This research involved a cross-sectional survey with 446 respondents, consisting of 77.8% women and 22.1% men, with 81.6% being general (family) practitioners and 18.4% pediatricians. The survey comprised five sections, gathering information on participants' sociodemographic characteristics, routine oral cavity examination in clinical practice, knowledge about dental caries and its prevention, teething symptoms, and alternatives to fluorides for preventing dental caries. The findings revealed an overall poor understanding of dental caries and its prevention, with an average score of 5.1 ± 1.6 out of a possible 10 points. Notably, practitioners with fewer pediatric patients during the workday, no training on oral health, and uncertainty about physicians' active role in oral health prevention exhibited lower knowledge levels (p ˂ 0.05). Over 90% of participants conducted dental and oral mucosal examinations on their patients. About 25% had received continuing education on children's oral health, and 70.6% expressed interest in further education on the subject. This study highlights insufficient knowledge among physicians regarding dental caries and its prevention. With most participants eager to learn and actively promote children's oral health, providing training is essential to boost their knowledge and support children's oral health.

The Impact of Radiation Dose Variation in Panoramic Dental Examination on Salivary Amylase Enzyme Activity

The surge in oral and dental diseases has amplified the significance of dental panoramic imaging as a diagnostic tool for healthcare professionals. However, such imaging subjects patients to radiation, impacting salivary pH and amylase enzyme activity. This study of 30 patients aimed to measure radiation doses and their effects on salivary pH and amylase enzyme activity. Radiation doses were quantified using a Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD-100) and analyzed with a TLD reader. Salivary pH was determined using a digital pH meter, and amylase enzyme activity was assessed through the iodine method, involving a reaction between a 1% amylum solution, iodine solution, and saliva. Results showed an average radiation dose of 2.33 μSv, significantly affecting salivary pH. Specifically, 28 patients experienced an average pH decrease of 0.34, while 2 had an average pH increase of 0.385. These pH changes corresponded with variations in amylase enzyme activity. In 17 patients, amylase activity increased by an average of 0.75×10-4 units/mL, while 13 patients exhibited an average decrease of 0.96×10-4 units/mL. This underscores the intricate relationship between radiation dose, salivary pH, and amylase enzyme activity, warranting further exploration within dental panoramic imaging.

Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Cone Beam Computed Tomography and Multidetector Computed Tomography on Exfoliated Buccal Epithelial Cells.

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) are frequently used in dental and maxillofacial problems. This study aimed to assess the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity effects of CBCT and MDCT radiographies on exfoliated buccal epithelial cells during dental examinations. This prospective experimental study was conducted at Babol University of Medical Sciences (Babol, Iran) from March 2021 to April 2021. Buccal mucosa smears were collected bilaterally pre-exposure and 12 days after CBCT or MDCT examinations. To compare the frequency of micronuclei and other cytotoxic cellular changes such as pyknosis, karyolysis, and karyorrhexis, the paired sample t test and Wilcoxon test were used. In addition, independent sample t test, Mann-Whitney, and Chi square tests were used to investigate the differences between the imaging methods and between men and women. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software, and P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. The current study included 60 adult patients (30 patients in each group), ranging in age from 21 to 50 years. The micronuclei and the other cytotoxic cellular changes increased significantly after CBCT and MDCT radiographic examinations on the 12th day compared to the pre-exposure results (P<0.001). MDCT had statistically higher cytotoxic and genotoxic effects than CBCT (9.4%, 23.1%, and 40% higher values in micronucleus frequency, the mean frequency of micronuclei, and other cytotoxic changes, respectively). There were no significant differences between men and women in the two examination methods (P=0.46 and P=0.49, respectively). Dental examinations with CBCT and MDCT can increase cytotoxicity and chromosomal damage in both men and women. Due to its lower radiation toxicities, CBCT can be recommended as an alternative to MDCT for dental examinations.

Assessment of the environmental risk factors associated with traumatic dental injuries among WHO index-aged children and adolescents

BACKGROUND: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are becoming a worldwide phenomenon owing to their variable prevalence, and their etiology is considered multifactorial and complex in interactions among various risk factors. These are preventable if risk factors are analyzed and interpreted in all possible scientific manners. The objective of this study was to assess the various environmental risk factors (places of occurrence of TDI) among World Health Organization (WHO) index-aged children and adolescents (12 and 15 years). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was the epidemiological cross-sectional study conducted in Aligarh City, Uttar Pradesh, India, in the year 2018, with a sample size of 1000. Multistage random sampling technique was employed. Study data were collected by doing dental examination and structured interview with self-prepared pro forma in ten randomly selected sampling sites (schools) from different regions of the city. Subsequently, data were entered in an Excel sheet and then analyzed with the Chi-square test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. RESULTS: Overall, school (63; 46.7%) was found to be the most prevalent environmental risk factor for TDI followed by home (37; 27.4%), roadside (10; 7.4%), and playground (9; 6.7%). Fifteen (11.1%) affected individuals were not able to recall the place of the TDI incident, while 0.7% (1) had TDI occurrence in other places. Among 12-year index-aged children, home (15; 34.1%) was the most common place of TDI in rural regions, while school (27; 67.5%) was the most frequent place of TDI in urban regions. Among 15-year index-aged adolescents, school (19; 59.4%) was found to be the most common place in rural regions, whereas school (9; 47.4%) was the most frequent place of TDI in urban regions. CONCLUSION: Environmental factors, especially school premises, infrastructure, and playing facilities, need to be upgraded and built with an emphasis on a safer environment for children. Teachers, parents, and school children should be educated and made aware of the preventive measures for dental injuries in schools and homes. Appropriate safety gears should be mandatory to use among children and adolescents during outdoor sports and recreational activities.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ КЛИНИЧЕСКОЙ КАРТИНЫ СЛИЗИСТОЙ ПОЛОСТИ РТА И ПАРОДОНТА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ВИРУСНЫМ ГЕПАТИТОМ С ДО И ПОСЛЕ КОМПЛЕКСНОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ

To study the dental status, patients’ complaints and data from a clinical examination of the oral cavity were taken into account, which included: external examination of the lips and corners of the mouth, assessment of the condition of various parts of the oral mucosa. Patients complained about discomfort in the oral cavity, dry mouth, tightness of the lips, soreness in the corners of the mouth, burning and tingling sensation in the tongue, changes in taste, coated tongue, roughness of the oral mucosa. The course of HCV is significantly aggravated by poor oral hygiene, which increases the risk of developing local inflammatory changes. This justifies the need for early dental examination of patients with HCV to improve the effectiveness of treatment and prevention of oral diseases. Thus, in a comparative study of lesions of the oral cavity and periodontium before and after treatment for viral hepatitis C, it was found out that the main symptoms significantly undergo dynamics towards improvement and are detected at a lower frequency.

THE CORRELATION LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF DENTAL NURSING STUDENTS' ANXIETY REGARDING THE HAZARDS OF RADIATION IN PANORAMIC EXAMINATION AND DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY

Knowledge is information that has been combined with understanding and the potential to act; which then sticks in someone's mind. Anxiety is an unreal fear, a feeling of being threatened in response to something that is not actually threatening, according to psychodynamic theory anxiety arises when self-will demands detachment from the ego. Panoramic radiography is a supporting tool that can be used to diagnose a case, such as the presence of a jaw fracture, symmetrical or asymmetrical evaluation of the TMJ or knowing the depth of caries.In radiological examinations, especially dental and panoramic, there are many worries or fears that arise when an examination is carried out. So it is necessary to increase knowledge in order to reduce the anxiety that arises.This type of research used is descriptive correlational research. The population and sample in this study were Diploma III students at the Department of Dental Nursing, Poltekkes Semarang who coincidentally (accidentally) met with researchers who were considered suitable with the specified sample characteristics to be sampled.The results of the Spearman rank test on the relationship between the level of knowledge and the anxiety level of the respondents obtained the Spearman rank correlation value (Rs) of -0.600, meaning that the higher the patient's level of knowledge about panoramic and dental radiographic examinations, the lower the patient's anxiety level. All respondents had no anxiety when dealing with radiological examinations, especially dental and panoramic examinations.

PREVALENCE OF CARIES AND THE NEED FOR URGENT DENTAL TREATMENT AMONG CHILDREN WITH NEUROLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT IN NORTHEASTERN BULGARIA

Introduction: Oral health is extremely important for the quality of life and well-being. Findings reveal that people with special needs have difficulties in getting dental care, which increases their risk of oral diseases. The recommendations for dental examination are identical for patients with and without neurological impairment. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of caries and overall dental health among children with motor and mental disabilities in Northeastern Bulgaria. Methods: A total of 53 children with neurological impairment under the age of 18 were selected from Varna and Ruse from April to October 2017. Data on age, gender, height, weight, caregiver education level were collected. Information on oral hygiene behavior and diet was gathered as well. The 2013 World Health Organization standards for dental caries were used to assess the oral health status. The data were analyzed with the statistical package Jamovi v.2.2.2.0. Results: Children were divided into two groups – with predominantly motor or mental impairment. Both groups had high rates of caries and need for urgent dental treatment with no significant difference observed. The CPITN correlated positively with motor impairment (Spearman's rho= 0.393; p= 0.043). It was discovered that children with motor impairment had a higher prevalence of malocclusion than children with mental impairment (rho= -0.331; p= 0.016). The number of caries correlated as well with the type of occlusion (Spearman's rho=0.378; p=0.005), the dentition type (rho=0.343; p=0.012) and the age (rho= 0.372; p= 0.006). Conclusion: The study findings indicate that both types of neurological impairments were associated with a high frequency of caries and a significant need for urgent dental care. More frequent dental examination is thought to improve oral health. Nevertheless, more studies are required to substantiate this theory.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the frequency and structure of edentulism in elderly and senile people of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Aim. Based on the results of the study of the frequency and structure of complete loss of teeth in the upper and lower jaws, to determine the need of elderly and senile people in prosthetics with complete removable orthopedic structures. Materials and methods. A dental examination was carried out in 5,791 people aged 60 to 93 years. At the same time, on the recommendation of WHO, a key age group of 65-74 years was formed. The study took into account the topography of the absence of teeth, gender, age, the presence and evaluation of previously manufactured complete removable dentures and the need for prosthetics. Results. A high prevalence of complete loss of teeth on the upper and lower jaws was found in the examined age groups of elderly and senile age. The largest proportion of complete loss of teeth of the upper and lower jaws was revealed in the age group of 75-84 years. At the same time, in elderly people, complete adentia is detected mainly in women, since men occupy a quarter of the gender ratio. Meanwhile, taking into account the indications for reprosthetics and the absence of prostheses with complete loss of teeth, the need for the manufacture of orthopedic structures in the form of complete removable prostheses in the surveyed population is determined. Conclusions. The obtained results dictate the need to improve orthopedic rehabilitation of patients with complete loss of teeth in the upper and lower jaws, taking into account the data obtained on the structure and frequency of complete loss of teeth in elderly and senile people.

Unilateral gemination: A case report

Introduction: Dental gemination is an uncommon developmental anomaly characterized by an enlarged bifid tooth crown. Case Report: This case report presents clinical and radiographic findings of gemination affecting a mandibular left lateral incisor in a 20-year-old female patient. The patient presented for a routine dental examination, which revealed an abnormal crown morphology of the mandibular left lateral incisor. There was no associated symptomology. Radiographic analysis confirmed the presence of a single root and root canal beneath the bifid tooth crown. Based on the clinical and radiographic features, a diagnosis of gemination was made. The treatment plan options were discussed with the patient, who opted not to restore the anomalous tooth. Instead, the geminated tooth will be kept under observation with regular monitoring and preventive care. Conclusion: This case provides an example of the importance of proper diagnosis of developmental dental anomalies. It also underscores the role of patient preferences in determining appropriate management of incidental findings like asymptomatic geminated teeth.

TETRACYCLINE RESISTANCE AND DISCOLORATION OF TEETH: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON DRUG RESISTANCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN THE FEDERAL AREA OF PAKISTAN

Tetracycline antibiotics have been pivotal in managing bacterial infections in Pakistan and globally. However, the rampant misuse and overuse of tetracyclines have catalyzed the emergence of antibiotic resistance, presenting a pressing public health challenge. Additionally, the administration of tetracyclines during tooth development can result in tooth discoloration, exerting a profound impact on oral health and the overall quality of life. This research paper delves into assessing the prevalence of tetracycline resistance within the Federal Area of Pakistan, scrutinizes the interplay between tetracycline usage and tooth discoloration by enlisting 682 participants, and comprehensively evaluates the implications of antibiotic resistance on public health within the region. A rigorous examination of tetracycline resistance in the Federal Area of Pakistan comprised an extensive survey involving 682 individuals. The study encompassed diverse age groups and demographic characteristics to ensure a representative sample. The participants were interviewed, and their medical histories were scrutinized to establish the extent and patterns of tetracycline usage. Subsequently, dental examinations and assessments were carried out to identify cases of tooth discoloration associated with tetracycline exposure. Bacterial isolates from clinical specimens were subjected to susceptibility testing to determine the prevalence of tetracycline resistance in the region. The findings of this study revealed a substantial prevalence of tetracycline resistance among bacterial isolates in the Federal Area of Pakistan. Furthermore, the investigation demonstrated a significant correlation between tetracycline usage during tooth development and tooth discoloration in the surveyed population. The high incidence of tetracycline-induced tooth discoloration emphasized the need for increased awareness regarding the judicious use of antibiotics, especially in vulnerable populations. Tetracycline resistance in Pakistan's Federal Area is a pressing concern. Irresponsible use during tooth development can cause discoloration. To combat resistance, regulate use, educate the public, and promote alternative treatments. An integrated approach is urgently needed to protect public health.

TETRACYCLINE RESISTANCE AND DISCOLORATION OF TEETH: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON DRUG RESISTANCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN THE FEDERAL AREA OF PAKISTAN

Tetracycline antibiotics have been pivotal in managing bacterial infections in Pakistan and globally. However, the rampant misuse and overuse of tetracyclines have catalyzed the emergence of antibiotic resistance, presenting a pressing public health challenge. Additionally, the administration of tetracyclines during tooth development can result in tooth discoloration, exerting a profound impact on oral health and the overall quality of life. This research paper delves into assessing the prevalence of tetracycline resistance within the Federal Area of Pakistan, scrutinizes the interplay between tetracycline usage and tooth discoloration by enlisting 682 participants, and comprehensively evaluates the implications of antibiotic resistance on public health within the region. A rigorous examination of tetracycline resistance in the Federal Area of Pakistan comprised an extensive survey involving 682 individuals. The study encompassed diverse age groups and demographic characteristics to ensure a representative sample. The participants were interviewed, and their medical histories were scrutinized to establish the extent and patterns of tetracycline usage. Subsequently, dental examinations and assessments were carried out to identify cases of tooth discoloration associated with tetracycline exposure. Bacterial isolates from clinical specimens were subjected to susceptibility testing to determine the prevalence of tetracycline resistance in the region. The findings of this study revealed a substantial prevalence of tetracycline resistance among bacterial isolates in the Federal Area of Pakistan. Furthermore, the investigation demonstrated a significant correlation between tetracycline usage during tooth development and tooth discoloration in the surveyed population. The high incidence of tetracycline-induced tooth discoloration emphasized the need for increased awareness regarding the judicious use of antibiotics, especially in vulnerable populations. Tetracycline resistance in Pakistan's Federal Area is a pressing concern. Irresponsible use during tooth development can cause discoloration. To combat resistance, regulate use, educate the public, and promote alternative treatments. An integrated approach is urgently needed to protect public health.