Universal Density Research Articles

Connecting low scale seesaw for neutrino mass to inelastic sub-GeV dark matter with Abelian gauge symmetry

Motivated by the recently reported excess of electron recoil events by the XENON1T experiment, we propose low scale seesaw scenarios for light neutrino masses within U(1)X gauge extension of the standard model that also predicts stable as well as long lived dark sector particles. The new fields necessary for seesaw realisation as well as dark matter are charged under the U(1)X gauge symmetry in an anomaly free way. A singlet scalar field which effectively gives rise to lepton number violation and hence Majorana light neutrino masses either at tree or radiative level, also splits the dark matter field into two quasi-degenerate states. While sub-eV neutrino mass and non-zero dark matter mass splitting are related in this way, the phenomenology of sub-GeV scale inelastic dark matter can be very rich if the mass splitting is of keV scale. We show that for suitable parameter space, both the components with keV splitting can contribute to total dark matter density of the present universe, while opening up the possibility of the heavier dark matter candidate to undergo down-scattering with electrons. We check the parameter space of the model for both fermion and scalar inelastic dark matter candidates which can give rise to the XENON1T excess while being consistent with other phenomenological bounds. We also discuss the general scenario where mass splitting Δm between the two dark matter components can be larger, effectively giving rise to a single component dark matter scenario.

Microscopic description of octupole collective excitations near N=56 and N=88

Octupole deformations and related collective excitations are analyzed using the framework of nuclear density functional theory. Axially-symmetric quadrupole-octupole constrained self-consistent mean-field (SCMF) calculations with a choice of universal energy density functional and a pairing interaction are performed for Xe, Ba, and Ce isotopes from proton-rich to neutron-rich regions, and neutron-rich Se, Kr, and Sr isotopes, in which enhanced octupole correlations are expected to occur. Low-energy positive- and negative-parity spectra and transition strengths are computed by solving the quadrupole-octupole collective Hamiltonian, with the inertia parameters and collective potential determined by the constrained SCMF calculations. Octupole-deformed equilibrium states are found in the potential energy surfaces of the Ba and Ce isotopes with $N\approx 56$ and 88. The evolution of spectroscopic properties indicates enhanced octupole correlations in the regions corresponding to $N\approx Z\approx 56$, $Z\approx 88$ and $Z\approx 56$, and $N\approx 56$ and $Z\approx 34$. The average $\beta_{30}$ deformation parameter and its fluctuation exhibit signatures of octupole shape phase transition around $N=56$ and 88.

Mean-field model of interacting quasilocalized excitations in glasses

Structural glasses feature quasilocalized excitations whose frequencies \omegaω follow a universal density of states {D}(\omega)\!\sim\!\omega^4D(ω)∼ω4. Yet, the underlying physics behind this universality is not fully understood. Here we study a mean-field model of quasilocalized excitations in glasses, viewed as groups of particles embedded inside an elastic medium and described collectively as anharmonic oscillators. The oscillators, whose harmonic stiffness is taken from a rather featureless probability distribution (of upper cutoff \kappa_0κ0) in the absence of interactions, interact among themselves through random couplings (characterized by a strength JJ) and with the surrounding elastic medium (an interaction characterized by a constant force hh). We first show that the model gives rise to a gapless density of states {D}(\omega)\!=\!A_{g}\,\omega^4D(ω)=Agω4 for a broad range of model parameters, expressed in terms of the strength of the oscillators’ stabilizing anharmonicity, which plays a decisive role in the model. Then — using scaling theory and numerical simulations — we provide a complete understanding of the non-universal prefactor A_{g}(h,J,\kappa_0)Ag(h,J,κ0), of the oscillators’ interaction-induced mean square displacement and of an emerging characteristic frequency, all in terms of properly identified dimensionless quantities. In particular, we show that A_{g}(h,J,\kappa_0)Ag(h,J,κ0) is a non-monotonic function of JJ for a fixed hh, varying predominantly exponentially with -(\kappa_0 h^{2/3}\!/J^2)−(κ0h2/3/J2) in the weak interactions (small JJ) regime — reminiscent of recent observations in computer glasses — and predominantly decays as a power-law for larger JJ, in a regime where hh plays no role. We discuss the physical interpretation of the model and its possible relations to available observations in structural glasses, along with delineating some future research directions.

From the Contraction of Celestial Bodies to Their Shortest Rotation Period until the Heating of the Stars and the Universe Global Theory

Now we can deduct the variation of the atomic radius with the universal density of potential energy. We can look here and at “Ref. [4]”. In the same way as a lower ρ, gravitational radiation occurs more easily, so does electromagnetic radiation. With the decrease of ρ due to the expansion of the universe, the magnetic permeability of the vacuum U increases. Applying quantum mechanics, it turns out that the atomic radius varies in the inverse proportion of U, that is, in the inverse proportion of the expansion of the universe. Since all matter is made up of atoms, we conclude that matter in the future will shrink. This notion associated with the increase in G allows us to better understand the universal formation. The centers of mass due to the increase in G move away and the large amounts of mass made up of larger atoms shrink giving rise to the protostars that over time gave rise to the stars and their ignition as well as greater regiment to the planets and moons. The contraction of the rotating celestial bodies, among them the Earth, justifies the fact that the day is currently shorter, since the angular momentum will always be constant. Keeping the angular momentum indicates that if a mass that turns one day a day shrinks by half it will start to turn four times a day. The average increased surface speed of rotation will be proportional to the expansion of the universe. Heating of stars and universal heating. Now that we know about the contraction of atoms and, consequently, the contraction of celestial bodies, we have to admit that this process leads to its heating. Assuming that the temperature increases in proportion to the kinetic energy.

Aggregation-induced Emission Properties of Triphenylamine Chalcone Compounds.

Two triphenylamine chalcone derivatives 1 and 2 were synthesized through the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction and Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction. Through ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence emission spectroscopy experiments, it was confirmed that these two compounds exhibited good aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behavior in ethanol/water mixtures. The solvent effect test showed with the increase of the orientation polarizability of the solvent, the Stokes shift in the solvent of compound 1 and compound 2 shows a linear change trend. Through solid state fluorescence test and universal density function theory (DFT), the existence of π-π stacking interaction in the solid state of the compound has been studied, resulting in weak fluorescence emission. pH has no effect on the fluorescence intensity of the aggregate state of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) molecules in an acidic environment, but greatly weakens its fluorescence intensity in an alkaline environment. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) test shows that compound 1 was more prone to oxidation reaction than compound 2. The results of thermal stability test show that the thermal stability of compound 1 was better than that of compound 2, indicating that triphenylamine chalcone derivatives can improve the thermal stability of compounds by increasing the number of branches.

Self-gravitating Equilibria of Non-minimally Coupled Dark Matter Halos

Abstract We investigate self-gravitating equilibria of halos constituted by dark matter (DM) non-minimally coupled to gravity. In particular, we consider a theoretically motivated non-minimal coupling that may arise when the averaging/coherence length L associated with the fluid description of the DM collective behavior is comparable to the local curvature scale. In the Newtonian limit, such a non-minimal coupling amounts to a modification of the Poisson equation by a term L 2∇2 ρ proportional to the Laplacian of the DM density ρ itself. We further adopt a general power-law equation of state p ∝ ρ Γ r α relating the DM dynamical pressure p to density ρ and radius r, as expected for phase-space density stratification during the gravitational assembly of halos in a cosmological context. We confirm previous findings that, in the absence of non-minimal coupling, the resulting density ρ(r) features a steep central cusp and an overall shape mirroring the outcomes of N-body simulations in the standard ΛCDM cosmology, as described by the classic Navarro–Frenk–White or Einasto profiles. Most importantly, we find that the non-minimal coupling causes the density distribution to develop an inner core and a shape that closely follows the Burkert profile out to several core scale radii. In fact, we highlight that the resulting mass distributions can fit, with an accuracy comparable to Burkert’s one, the coadded rotation curves of dwarf, DM-dominated galaxies. Finally, we show that non-minimally coupled DM halos are consistent with the observed scaling relation between the core radius r 0 and core density ρ 0, in terms of a universal core surface density ρ 0 × r 0 among different galaxies.

Universal Density of Low-Frequency States in Amorphous Solids at Finite Temperatures.

It has been established that the low frequency quasilocalized modes of amorphous solids at zero temperature exhibit universal density of states, depending on the frequencies as D(ω)∼ω^{4}. It remains an open question whether this universal law extends to finite temperatures. In this Letter we show that well quenched model glasses at temperatures as high as T_{g}/3 possess the same universal density of states. The only condition required is that average particle positions stabilize before thermal diffusion destroys the cage structure of the material. The universal density of quasilocalized low frequency modes refers then to vibrations around the thermally averaged configuration of the material.

Theoretical DFT Studies on Free Base, Cationic and Hydrochloride Species of Narcotic Tramadol Agent in Gas Phase and Aqueous Solution

Theoretical studies based on the density functional theory (DFT) have been performed to study structural and vibrational properties of the free base, cationic, and hydrochloride species of narcotic tramadol agent in the gas phase and aqueous solution. In both media, B3LYP/6-31G* calculations were used while in solution, the self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) method together with the integral equation formalism variant polarised continuum (IEFPCM) and universal solvation model density (SMD) models have been employed because these models consider the solvent effects. The vibrational studies have revealed that the species cationic is present in the solid phase because the most intense band predicted for the hydrochloride in infrared and Raman spectra is not observed in the experimental spectra. The harmonic force fields, together with the normal internal coordinates and scaling factors, have allowed the complete vibrational assignments of 126, 129, and 132 vibration modes expected for the free base, cationic, and hydrochloride species, respectively, by using the SQMFF methodology. The cationic species evidence the most negative solvation energy and higher hydration in solution in agreement with its lower stability, while the hydrochloride species is the most reactive in solution. MK charges and NBO and AIM studies support cationic species' instability due to the positive charge on N atom. Comparisons of the experimental UV spectrum of hydrochloride tramadol with the predicted for the three species suggest that the free base, cationic, and hydrochloride species can be present in solution. Comparisons of predicted infrared, Raman, 1H, and 13C NMR and electronic spectra for the free base, cationic, and hydrochloride species of tramadol with the corresponding experimental ones have evidenced reasonable correlations for the cationic species showing that this species present in the solid phase and in solution.

Lower Semicontinuity of the Universal Functional in Paramagnetic Current-Density Functional Theory.

A cornerstone of current–density functional theory (CDFT) in its paramagnetic formulation is proven. After a brief outline of the mathematical structure of CDFT, the lower semicontinuity and expectation-valuedness of the CDFT constrained-search functional is proven, meaning that there is always a minimizing density matrix in the CDFT constrained-search universal density functional. These results place the mathematical framework of CDFT on the same footing as that of standard DFT.

Dark Energy Is a Phenomenal Effect of the Expanding Universe-Possibility for Experimental Verification

Vacuum energy density has been defined and mass formation from “space-time” has been viewed from a different perspective. This explanation for vacuum energy is based on “space-time” and conversion of space into time keeping “space-time density” as constant. Equations for “space-time” and mutual conversion of space and time have been derived. As a result, new concept of mass creation has been explained. By postulating that space time density of universe is constant, low and high values of cosmological constant has been shown as the exchange of energy between space, time and matter. The concept has been used to explain dark energy concept of the universe. It concluded a result that velocity of light is changing with the apparent expansion of the universe. The derived equation is possible for experimental verification. Obviously it is a contradiction to Big bang model. So the derived equation with the help of quantum concepts explained the 2.7 K cosmic micro wave background radiation. Theoretical value of Hubble’s constant has been proposed which is useful for calculation of experimental results appropriately.

Using Lorentz Violation for Early Universe GW Generation Due to Black Hole Destruction in the Early Universe as by Freeze

We are using information from a paper deriving a Lorentz-violating energy-momentum relation entailing an exact momentum cut of as stated by G. Salesi. Salesi in his work allegedly defines Pre Planckian physics, whereas we restrict our given application to GW generation and DE formation in the first 10-39 s to 10-33 s or so seconds in the early universe. This procedure is enacted due to an earlier work whereas referees exhibited puzzlement as to the physical mechanism for release of Gravitons in the very early universe. The calculation is meant to be complementary to work done in the Book “Dark Energy” by M. Li, X-D. Li, and Y. Wang, and also a calculation for Black hole destruction as outlined by Karen Freeze, et al. The GW generation will be when there is sufficient early universe density so as to break apart Relic Black holes but we claim that this destruction is directly linked to a Lorentz violating energy-momentum G. Salesi derived, which we adopt, with a mass m added in the G. Salesi energy momentum results proportional to a tiny graviton mass, times the number of gravitons in the first 10-43 seconds.

A Solution of the Cosmological Constant and DE Using Breakup of Primordial Black Holes, via a Criteria Brought up by Dr. Freeze of Austin, Texas, Which Initiates DE as Linked to Inflation

We reduplicate the Book “Dark Energy” by M. Li, X-D. Li, and Y. Wang, given zero-point energy calculation with an unexpected “length” added to the “width” of a graviton wave just prior to specifying the creation of “gravitons”, while using Karen Freeze’s criteria as to the breakup of primordial black holes to give radiation era contributions to GW generation. The GW generation will be when there is sufficient early universe density so as to break apart Relic Black holes of the order of Planck mass (1015 grams) which is about when the mass of relic black holes is created, 10-27 or so seconds after expansion starts. Needles to state a key result will be in the initial potential V calculated, in terms of other input variables.

Fuzzy Dark Matter and Dark Matter Halo Cores

Abstract Whereas cold dark matter (CDM) simulations predict central dark matter cusps with densities that diverge as ρ(r) ∼ 1/r, observations often indicate constant-density cores with finite central densities ρ 0 and a flat density distribution within a core radius r 0. This paper investigates whether this core–cusp problem can be solved by fuzzy dark matter (FDM), a hypothetical particle with a mass of the order of m ≈ 10−22 eV and a corresponding de Broglie wavelength on astrophysical scales. We show that galaxies with CDM halo virial masses M vir ≤ 1011 M ⊙ follow two core-scaling relations. In addition to the well-known universal core column density Σ0 ≡ ρ 0 × r 0 = 75 pc−2, core radii increase with virial masses as r 0 ∼ with γ of order unity. Using the simulations by Schive et al. we demonstrate that FDM can explain the r 0–M vir scaling relation if the virial masses of the observed galaxy sample scale with the formation redshift z as M vir ∼ (1 + z)−0.4. The observed constant Σ0 is however in complete disagreement with FDM cores which are characterized by a steep dependence Σ0 ∼ r , independent of z. More high-resolution simulations are now required to confirm the simulations of Schive et al. and explore the transition region between the soliton core and the surrounding halo. If these results hold, FDM can be ruled out as the origin of observed dark matter cores and other physical processes are required to account for their formation.

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis in Carmeli Cosmology—Mass Density, Temperature and Expansion Rate of the Early Universe

The Carmeli Cosmological Special Relativity theory (CSR) is used to study the universe at early times after the big bang. The universe temperature vs. time relation is developed from the mass density relation. It is shown that CSR is well suited to analyze the nucleosynthesis of the light elements up to beryllium, equivalent to the standard model.

Pairing vibrations in the interacting boson model based on density functional theory

We propose a method to incorporate the coupling between shape and pairing collective degrees of freedom in the framework of the interacting boson model (IBM), based on the nuclear density functional theory. To account for pairing vibrations, a boson-number non-conserving IBM Hamiltonian is introduced. The Hamiltonian is constructed by using solutions of self-consistent mean-field calculations based on a universal energy density functional and pairing force, with constraints on the axially-symmetric quadrupole and pairing intrinsic deformations. By mapping the resulting quadrupole-pairing potential energy surface onto the expectation value of the bosonic Hamiltonian in the boson condensate state, the strength parameters of the boson Hamiltonian are determined. An illustrative calculation is performed for $^{122}$Xe, and the method is further explored in a more systematic study of rare-earth $N=92$ isotones. The inclusion of the dynamical pairing degree of freedom significantly lowers the energies of bands based on excited $0^+$ states. The results are in quantitative agreement with spectroscopic data, and are consistent with those obtained using the collective Hamiltonian approach.

Quadrupole deformation of Xe130 measured in a Coulomb-excitation experiment

Low-lying states in the isotope Xe130 were populated in a Coulomb-excitation experiment performed at CERN's HIE-ISOLDE facility. The magnitudes and relative signs of seven E2 matrix elements and one M1 matrix element coupling five low-lying states in Xe130 were determined using the semiclassical coupled-channel Coulomb-excitation least-squares search code gosia. The diagonal E2 matrix elements of both the 21+ and 41+ states were extracted for the first time. The reduced transition strengths are in line with those obtained from previous measurements. Experimental results were compared with the general Bohr Hamiltonian with the microscopic input from mean-field theory utilizing universal nuclear energy density functional (UNEDF0), shell-model calculations using the GCN50:82 and SN100PN interactions, and simple phenomenological models (Davydov-Filippov and γ-soft). The extracted shape parameters indicate triaxial-prolate deformation in the ground-state band. In general, good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental values was found, while neither phenomenological model was found to provide an adequate description of Xe130. (Less)

The Variation of the Atomic Radius with the Universal Density of Potential Energy

After learning that ρ (Universal Density of Potential Energy), varies from one place to another, causing a change in the time measured in the clocks, inversely proportional to the square root of the value of ρ, Ref. [1], and that in expanding universe, locally, Universal Density of Potential Energy will decrease in the inverse proportion of that expansion. This decrease increases the G value indicating that the less the Universal Density of Potential Energy, the better the gravitational radiation occurs, thus causing its increase in the direct proportion of the expansion of the Universe, Ref. Following the same principle, the Magnetic Permeability of the Vacuum should also increase, allowing a better propagation of electromagnetic waves. The increase in this permeability will allow greater action by the nuclei of the atoms on the electrons. Applying the expression of the atomic ray through quantum mechanics, we conclude that the size of the atoms will decrease with the expansion of the Universe, that is, it will vary in the inverse proportion of that expansion. This finding also implies that the stars are shrinking, which requires a New approach to the removal of the Moon from the Earth. The age of the Universe. Hubble Constant, Ref. [1].

Self-gravitating dark matter gets in shape

In our current best cosmological model, the vast majority of matter in the universe is dark, consisting of yet undetected, nonbaryonic particles that do not interact electro-magnetically. So far, the only significant evidence for dark matter has been found in its gravitational interaction, as observed in galaxy rotation curves or gravitational lensing effects. The inferred dark matter agglomerations follow almost universal mass density profiles that can be reproduced well in simulations, but have eluded an explanation from a theoretical viewpoint. Forgoing standard (astro-)physical methods, I show that it is possible to derive these profiles from an intriguingly simple mathematical approach that directly determines the most likely spatial configuration of a self-gravitating ensemble of collisionless dark matter particles.

A BGO set-up for the direct measurement of the D(p,γ)3He fusion cross section at LUNA

The Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) describes the production of light nuclides occurred during the first minutes of cosmic time. It started with the accumulation of deuterium, whose primordial abundance is sensitive to the universal baryon density and to the amount of relativistic particles. Currently the main source of uncertainty to an accurate theoretical deuterium abundance evaluation is due to the poor knowledge of the D(p, γ)3He cross section at BBN energies.The present work wants to describe one of the two experimental approaches proposed by the LUNA collaboration, whose goal is to measure with unprecedented precision, the reaction cross section in the energy range 30 < Ecm[keV] < 300.

Structural Study and Vibrational Assignments of Anticonvulsant Topiramate by using DFT calculations and Two Harmonic Force Fields

B3LYP/6-311++G** calculations have been combined with the scaled quantum mechanical force field (SQMFF) methodology to study structural and vibrational properties of anticonvulsant topiramate (TPM) agent. The 123 vibration modes expected for TPM were completely assigned, considering two harmonic force fields. In one case, C2V symmetries were considered for both SO2 and NH2 groups, while in the other one C2V and C3V symmetries for the NH2 and SO3 groups, respectively. The calculated harmonic vibrational frequencies are consistent with the experimental IR and Raman spectra in the solid phase. Very good concordances were found between the theoretical structures in gas phase and aqueous solution and the corresponding experimental reported. Thus, the fused five-membered ring in TPM produces that the pyranose ring adopts distorted twist-boat conformation, as was experimentally observed. In solution, all calculations were performed with the self-consistent reaction force (SCRF) method by the integral equation formalism variant polarised continuum (IEFPCM) and universal solvation model density (SMD) models. The corrected solvation energy value for TPM in aqueous solution by total non-electrostatic terms and by ZPVE is -1066.10 kJ/mol. The bond orders have evidenced that the three O atoms are not linked of the same form to S atom. Hence, the S atom of TPM is practically tetra-coordinate in both media, as evidenced by the high negative MK and NPA charges on the O atoms linked to it. The AIM study supports the higher stability of TPM in the gas phase while the NBO calculations suggest higher stability in solution. Gap values support the higher reactivity of TPM in solution than in the gas phase. The scaled force constant for both cases are reported for the first time. Comparisons of predicted 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra with the corresponding experimental ones reveal very good concordances.