Dental Bacteria Research Articles

Isolation and identification of the antimicrobial substance included in tempeh using Rhizopus stolonifer NBRC 30816 for fermentation

In this study, we focus on the antimicrobial properties of tempeh, a soybean fermented food, against oral bacteria.Tempeh showed antimicrobial activity against dental caries pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans at a final concentration of 1 mg/mL. An antimicrobial substance contained in tempeh was present in the 100 kDa or greater fraction generated by ultrafiltration, but it was found not to be proteinaceous by native-PAGE, SDS-PAGE and protein degradation tests. Next, when the fraction was purified with an ODS column, the 80% and 100% methanol eluates showed antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. The 100% methanol eluate was further subjected to a 2nd column purification, and isolation of the target was confirmed by HPLC. When the isolated material was analyzed by ESI-MS, the m/z was 279.234. Further analysis by Raman spectroscopy revealed a peak similar to linoleic acid. This substance also possessed antimicrobial properties equivalent to linoleic acid.

Comparison of Efficacy of Cannabinoids versus Commercial Oral Care Products in Reducing Bacterial Content from Dental Plaque: A Preliminary Observation.

BackgroundDental plaque is a complex biofilm that gets formed on the teeth and acts as a reservoir of different microbes. It is the root cause for the occurrence of several dental problems and diseases, including cavities, bad breath, bleeding gums, tooth decay, and tooth loss. Therefore, it should be regularly removed using suitable oral care aids.ObjectivesThe present study compared the efficacy of oral care products and cannabinoids in reducing the bacterial content of dental plaques.MethodsSixty adults aged 18 to 45 years were categorized into six groups based on the Dutch periodontal screening index. Dental plaques of the adults were collected using paro-toothpick sticks and spread on two Petri dishes, each with four divisions. On Petri dish-A, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabigerol (CBG) were used, and on Petri dish-B, cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), Oral B, Colgate, and Cannabite F (a toothpaste formulation of pomegranate and algae) were used. The Petri dishes were sealed and incubated, followed by counting the number of colonies.ResultsBy evaluating the colony count of the dental bacteria isolated from six groups, it was found that cannabinoids were more effective in reducing the bacterial colony count in dental plaques as compared to the well-established synthetic oral care products such as Oral B and Colgate.ConclusionCannabinoids have the potential to be used as an effective antibacterial agent against dental plaque-associated bacteria. Moreover, it provides a safer alternative for synthetic antibiotics to reduce the development of drug resistance.

Study on oral hygiene by nanobubbles from high-density nozzle.

An experiment was performed on oral bacteria removal using the design variables, which included the three-segment rotor speed of the testing device and three types of stainless steel meshes (with different layers). The overall hygienic results showed an effect of up to 95% bacteria removal, and some combinations had 100% hygienic effect. The study proposed that the use of nanobubble generated by a high-density stainless-steel mesh-manufactured nozzle removes dental bacteria. In addition, the device could also be used for auxiliary oral hygiene to decrease the frequency of future medical visits due to periodontal diseases or to enable the device to assist patients with severe periodontal disease more conveniently for oral hygiene.

Molecular identification and diversity analysis of dental bacteria in diabetic and non-diabetic females from Saudi Arabia.

Periodontal disease is a chronic infectious disease, which is characterized by the damaged dental hard tissue by lactic acid generated by microorganisms after the fermentation of carbohydrates rich diet. The risk of periodontal disease is known to be higher in diabetic patients. We compared the diversity of five commonly occurring dental bacteria including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Prevotella intermedia, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in 14 type-2 diabetic patients and equal numbers of healthy controls. The subgingival samples were collected using sterile paper points. We used 16S rRNA sequence specific primers for PCR-based identification of dental bacteria. Our results showed that A. actinomycetemcomitans was completely absent in control subjects but present in 43% of diabetic patients. C. ochracea was highly prevalent in diabetic patients (100%) as compared to controls (28.5%). The frequency of other three bacterial species was also higher in diabetic patients than control subjects. These findings indicate that dental bacteria are highly prevalent in subgingival pockets of diabetic patients. Therefore, proper monitoring of diabetic patients for dental care is important to prevent bacterial growth and its sequela in risky individuals. Further case-control studies using larger sample size would help in validating the association between oral diseases and diabetes.

Engineering DNA-Nanozyme Interfaces for Rapid Detection of Dental Bacteria.

Engineering biological interfaces represents a powerful means to improve the performance of biosensors. Here, we developed a DNA-engineered nanozyme interface for rapid and sensitive detection of dental bacteria. We employed DNA aptamer as both molecular recognition keys and adhesive substrates to functionalize the nanozyme. Utilizing different immobilization strategies and DNA designs, a range of DNA nanoscale biointerfaces were constructed to modulate enzymatic and biological properties of the nanozyme systems. These functional biointerfaces improved the accessibility of bacteria to the nanozyme surface, providing large signal change range at optimal DNA probe density. The DNA-functionalized nanozymes demonstrate a rapid, label-free, and highly sensitive direct colorimetric detection of Streptococcus mutans, with a detection limit of 12 CFU mL-1, as well as excellent discrimination from other dental bacteria. We demonstrate the use of this biological nanointerface for identifying dental bacteria in salivary samples, showing its potential in clinical prevention and diagnosis of dental diseases.

1555-P: Differences in Oral Microbiota as Risk Factors for Periodontal Disease in Diabetic Subjects

Objective: Periodontal disease, caused by infection with gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, is the biggest risk factor for losing teeth in most westernized countries. Recently, periodontal disease has been regarded as complication of diabetes, since it develops frequently and progress rapidly in diabetic subject. However, although association between diabetes and minimal chronic inflammation induced by periodontal disease has been reported, association between differences in microbiota and periodontal diseases in diabetic subject have not been well examined. Research Design and Methods: Among participants of the population-based Iwaki study of Japanese held in 2016, those with information of oral cavity environment evaluated by the salivary multi-test, and microbiota of saliva samples evaluated using 16S rRNA sequencing were included in the study (n=1078). Diabetes: HbA1c levels ≧6.5% or FBG ≧126 mg/dl; normal glucose tolerance (NGT): HbA1c levels <6.0% or FBG <100 mg/dl. Results: The number of dental caries-causing bacterium was significantly higher (3.15±1.61 vs. 2.61±1.61, p <0.01), and the saliva buffer capacity was significantly lower (71.9±10.8 vs. 77.8±10.4, p <0.01) in diabetic subjects compared to those with NGT. Further, proportion of the phylum Firmicutes was higher (41.3±12.4% vs. 37.2±11.6%, p <0.01), and the phylum Bacteroidetes was significantly lower (18.9±8.5% vs. 20.9±8.3%, p=0.01) in diabetic subjects compared to those with NGT. Conclusions: Abnormal glucose tolerance may change oral microbiota, induce dental caries, and be a risk factor for periodontal disease. We will further examine association between microbiota and diabetes in taxonomic category below phylum, and, also, in consideration with nutrients consumed. Disclosure S. Mizushiri: None. M. Daimon: None. H. Murakami: None. M. Murabayashi: None. Y. Matsuhashi: None. A. Kamba: None.

Dental floss use among elementary school children and environmental factors; a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe onset of carious lesions and periodontal disease originates in plaque formed from dental bacteria. Appropriate plaque control is therefore important. Dental floss is one instrument used to control plaque. The influence of guardians is an important factor in whether children use dental floss regularly. However, the use of dental floss among school-age children and the relationship between use and family background has yet to be examined. AimIn this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey to examine rates of dental floss use and other related factors among elementary school children and their guardians. MethodsSurveys were sent to 298 guardians of children in grades 1–6 at an elementary school in Japan and 283 valid responses were received. Statistical analyses were carried out, with child’s use of dental floss as a dependent variable and grade, sex, guardian assistance with child's tooth brushing, frequency of child’s dental check-ups, and guardian's use of dental floss as independent variables. ResultsThe results revealed that 18.4% of children used dental floss compared with 52.7% of guardians, suggesting that the rate of usage among children is much lower than that among guardians. Logistic regression analysis further revealed that guardian's use of dental floss was significantly related to dental floss use among children. ConclusionThe guardian's use of dental floss was associated with dental floss use among their children in this group of Japanese elementary school.

Nutritional biotransformation in traditional fermented tea (Miang) from north Thailand and its impact on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

Miang is a traditional fermented tea made from fermentation of Assam tea leaves with mixed microbial culture involving lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Miang has important bioactive benefits such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activity with relevance to health benefits. Miang is categorized into two processes; filamentous fungi growth-based (FFP) and non-filamentous fungi-based (NFP) process, depending on area of production. Further, Miang is also divided into 2 types; astringent Miang and sour Miang, depending on fermentation time. The aim of this research was to determine the important macronutrient biotransformation of Miang diversity under above processes and types and explore the impact on bioactive compounds relevant to antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. During fermentation, pH, total acid, nutritional components, total polyphenols (TP), total tannins (TT), total flavonoids (TF), total catechins (TC), antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity were evaluated. Miang when fermented for longer sour Miang process compared to shorter time astringent Miang increased crude protein, fiber, and ash contents whereas soluble carbohydrates decreased. Even though TP, TT, TF and TC of sour Miang was lower, the overall antioxidant activity was higher than astringent Miang. This suggests that in addition to the phenolic compounds, other specific phenolics and substances such as biotransformed protein and fat could contribute to antioxidant properties. Additionally, Miang also contains antimicrobial activities against dental caries pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans, gastrointestinal disease causing Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium through likely effects of organic acids and phenolic compounds.

Perception and knowledge about oral health of caregivers of children with microcephaly

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the perception and knowledge of caregivers of children with microcephaly on oral health care. Methods: This is a qualitative study with a research-action method, in which semi-structured interviews - diagnostic and evaluative - and oral health workshop were adopted as techniques for data collection and intervention.The study was conducted in a group aimed at caregivers of children with microcephaly, offered in the public health network of the capital Maceió, Alagoas. Nine women caring for children with microcephaly participated in the study. The participants statements were transcribed and, through the thematic analysis, the data was categorized and discussed. Results: The main caregivers of children with microcephaly were mothers and grandmothers. Of these, 45% had incomplete secondary education. Most reported self-care with their impaired oral health, were unaware of the risk of transmission of dental caries-related bacteria, did not offer exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age, and offered artificial milk to the children with sugared and farinaceous milk. Conclusion: For caregivers of children with microcephaly, oral health care is a less valuable topic when compared to other demands, both at home and other physical treatments. Responsibility for care is aimed at the maternal figures, which makes it difficult for them to take care of their own oral health. Educational action on oral health minimized doubts and fragilities for the self-care and care of children related to oral health.

Oral mucosa-on-a-chip to assess layer-specific responses to bacteria and dental materials

The human oral mucosa hosts a diverse microbiome and is exposed to potentially toxic biomaterials from dental restoratives. Mucosal health is partly determined by cell and tissue responses to challenges such as dental materials and pathogenic bacteria. An in vitro model to rapidly determine potential layer-specific responses would lead to a better understanding of mucosal homeostasis and pathology. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a co-cultured microfluidic mucosal model on-a-chip to rapidly assess mucosal remodeling and the responses of epithelial and subepithelial layers to challenges typically found in the oral environment. A gingival fibroblast-laden collagen hydrogel was assembled in the central channel of a three-channel microfluidic chamber with interconnecting pores, followed by a keratinocyte layer attached to the collagen exposed in the pores. This configuration produced apical and subepithelial side channels capable of sustaining flow. Keratinocyte, fibroblast, and collagen densities were optimized to create a co-culture tissue-like construct stable over one week. Cells were stained and imaged with epifluorescence microscopy to confirm layer characteristics. As proof-of-concept, the mucosal construct was exposed separately to a dental monomer, 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and the oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans. Exposure to HEMA lowered mucosal cell viability, while exposure to the bacteria lowered trans-epithelial electrical resistance. These findings suggest that the oral mucosa-on-a-chip is useful for studying oral mucosal interactions with bacteria and biomaterials with a histology-like view of the tissue layers.

Single-Dose Bioavailability for Prophylactic Coverage in Patients Undergoing Dental Implant Surgery.

The use of antibiotic prophylaxis in dental implant surgery is a routine dental practice to prevent implant failure. Current systematic reviews have yet to confirm the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment at reducing postoperative infection rates in implant procedures. The aim of this study was to quantify amoxicillin plasma levels at the peripheral venous blood and at the surgical implant site in patients undergoing dental treatment. A prospective study was conducted. Patients undergoing dental implant surgery were selected, and preoperative doses of 1 g of amoxicillin, in the form of an oral tablet, were administered 1 hour prior to implant surgery. The blood samples (1.5 mL) were collected from both the venous and implant sites. Data on the antibiotics were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The quantification method was validated for linearity, selectivity, and detection limits. Statistical analysis of plasma antibiotic was performed, comparing both samples and the age, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) (Wilcoxon test, P < .05; STATA v.10.0). Thirty-two patients (mean age: 56.28 ± 12.2 years; range: 31 to 79 years; 20 men) were selected. Both blood samples were taken at a mean 1.16 ± 0.37 hours after antibiotic intake. The mean amoxicillin concentration at the implant site reached 5 ± 2.63 μg/mL (range: 2.04 to 11.18 μg/mL), while the venous blood level was 4.21 ± 2.12 μg/mL (range: 1.6 to 9.98 μg/mL) (P = .33). No correlations were observed between age, height, weight, and BMI with antibiotic plasma levels. These findings demonstrate that plasma concentrations of a prophylactic dose of amoxicillin are higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration needed to prevent the common dental bacteria involved in peri-implantitis and periodontal diseases.

Kinetics of calcium binding to dental biofilm bacteria.

Dental biofilm bacteria can bind calcium ions and release them during a pH drop, which could decrease the driving force for dental demineralization (i.e. hydroxyapatite dissolution) occurring at reduced pHs. However, the kinetics of this binding and release is not completely understood. Here we validated a method to evaluate the kinetics of calcium binding and release to/from Streptococcus mutans, and estimated the importance of this reservoir as a source of ions. The kinetics of calcium binding was assessed by measuring the amount of bound calcium in S. mutans Ingbrit 1600 pellets treated with PIPES buffer, pH 7.0, containing 1 or 10 mM Ca; for the release kinetics, bacterial pellets previously treated with 1 mM or 10 mM Ca were exposed to the calcium-free or 1 mM Ca PIPES buffer, pH 7.0, for up to 60 min. Binding and release curves were constructed and parameters of kinetics were calculated. Also, calcium release was assessed by exposing pellets previously treated with calcium to a pH 5.0 buffer for 10 min. Calcium binding to bacteria was concentration-dependent and rapid, with maximum binding reached at 5 min. On the other hand, calcium release was slower, and according to the calculations, would never be complete in the groups pretreated with 10 mM Ca. Decreasing pH from 7.0 to 5.0 caused a release of calcium able to increase the surrounding fluid calcium concentration in 2 mM. The results suggest that dental biofilm bacteria may act as a calcium reservoir, rapidly binding ions from surrounding fluids, releasing them slowly at neutral pH and promptly during a pH drop.

Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Perasan Jus Buah Nanas (Ananas comosus) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Isolat Bakteri Plak Gigi di Puskesmas Kecamatan Tanah Abang Periode April 2017

Karies gigi atau yang dikenal masyarakat umum sebagai “Gigi Berlubang” merupakan penyakit yang dapat menyerang semua umur di dunia. Penyakit karies gigi didahului dengan terbentuknya plak gigi dan merupakan penyakit multifaktorial. Usaha untuk mencegah karies gigi secara alami yaitu dengan menggunakan tumbuhan yang mengandung senyawa antibakteri. Salah satu tumbuhan yang diketahui mempunyai senyawa antibakteri dan terdapat banyak di Indonesia adalah nanas. Tanaman nanas mengandung enzim bromelain, saponin, flavonoid dan tanin yang berkhasiat sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas antibakteri dari perasan jus buah nanas terhadap pertumbuhan isolat bakteri plak gigi menggunakan tiga jenis konsentrasi perasan jus buah nanas (25%, 50% dan 75%). Metode penelitian adalah eksperimental dengan menggunakan isolat bakteri plak gigi dari pasien Poli Gigi dan Mulut di Puskesmas Kec. Tanah Abang. Uji Kruskal-Wallis untuk analisis data. Hasil analisis menunjukkan semakin tinggi konsentrasi perasan jus buah nanas yang diuji, maka akan semakin besar juga diameter zona hambat yang terbentuk disekeliling kertas cakram. Pada konsentrasi 25%, 50%, dan 75%, masing-masing memiliki rata-rata zona hambat sebesar 2,90mm (lemah); 3,89mm (lemah); dan 5,89mm (sedang). Enzim bromelain dalam nanas dapat menurunkan tegangan permukaan dinding sel bakteri sehingga menyebabkan lisis dan juga memecah ikatan protein yang membantu untuk perlekatan dengan pelikel.

Phytochemical screening, toxicity and antimicrobial action of Solanum paniculatum Linn extract against dental biofilm bacteria

The aims of study were to determine the phytochemical composition of hydroalcoholic extract of Solanum paniculatum Linn (jurubeba) root, to evaluate its in vitro antimicrobial action, as well as to determine the acute toxicity and potential cytotoxic effects of this extract. The extract was characterized by phytochemical screening and thin-layer chromatography. The following oral bacteria were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius and Lactobacillus casei. Each assay was carried out in duplicate and the positive control (0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate) was subjected to the same procedure. Results were analyzed by Student t-test or Mann-Whitney test, with the level of significance set at 5%. Preclinical acute toxicity assays were performed using the median lethal dose of the extracts in animals. In addition, the cytotoxic effects of the extracts on human erythrocytes were evaluated. Solanum paniculatum showed MIC values of 7.81 mg/mL. The extract had no acute effects at concentrations of 0.97 to 500 mg/mL. The S. paniculatum extract was only cytotoxic at a concentration of 250 mg/mL. Phytochemical screening revealed predominance of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and tannins. In conclusion, S. paniculatum Linn showed in vitro antimicrobial activity against bacterial monocultures. No toxicological effects were observed. The predominance of phenols may explain the pharmacological activity of this extract. However, randomized controlled clinical trials should be conducted to evaluate the effect of S. paniculatum added to mouthwash solution. Key words: Microbiology, phytotherapy, chromatography, toxicity, Solanum paniculatum Linn.

Dental caries bacterial isolates sensitivity toward water-, ethanolicextract and essential oils of several shallot cultivars (Allium cepa)

Indrawati I, Anggraini AP, Irawan B. 2017. Dental caries bacterial isolates sensitivity toward water-, ethanolic- extract and essential oils of several shallot cultivars (Allium cepa). Nusantara Bioscience 9: 229-235. Sensitivity test of dental caries bacterial isolates has been carried out toward water-, ethanolic- extract and essential oil of Batu, Maja, Sumenep shallot cultivars. The experimental method was conducted using sensitivity test through Kirby-Bauer method with randomized complete design factorial 5 x 16 for each shallot cultivars with two replications. Factor one (i) was dental caries bacteria isolates (Lactobacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp.1, Staphylococcus sp.2, Staphylococcus sp.3 and Streptococcus sp.). The other factor (ii) was an antibacterial agent (water-extract, ethanolic- extract and essential oil of Batu, Maja, Sumenep shallot cultivars and antibiotic Vancomycine 30 μg). Concentration for each shallot cultivars extract that used was 80%, 40%, 20%, 10% and 0%. The result of sensitivity test to those antibacterial agents showed that 80% water extract of Maja cultivar had the best inhibition zone of Staphylococcus sp.1 growth with the average of inhibition zone 37 mm. The interaction factor between essential oil from Batu and Maja as well as Sumenep shallot cultivar revealed a better inhibition zone than Vancomycine 30 μg with all bacterial isolates tested.

PENGARUH STRES PADA KESEHATAN JARINGAN PERIODONTAL

Stress is a psycho-physiological reactions to various stimuli emotionally or physically interfere with homeostasis, and can exacerbate diseases result from bacterial and viral infections in animals and humans. Psychological stress or psychosomatic conditions encourage the immunological changes. Namely stress hormone CRH, ACTH and glucocorticoids can affect the immune response resulting in bone loss, tissue damage, loss of attachment, and can inhibit wound healing. One of the periodontal pathogenic bacterial species is Porphyromonas gingivalis. Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria found in dental plaque and bacteria that cause periodontal tissue pathological changes with the activation of the immune and inflammatory response of the host, and directly affects the cells of the periodontium. The high level of stress is accompanied by a lack of oral health can lead to more severe periodontal conditions. Keywords: stress, periodontal, Porphyromonas gingivalis

Dental plaque microbial profiles of children from Khartoum, Sudan, with congenital heart defects

ABSTRACTFew studies have focused on the bacterial species associated with the deterioration of the dental and gingival health of children with congenital heart defects (CHD). The aims of this study were (1) to examine the dental plaque of children with CHD in order to quantify bacterial load and altered bacterial composition compared with children without CHD; and (2) to investigate the correlation between the level of caries and gingivitis and dental biofilm bacteria among those children. In this cross-sectional study, participants were children (3–12 years) recruited in Khartoum State, Sudan. A total of 80 CHD cases from the Ahmed Gasim Cardiac Centre and 80 healthy controls from randomly selected schools and kindergartens were included. Participants underwent clinical oral examinations for caries (decayed, missing, and filled teeth indices [DMFT] for primary dentition, and DMFT for permanent dentition), and gingivitis (simplified gingival index [GI]). Pooled dental biofilm samples were obtained from four posterior teeth using paper points. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection and quantification of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcussanguinis, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization was used for the detection of 40 additional bacterial species. CHD cases had a significantly higher caries experience (DMFT = 4.1 vs. 2.3, p < 0.05; DMFT = 1.4 vs. 0.7, p < 0.05) and a higher mean number of examined teeth with gingivitis (4.2 vs. 2.0; p < 0.05) compared with controls. S. mutans counts were significantly higher among the CHD cases (p < 0.05). Checkerboard results revealed that 18/40 bacterial species exhibited significantly higher mean counts among CHD cases (p < 0.01). Correlation analyses revealed that among CHD cases, the detection levels of Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. vincentii, F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, and F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum were highly positively correlated with GI. CHD cases harbor more cariogenic and periodontopathogenic bacterial species in their dental plaque, which correlated with higher levels of caries and gingivitis.

Evaluation of Dental Caries and Concomitant Infection Based on the Ratio of Cariogenic Bacteria using Plaque Samples in Adults

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between dental caries and concomitant infections of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus) according to the ratio of cariogenic bacteria in plaque samples from adults to obtain basic data to develop clinical and chairside culture assay (kits) for assessment of dental caries risk. Methods and Materials: Plaque samples from 192 adult volunteers (age range, 20-28 years) were obtained using sterile toothbrushes. Caries history and the number of decayed, missing, and filled (DMF) teeth were determined. Subjects were divided into high- and low-risk groups according to the ratio of S. mutans to total streptococci (Sm/TS ratio) and the number of S. mutans. Results: The numbers of S. mutans and S. sobrinus and the Sm/TS ratio were significantly greater in the cariesactive (CA) group than in the caries-free (CF) group. The number of bacteria and the Sm/TS ratio for the high-risk S. mutans plus detectable S. sobrinus subgroup was significantly greater in the CA group than in the CF group. High levels of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were significantly associated with dental caries. A significantly high caries risk was found between DMF teeth and the Sm/TS ratio for S. mutans when S. sobrinus was detected. Conclusions: The number of dental caries was greater in adults with plaque samples concomitantly infected with high levels of S. mutans and S. sobrinus than in those with a single infection. These findings indicate the usefulness of analysis of cariogenic dental bacteria to detect adult populations with the severity of dental caries according to the Sm/TS ratio using dental plaque samples.

Use of β-caryophyllene to combat bacterial dental plaque formation in dogs.

BackgroundPeriodontal disease is a highly prevalent illness that affects many dogs, reaching up to 85 % prevalence in individuals over the age of 4 years. Currently the drug of choice for combating the formation of dental plaque in these animals, the etiologic agent of the disease, is chlorhexidine, which has several side effects reported. Thus, surveys are conducted throughout the world in order to identify potential substitutes for antimicrobial therapy and prevention of periodontal disease. The objective of the work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of β-caryophyllene against bacteria from dog’s dental plaque in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentration was evaluated by agar microdilution assay, the induction or inhibition of bacterial adherence by sub-inhibitory concentrations in 96-well plates, and reduction of dental plaque formation in mongrel dogs subjected to topical solution with β-caryophyllene for 15 days.ResultsResults showed minimum inhibitory concentrations above 100 mg/mL for 25 % of the isolates, 100 mg/mL for 3 %, 50 mg/mL for 25 %, 25 mg/mL for 12 %, 12.5 mg/mL for 19 % and 6.25 mg/mL for 16 %. Bacterial adherences of three Enterococcus sp., one Streptococcus sp., one Haemophilus sp., one Aerococcus sp., one Bacillus sp. and one Lactococcus sp. isolates were inhibited by subinhibitory concentration. One Lactococcus sp., one Bacillus sp. and one Streptococcus sp. were stimulated to adhere by concentrations of 0.19, 1.56 and 0.78 mg/mL, respectively. In vivo assay showed reduction in dental plaque formation by β-caryophyllene, with final plaque coverage of 23.3 ± 2.6 % of the total area of the teeth, with significant difference compared with chlorhexidine group (37.5 ± 3.7 % - p < 0.05) and negative control group (65.5 ± 2.5 % - p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe results showed that β-caryophyllene has antimicrobial activity against the proliferation of dog’s dental plaque-forming bacteria representing a suitable alternative to the use of chlorhexidine in prophylaxis and treatment of periodontal disease of dogs.

In vitro fabrication of dental filling nanopowder by green route and its antibacterial activity against dental pathogens

The aim of this study was to introduce novel Sn, Cu, Hg, and Ag nanopowders (NPs) and a composite nanopowder (NP) synthesized using Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SM) root extract as a reducing and capping agent to improve the antibacterial property of dental filling materials. All of the NPs obtained were characterized using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum imaging was performed to map the elemental distributions of the NP composite. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed to identify the role of various functional groups in all of the obtained NPs and the phyto-compound responsible for the reduction of various metal ions. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns clearly illustrated the crystalline phase of the synthesized NP. The antibacterial properties of the synthesized Sn, Cu, Hg, Ag, composite NP, SM root extract, and commercial amalgam powder were evaluated. The Cu, composite NP, SM root extract and Ag NP displayed excellent antibacterial activity against dental bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The results of this study require further evaluation for signs of metal toxicity in appropriate animal models. However, the results are encouraging for the application of metal NPs as suitable alternatives for antibiotics and disinfectants, especially in dental filling materials.