Sapling Density Research Articles

Deforested Mangroves Affect the Potential for Carbon Linkages between Connected Ecosystems

Mangrove forests are important sinks and sources of carbon especially for connections to coral reefs and seagrass beds. However, they are increasing under threat from anthropogenic influences. We investigated correlations between carbon fluxes from the sediment and water column in deforested and intact mangroves. Our findings show that deforestation has a negative effect on sediment organic carbon storage and CO2 fluxes. However, species richness and density showed a positive correlation with sediment organic carbon storage and CO2 fluxes. An increased density of saplings showed a positive relationship with dissolved inorganic and organic carbon draining the mangrove forest at high tide. This research offers insights into the importance of the key forest characteristics influencing the storage and fluxes of carbon. Alterations in mangrove carbon stocks and retention may affect connected ecosystems.

Diversity of native woody regeneration in exotic tree plantations and natural forest in Southern Philippines

ABSTRACTThe use of exotic species in reforestations is one of the highly criticized forest policies in the Philippines, mainly due to their perceived negative impacts on biodiversity conservation. To ascertain the influence of exotic plantations on native flora establishments, we inventoried the structure, composition, and diversity of understory woody regeneration in three exotic stands in Southern Philippines and compared them to adjacent second growth forest. The mean total density of regeneration did not differ significantly among the stands, except for the separate density of saplings and seedlings where natural forest had significantly the lowest and highest density, respectively, over the exotic stands. Teak (Tectona grandis L.) and mangium (Acacia mangium Willd.) stands generally had the bigger basal area, indicating the dominance of saplings in these areas. A low diversity characterized the four stands with the lowest and highest diversity indices observed, respectively, in the mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) and natural forest. Despite their proximity, each stand exhibited uniqueness in species composition, with some of the endangered species observed only in the exotic stands. Therefore, it would be interesting to know how continued protection of these stands would affect the trajectory of succession of native species over time.

Influence of Soil Drainage and Elephant (Loxodonta africana) Damage on Abundance and Structure of Colophospermum mopane in Central Mana Pools National Park Zimbabwe

A study on the influence of soil drainage and elephant damage on the abundance and structure of Colophospermum mopane was carried out in Central Mana Pools National Park (MPNP) Zimbabwe. Data were collected in April- May 2013. The stratified random sampling method was employed. The study area was stratified according to soil drainage. Three strata were established namely; well drained, moderately drained and poorly drained soils. Ten plots were sampled in each strata and a total of 30 plots were sampled to determine the abundance and structure of C. mopane in Central MPNP. Results from One way ANOVA showed significant differences in tree height, basal area, tree canopy volume, shrub canopy volume, sapling density, tree density, number of stems per tree and damaged trees density (PA‹Â‚0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of dead trees across the three strata (PA‹Âƒ0.05). Moderately drained soil had the highest number of undamaged trees (n=91; 42%), saplings and stems per tree. Well drained soils had the highest number of damaged live trees (n=112; 51%) and poorly drained soils had the highest number of dead trees (n=60; 51%). There were significant differences in damage (PA‹Â‚0.001). Regression analysis showed a negative relationship between elephant density and damaged trees density (R2=0.03; PA‹Âƒ0.05), however, there was a positive relationship between elephant density and dead trees (R2=0.3865; PA‹Â‚0.05). Results from this study suggest that soil properties as well as elephant damage have an influence on the abundance and structure of C. mopane, therefore the need for constant monitoring of this tree species.

Composition, Population Structure and Regeneration of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Forest in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India

The present studied was carried out in four districts of Garhwal Himalaya. Survey and sampling of vegetation were completed used standard ecological method with aim to study of plant composition, population structure and regeneration at different site in the four districts viz. Pauri, Rudrapryag, Tehri and Chamoli of Garhwal Himalaya. Each district represents two sites, falls an altitude in Pauri (1850-2070 m), Rudrapryag (1775-2147 m), Tehri (1938–2459 m) and Chamoli (1711–1960 m). Among the altitudes over all range is (1711-2459 m) altitudes in all eight sites, total 16 tree species has been recorded. Total tree density varies from 670-1510 Ind ha-1, total seedling density from 220-1540 Ind ha-1 and total sapling density 165-1300 Ind ha-1 was recorded in all sites among the attitudes. Species diversity (H-) was observed between 0.12-0.19 for trees, 0.04-0.40 for seedling and 0.07-0.15 for sapling in all sites among the attitudes.

Effects of Repeated Growing Season Prescribed Fire on the Structure and Composition of Pine–Hardwood Forests in the Southeastern Piedmont, USA

We examined the effects of repeated growing season prescribed fire on the structure and composition of mixed pine–hardwood forests in the southeastern Piedmont region, Georgia, USA. Plots were burned two to four times over an eight-year period with low intensity surface fires during one of four six-week long periods from early April to mid-September. Density of saplings (0.25–11.6 cm diameter at breast height) was significantly reduced after one or two fires during the first four-year period. Sapling density declined with additional burning over the next four years, but density of mesic hardwoods including sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) and red maple (Acer rubrum) remained relatively high (~865 stems ha−1). Repeated burning had little effect on density or basal area of trees (≥11.7 cm dbh) and changes in overstory structure were limited to small increases in the quadratic mean diameter of all trees and pines. We found little evidence to suggest differential effects on structure or composition due to timing of burn within the growing season. Although repeated growing season burning alters midstory structure and composition, burning alone is unlikely to result in immediate shifts in overstory composition or structure in mixed pine–hardwood forests of the southeastern Piedmont region.

Vegetational analysis, carbon stock and regeneration potential of Myrica esculenta at different forest sites around Nainital

The present study deals with the assessment of species diversity, regeneration potential and carbon stock of Myrica esculenta (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) trees at different forest sites around Nainital. The density of trees, saplings and seedlings across different forests varied from 660-860, 460-1410 and 1480-3130 ind.ha-1. The species diversity ranged from 1.979-2.322, 1.525-2.024 and 1.689-2.142, for trees, saplings and seedlings, respectively. Among forests, the regeneration was best in Cypress mixed forest. Thus, the presence of either seedlings or saplings of new tree species in the forest site 1 and 2 indicate that the forest may be replaced by these species in near future. Total trees biomass of forests ranged from 213-349 t ha-1. Of this, M. esculenta accounted for 9-24%. Total carbon content of trees in forests ranged from 101-166 t C ha-1. M. esculenta (Kaphal) fruits are edible and trees are destroyed for fuel wood by local people, therefore, Kaphal trees are under high anthropogenic pressure. Thus we need to pay attention and take proper care for management and conservation of forest sites with Kaphal trees.

Interactions between canopy cover density and regeneration cores of older saplings in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands

Aim of study: This paper provides an analysis of growth and survival of twenty–year–old Scots pine saplings in relation to canopy cover density (CCD) gradients, from dense (D–CCD), sparse (S–CCD), and gap (G–CCD) situations.Area of study: Aladag (Bolu) in northern Turkey.Material and methods: Sparse canopy cover density (S–CCD), dense canopy cover density (D–CCD) and gap canopy (G–CCD) were chosen within ten different strip sample plots (10 × 50 m) with sapling regeneration cores. Those regeneration cores were divided into two portions (individuals at the edge and middle of the regeneration cores) and from each portion three individuals was were obtained from a sample. The growth relationships of individual saplings were calculated with stem analyses. Honowski Light Factor (HLF) (ratio of Terminal sprout length (T) to Lateral sprout length (L)) was used to present growth potential measure of seedlings.Main results: The largest sapling regeneration cores were found in the G–CCD followed by S–CCD, and finally D–CCD, all tested for significance with Kruskal–Wallis Test. Compared with saplings in the middle of regeneration cores (crop saplings), those at the edge were always reduced in terms of mean height. Significant difference was only found between the ‘Main Crop’ and the ‘Edge 1’ of the regeneration cores for G–CCD suggesting that sapling regeneration cores are more typical under G–CCD conditions. HLF ratios were greater than 1 with high growth potentials for both CCD gradients (G–CCD and S–CCD) and there were no significant variations between G–CCD and S–CCD for main crop and edges. The thinning after 12–14 years increased sapling growth. However, under D–CCD, growth had virtually ceased.Research highlights: Naturally occurring Scots pine saplings are suppressed by a dense canopy. However, they are tolerant of shade to the extent that they can survive over relatively long time–periods (10–12 years) and can exploit subsequent opportunities should a canopy gap occur.Keywords: Gap regeneration; sapling growth; light regime; canopy cover density; irregular silviculture.

Impact of land use on juvenile densities of woody plants in a West African savanna

In West African savannas, human land use affects the density of woody species seedlings and saplings (juveniles) by altering the state of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the land resulting in different land-cover types. We determined juvenile densities of 25 characteristic woody savanna species on non-arable sites, in fallows and in a protected area (in total 39 plots), and analyzed the influence of land use on juvenile densities. We further related the influence of land use on juvenile densities to 23 environmental parameters describing soil properties and vegetation structure. Soil acidity, particle size distribution of the soil, and vegetation structure differed between land-cover types. In terms of human impact, we detected five groups of species responding similarly to land use. Although we detected significant differences in soil properties, their direct effects on juvenile densities are less pronounced than their indirect effects. By altering the availability of resources, soil properties affect height and cover of all plants growing in the surrounding of a young woody plant, increasing the competition for light, water and nutrients during the establishment and initial growth. These effects are intensified by human land use and vary between land-cover types.

Effects of anthropogenic disturbances on natural regeneration and population structure of gum arabic tree (Acacia senegal) in the woodlands of Lake Baringo ecosystem, Kenya

Despite the ecological and economic importance of Acacia senegal, little is known about the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on its natural regeneration patterns and population structure. We investigated the effects of these factors within the Lake Baringo woodland ecosystem. Data was collected from 60 plots of 20 m × 20 m systematically distributed in four A. senegal-dominated populations within the Lake Baringo woodland. Sample populations spanned a degradation gradient measured by a population disturbance index (PDI). Trees were measured for diameter at breast height (DBH) and categorized by growth stages: seedling, sapling and adult tree. Higher seedling and sapling densities were recorded in lightly than heavily disturbed populations, but only sapling density was significantly different between the two disturbance levels (P = 0.02). Lightly disturbed populations revealed a reversed J-shape size-class distribution (SCD) indicative of stable structure unlike the heavily disturbed populations. The quotient and permutation indices indicated unstable populations with episodic recruitment and mortality. Our study reveals that natural regeneration and population structure of A. senegal were affected majorly by selective harvesting and heavy browsing. Suitable management strategies to control livestock grazing and illegal tree harvesting within the woodland is required to promote conservation of the species genetic resources

Species Preference in Seedling Predation by the Sesarmid Crab Neosarmatium malabaricum (Henderson, 1893) in a Mangrove Forest in India

There are few studies that dealt with species preference in seedling predation by sesarmid crabs in mangrove forests. We investigated predation preference of the sesarmid crab Neosarmatium malabaricum to the seedlings of Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia officinalis, Excoecaria agallocha and Rhizophora mucronata in Kunhimangalam mangrove forest in Kerala. Enclosure-exclosure experiments showed that the crab preferred seedlings of E. agallocha the most and that of R. mucronata the least. Reason for this preference was the cumulative effect of morphological and chemical factors of these seedlings. Morphological factors negatively and chemical factors positively influenced the predation preference. Species preference in seedling predation could be inversely proportional to relative abundance and density of saplings. Saplings of the most preferred A. corniculatum and E. agallocha registered low density, and the least preferred R. mucronata and A. officinalis recorded high density in Kunhimangalam mangrove forest. Species preference exhibited by N. malabaricum in seedling predation has been reflected in sapling density and composition. So, this preference can possibly influence the future forest composition.

Deer herbivory reduces web-building spider abundance by simplifying forest vegetation structure.

Indirect ecological effects are a common feature of ecological systems, arising when one species affects interactions among two or more other species. We examined how browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) indirectly affected the abundance and composition of a web-building spider guild through their effects on the structure of the ground and shrub layers of northern hardwood forests. We examined paired plots consisting of deer-free and control plots in the Allegheny Plateau region Pennsylvania and Northern Highlands region of Wisconsin. We recorded the abundance of seven types of webs, each corresponding to a family of web-building spiders. We quantified vegetation structure and habitat suitability for the spiders by computing a web scaffold availability index (WSAI) at 0.5 m and 1.0 m above the ground. At Northern Highlands sites, we recorded prey availability. Spider webs were twice as abundant in deer-free plots compared to control plots, while WSAI was 7–12 times greater in deerfree plots. Prey availability was lower in deer-free plots. With the exception of funnel web-builders, all spider web types were significantly more abundant in deer-free plots. Both deer exclusion and the geographic region of plots were significant predictors of spider community structure. In closed canopy forests with high browsing pressure, the low density of tree saplings and shrubs provides few locations for web-building spiders to anchor webs. Recruitment of these spiders may become coupled with forest disturbance events that increase tree and shrub recruitment. By modifying habitat structure, deer appear to indirectly modify arthropod food web interactions. As deer populations have increased in eastern North America over the past several decades, the effects of deer on web-building spiders may be widespread.

Long-term effect of periodic fire on nutrient pools and soil chemistry in loblolly-shortleaf pine stands managed with single-tree selection

Prescribed fire can be an important tool for managing loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (Pinus enchinata Mill.) stands in the southern United States but few studies have reported the impact of repeated prescribed fires in stands that are routinely thinned or partially harvested. We compared nutrient pools and soil chemistry in portions of three uneven-aged loblolly-shortleaf pine stands that had received dormant-season prescribed fires every one to four years (high frequency fire) during a 20year period to portions of these same stands in which fire was excluded (control). The stands had been managed using single-tree selection and harvested on a 5-year cycle since the establishment of the prescribed fire treatments. Sixteen months following the last prescribed fire, forest floor nutrient pools were 42–49% less in the high frequency fire than control treatment. Understory vegetation recovered rapidly and approximately 34months following the last fire, understory biomass and nutrient pools were similar within the two treatments. However, the repeated use of prescribed fire effectively reduced the density of saplings which resulted in a 78–85% reduction in sapling biomass and nutrient pools in the high frequency fire compared to the control treatment. Chemistry of the surface (15cm) mineral soil was similar in the two treatments indicating that the prescribed fires had little impact on the mineral soil. Periodic harvesting may have ameliorated changes in mineral soil P, Ca, or Mg availability that have been reported to occur with long-term, repeated application of prescribed fires in southern pine forests. Reductions in forest floor and sapling nutrient pools associated with the prescribed fire likely had little impact on tree productivity or soil sustainability since foliar nutrient concentrations of the overstory trees in the two treatments did not differ and the potential losses were small compared to surface soil pools.

Regeneration patterns, environmental filtering and tree species coexistence in a temperate forest.

Forest ecologists researching the functional basis of tree regeneration patterns and species coexistence often attempt to correlate traits with light-gradient partitioning. However, an exclusive focus on light can overlook other important drivers of forest dynamics. We measured light, temperatures, humidity and sapling densities in each of four phases of a forest dynamic mosaic in New Zealand: shaded understoreys, tree-fall gaps, treefern groves and clearings. We then measured leaf, wood and seed traits, as potential predictors of species' regeneration patterns. Saplings of 18 out of 21 species were significantly associated with one or other of the four phases, and associations were best predicted by a two-trait model (leaf size, wood density) explaining 51% of observed variation. Species associated with treefall gaps had traits favouring light pre-emption (large leaves, low-density wood), whereas those establishing in clearings mostly had small leaves and dense wood, traits probably conferring resistance to the frosts and summer water deficits that saplings were exposed to there. The dynamics of some forests cannot be explained adequately by light-gradient partitioning through a growth vs shade tolerance tradeoff, underpinned by the leaf economics spectrum. Consideration of multiple environmental filters and multiple traits will enhance understanding of regeneration patterns and species coexistence.

Eficiência de regenerantes como indicador de restauração ecológica no Cerrado, Brasil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of regenerating as an ecological indicator of restoration in riparian forests in the Cerrado, DF, from January/2012 to January/2013. The restoration experiment contained six treatments with three repetitions each (T1 = Nucleation; T2 = Nucleation + perches; T3 = perches; T4 = planting in rows: lines with fast growing and good covering species and diversity lines; T5 = control with brachiaria; T6 = brachiaria suppression). The percentage of coverage of saplingwas made using the Braun-Blanquet method, and then applied the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. There was a significant difference between the initial and final cover for the T1. The other treatments there was little increase in the coverage of sapling, but not significant, even as in the increase between treatments. There were no differences between treatments when analyzing only the density of sapling, which may be associated with high mortality rate of certain species. Although early, the percentage of coverage of sapling was a good indicator of the ecological restoration process, according with aspects: sensitivity, results, cost, understanding and interpretation, predictability or trend and scale. Thus, it can be concluded that the percentage of coverage of sapling demonstrated efficiency as an indicator.

Vegetation structure and composition in the semi-arid Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape

235 ABSTRACT: Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape (MCL) woody vegetation was characterized to establish structural and compositional attributes. Stratified random sampling based on major soil types was used and nine plant variables were measured in 137(20x30) m 2 sampling plots; these being genera, species and family names; basal circumference; plant height; depth and diameter of tree canopy; number of stems per plant; plant life status; number of trees and shrubs; and number of saplings. A total of 3114 woody plants were sampled, comprising an assemblage of 28 families, 63 genera and 106 species. The results suggest alluvial floodplain flanking the Limpopo River is a biodiversity hotspot with high plant species diversity (H �=1.8-2.2) 1/ha, taller trees (P<0.05) with median height per plot ranging between 6.1-10 m, high canopy volume at 105783 (443155m 3 /ha) and basal area (16.9-111m 2 /ha). The Arenosols-Regosol stratum had significantly shorter trees (P<0.05) with median height per plot between 3-4 m, low species diversity (H �=0.8-2.3) 1/ha, low basal area (3.23-48.2m 2 /ha) and low canopy volume (6687.08(155965.00) m 3 /ha. The Cambisol- Luvisol stratum in the western section of MCL had high number of stems/plant at 1.65 (1.40), high woody plant density 483.33 (900.00) 1/ha, F 3,137 =19.07,P<0.05), high density of dead plants 16.67 (133.30) 1/ha and high sapling density 208.33 (850.00) 1/ha. The present study suggests soil type is a key determinant of woody vegetation structure and composition. The study recommends regular vegetation monitoring, periodic update of plant species inventories in protected areas, control of exotic invasive woody plant species found along the Limpopo river floodplain within the biodiversity management framework of Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area initiative.

Plant diversity and stand structure comparison of Mikania micrantha invaded and non-invaded tropical Shorea robusta forest

Mikania micrantha is considered to be the most problematic in terrestrial ecosystem in Eastern and Central Nepal. Despite the current situation of the Mikania invasion, quantitative data on the impacts and scale of the problems are lacking for the country. Due to the lack of information regarding scale of invasion, the stakeholders have not put forwarded the proper control mechanism of the species. This paper has made an attempt to analyze the scale of invasion through the comparison of plant biodiversity and basal area per hectare as the significance of stand structure between Mikaniainvaded and non-invaded tropical Shorea robusta forest areas. This study was conducted in Barandabhar Buffer Zone Forest of Chitwan National Park. Sampling and measurement was conducted in both the invaded and non-invaded forest areas. The stand structure of both the invaded and non-invaded areas were compared in terms of different parameters like seeding density, sapling density, pole basal area per hectare and tree basal area per hectare. Statistical analysis showed that there is significant impact of Mikania on plant diversity at seedling and sapling stages. There is negative effect of Mikania on stand structure of the forest. Hence, there is urgent need to control the invasive weed so as to control further invasion and to conserve biodiversity and productivity.Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 26, No. 1, Page: 78-81, 2016

Effects of patch size, disturbances on diversity and structural traits of tropical semi-evergreen forest in the lowland Indo Burma hotspot: implication on conservation of the threatened tree species

Information on geographic distribution, population and threat status of most globally red listed species in the Indo Burma zone are inadequate. Given the increase in the prevalence of isolated forest patches in the part of this hotspot, evaluation is necessary on how size of the remnant forest patches and on-going disturbances affects structure and diversity of remaining habitats including the population of some globally threatened tree species. Quantitative vegetation inventory by 500 m long and 10 m wide (0.5 ha) line transects were randomly set in nine fragmented tropical semi-evergreen forest patches in Tripura, Northeast India. The studied forests patches grouped into small, medium and large based on their respected sizes. Spatial variability was analysed in woody species diversity and structure along the patch size gradients and their response to both patch size and anthropogenic disturbances. Out of 167 species, 13 identified as red-listed species by IUCN under the present inventory. Most of the diversity and structural parameters showed statistically significant positive response with the forest patch size, except for stand dominance, disturbance, sapling density and number of aggregated distribution pattern decreased when patch size increased. In addition, most of the diversity and structural attributes showed negative response with disturbances. Present baseline data would serve as an effective tool for management and protection of this important forest type. Future habitat restoration programme and strategies for relocation of additional population and re-introduction of those globally threatened trees are recommended.

A simple method for assessing mangrove forest based on young plants and sesarmid crab holes

Mangroves are unique in structure and functionally special, but ecologically sensitive to environmental changes. Hence, it is imperative to assess their structural and functional characteristics. Bearing this in mind, the present study analysed densities of trees, saplings, seedlings and sesarmid crab holes, as well as tree height, basal area, species diversity in function of the mangrove forest age groups (1–17.5 year old), and in relation to soil conditions for four different seasons. The regenerative potential in terms of density of young plants (seedlings+saplings) varied significantly between seasons or forest age. A similar trend was observed with density of crab holes. However, complex index (a sum of species diversity, tree density total basal area, total tree height) varied significantly between forest ages or seasons. The density of young plants ranged from 1,647 per hectare in summer to 3,058 in post-monsoon; and the density was as high as 2 fold in post-monsoon, 38% in pre-monsoon and 18% in monsoon than that in summer. The number of sesarmid crab holes varied from 1,347 per hectare in monsoon to 4,782 in pre-monsoon, and the number of holes was found higher in pre- and post-monsoons and lower in extreme seasons (monsoon and summer), similar to density of young plants. There was a significant positive correlation between the density of young plants and number of crab holes or tree density sapling density or complex index. This work identified a new method of assessing the eco-functions of mangrove forest in a simple way by counting density of young plants and sesarmid crab holes.

Density Dependence of a Dominant Species and the Effects on Community Diversity Maintainance

Abstract: In order to test whether density dependence influences community diversity, a combination of manipulative experimentation and plot surveys were done using Cryptocarya concinna, a dominant species in subtropical evergreen forest. Twelve pairs of 1 m2 seedling plots were built around 12 adults, and plots were treated monthly with either a fungicide or a control. The surviving proportion of C. concinna seedlings at different stages was calculated, and an analysis was conducted on the impact of fungicide on seedling survival and species richness. Correlation between relative abundance and community evenness at different ages was analyzed using plot surveys. The results showed that fungicide treatment decreased species richness of the seedling community by promoting the recruitment of common species. Furthermore, census of a 25 m radius around adult C. concinna trees confirmed that the density of saplings increased with distance from adults. Relative abundance of C. concinna decreased with increasing...

Tree species richness, diversity, and regeneration status in different oak (Quercus spp.) dominated forests of Garhwal Himalaya, India

Himalayan forests are dominated by different species of oaks (Quercus spp.) at different altitudes. These oaks are intimately linked with hill agriculture as they protect soil fertility, watershed, and local biodiversity. They also play an important role in maintaining ecosystem stability. This work was carried out to study the diversity and regeneration status of some oak forests in Garhwal Himalaya, India. A total of 18 tree species belonging to 16 genera and 12 families were reported from the study area. Species richness varied for trees (4–7), saplings (3–10), and seedlings (2–6). Seedling and sapling densities (Ind/ha) varied between 1,376 Ind/ha and 9,600 Ind/ha and 167 Ind/ha and 1,296 Ind/ha, respectively. Species diversity varied from 1.27 to 1.86 (trees), from 0.93 to 3.18 (saplings), and from 0.68 to 2.26 (seedlings). Total basal area (m2/ha) of trees and saplings was 2.2–87.07 m2/ha and 0.20–2.24 m2/ha, respectively, whereas that of seedlings varied from 299 cm2/ha to 8,177 cm2/ha. Maximum tree species (20–80%) had “good” regeneration. Quercus floribunda, the dominant tree species in the study area, showed “poor” regeneration, which is a matter of concern, and therefore, proper management and conservation strategies need to be developed for maintenance and sustainability of this oak species along with other tree species that show poor or no regeneration.