Liquid Density Measurements Research Articles

The Design of Digital Liquid Density Meter Based on Arduino

A measure of liquid thickness is needed to make a dough or formula for medicinal syrup. The tools to measure the thickness available in the market are analog that is less accurate and precision. To overcome these problems, digital density measuring devices are needed. The limitation of the digital density meter, especially liquid, urges the author to carry out further research on the digitization of this measuring instrument. This research aims to make a digital density meter for liquid matter with a high level of measurement accuracy, as the reference measurement study for liquid density in digital form. The instrument was designed using the load cell method as the main sensor. It was also equipped with a DS18B20 water-resistant temperature sensor to measure the temperature of the liquid. The data were analyzed to obtain the accuracy and error of the liquid density measurement from the density meter. The liquid samples used for research were Pertamax, solar, and water. Sample accuracy and error measurement results were 99.83 percent and 0.17 percent respectively for Pertamax, 99.63 percent and 0.37 percent for solar and 99.46 percent and 0.54 percent for water. The measured density value was finally shown on the 16x2 LCD.

High-temperature and high-pressure thermophysical property measurements and thermodynamic modelling of an international oil standard: RAVENOL diesel rail injector calibration fluid

Presented here are the thermophysical characterization and thermodynamic modelling of RAVENOL Calibration Fluid 2.5 which is used for the calibration and preservation of diesel engine fuel injectors. Accurate knowledge of the standardized fluid properties is an important component for engineering modelling to deliver the correct dose of fuel into the combustion chamber of diesel engines while reducing the occurrence of cavitation phenomena. The liquid density and specific isobaric heat capacity measurements were carried out up to T = 423 K at ambient pressure. The speed of sound moving through the liquid was measured from T = (300 to 423) K from ambient pressure up to p = 200 MPa. This plays a crucial role in fuel injection timing. With the combination of these data with high pressure, it is possible to accurately calculate the liquid density, specific isobaric heat capacity, coefficient of isobaric thermal expansion and isothermal compressibility at elevated pressures. The data obtained at ambient pressure were used to confirm the accuracy of the high-pressure experimental data by comparing them with the predictions of the Fluctuation-Theory Equation-of-State. The calibration fluid has become the second ISO 4113 fluid to be characterized in this fashion.

Wireless simultaneous measurement system for liquid level and density using dynamic bubbler technique: Application to KNO3 molten salts

We have developed a liquid level measurement system using the dynamic bubbler technique. Based on our previous methodology, herein, we established a field-applicable wireless measurement system to simultaneously monitor the liquid level and density of corrosive molten salts at high temperatures. The accuracy and precision of the present technique were suitable for applications in harsh field processes. Regardless of the base pressure under the present experimental conditions, percentage differences compared with reliable reference values in the literature were less than 10% in the temperature range 773–1123K using KNO3 as a molten salt. Our dynamic bubbler technique produces an average percentage difference ca. 5–8% with a standard deviation of less than ca. 0.04gcm−3 between measured and literature density values in all experiments, whereas the standard deviations in all liquid level measurements were less than 0.3mm (0.07% relative standard deviation). The present technique is an excellent alternative to many conventional liquid level and density measurement techniques used under extreme environmental conditions characteristic of common industrial processes.

Measurements and Modeling of Phase Behavior, Density, and Viscosity of Oil + Carbon Dioxide: Squalane + CO2 at Temperatures (313 to 363) K and Pressures up to 77 MPa

New measurements of compressed liquid density, viscosity, and bubble pressures of mixtures of carbon dioxide and squalane are reported for CO2 mole fractions x = (0.199, 0.299, and 0.519) at temper...

All fiber-optic viscosity, density, and temperature measurements of liquids using a photothermally actuated cantilever

An all-fiber-optical method is presented to monitor densities, viscosities, and temperatures of Newtonian liquids. The actuation is performed by photothermally heating the base of a steel cantilever with an intensity-modulated 808 nm diode laser. The cantilever vibrations are measured with an in-fiber Fabry–Perot cavity sensor attached along the length of the cantilever. When immersed in a viscous fluid, the cantilever response can be related to the fluid properties: a shift in the resonance frequency corresponds to a change in fluid density, and the width of the resonance peak gives information on the dynamic viscosity after calibration of the system. Aqueous glycerol and sucrose samples in the density range of 0.997–1.17 g cm−3 and in the viscosity range of 0.89–8.49 mPa s were used to investigate the limits of the sensor. Representative beverage samples were also analyzed as unknowns.

Establishing traceability for liquid density measurements in Europe: 17RPT02-rhoLiq a new EMPIR joint research project

The aim of this EMPIR project is to establish traceability for liquid density measurements at emerging 8 National Metrology Institutes. This will enable them to provide high-level measurement and calibration services, and to produce density reference materials for national stakeholders, e.g. food, chemical, pharmaceutical and petroleum industries. The international recognition of these NMIs in this metrological field will indirectly lead to the reinforcement of mutual confidence and cooperation at regional and international level. This project will facilitate compliance with economically relevant EU Directives, e.g. Directive 2007/45/EC, and it will further reinforce the competitiveness of production industries.

An improved method for liquid density measurement using NaI(Tl) detector and low-strength source

The current work focuses on using low-strength radiation source and NaI(Tl) detector in liquid density measurement. To do this, the detector collimator is enlarged, which has resulted in the increased multiple scattered events. The scattering spectrum analysis method was applied successfully in removing the multiple scattered component. The obtained single scattering component corresponding to different liquid densities was used to build the linear standard curve which shows the linear dependence between of them with the R2 values of 0.968 and 0.982 for the collimator diameters of 3.0 and 9.5 cm, respectively. Besides, the Monte Carlo method was used in the current work which the obtained results also support for experimental ones.

PVT, saturated liquid density and vapor-pressure measurements of main components of the biofuels at high temperatures and high pressures: Methyl palmitate

PVT, saturated liquid density and two-phase (vapor-pressure) properties of one of the main component of the biofuel (methyl palmitate), produced from a soybean, have been measured. One-phase PVT measurements were made for ten liquid and four vapor isochores between (85.2 and 811.7) kg·m−3over the temperatures range from (300 to 443) K using a constant-volume piezometer technique. The vapor-pressures (PS,TS) of the methyl palmitate were measured in the temperature range from (300 to 501) K. The combined expanded uncertainty of the density, ρ, pressure, P, and temperature, T, measurements at 95% confidence level with a coverage factor of k = 2 is estimated to be 0.1%, (0.15–0.5)% depending on temperature and pressure ranges, and 15 mK, respectively. We have critically assessed all of the reported density data at atmospheric pressure and at high-pressures and vapor-pressures together with the present results for their internal thermodynamic consistence to carefully select primary data to fit reference correlations for ρ0(T) and vapor-pressure PS(T). The measurements were concentrated in the two-phase region to accurately determine vapor-pressures and in the immediate vicinity of the phase-transition temperatures to precisely determine the phase boundary properties (PS,TS,ρS) on the liquid + gas equilibrium curve. The liquid-gas phase transition temperatures (TS) for seven liquid isochores of (711.9, 766.8, 774.5, 782.3, 795.00, 803.40, and 811.70) kg·m−3were accurately obtained using the isochoric (P-T) break point technique. The measured values of the vapor-pressures and saturated liquid densities were fitted to Wagner-type vapor-pressure equation and complete scaling model, respectively. The values of the critical parameters (PC,TC,ρC) were estimated using vapor-pressure and liquid-gas coexistence curve data. The correlation for the density at atmospheric pressure, ρ0(T), together with the present and reported high-pressure density measurements (ρ,P,T) were used to develop two-parametric (c and B) and theoretically based Tait-type equation of state.

Liquid density measurements of cumene, tert-butylbenzene, and hexadecane over wide ranges of temperature and pressure

Density measurements of cumene, tert-butylbenzene, and hexadecane were made using the vibrating tube densimeter. A new experimental apparatus for measurement of the densities of compressed liquids over the temperature range of 298.15 K–433.15 K with pressures up to 100.1 MPa is described. Detailed description of the calibration method, as well as density measuring technique for experimental apparatus, was given. The uncertainty of measurements was estimated to be 0.2 kg m – 3. By using the obtained densities values, the constant of the Tait-type equation was determined.

Measurements of bubble point pressure and saturated liquid density for ((R1234yf + R290))

In this paper, bubble point pressures and saturated liquid densities of {2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234yf) + propane (R290)} binary mixtures were measured using a compact single-sinker densimeter. Measurements were carried out over temperatures from (255.048 to 300.135) K and mole fractions of R1234yf at (0.113, 0.217, 0.322, 0.422, 0.533, 0.625). The experimental standard uncertainties were estimated to be less than 5 mK for the temperature, 2 kPa for the pressure, 0.003 for the mole fraction and 0.02% for the density. The experimental bubble point pressures were correlated by the Peng-Robinson equation of state, while the experimental saturated liquid densities were represented with the VDNS and our modified Rackett equations. In addition, saturated liquid densities of azeotropy point at temperatures T = (253.150, 263.150, 273.150, 283.150 and 293.150) K were determined based on our previous and present work.

Saturated liquid density and pressure measurements for HFC134a + HC290 by a compact single-sinker densimeter

Saturated liquid densities and bubble point pressures for binary mixtures of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC134a) + propane (HC290) were measured using a compact single-sinker densimeter. The temperature range was from 253 to 293 K and mole fractions of HFC134a were 0.105, 0.197, 0.331, 0.387, 0.536 and 0.557. The standard uncertainties were estimated to be less than 5 mK for temperature, 1 kPa for pressure, 0.003 for mole fraction, and 0.02% for density. The experimental results were reproduced by VNDS equation and our modified Rackett equation. The saturated pressures data were correlated by the PR-Soave-vdW equation. Good agreement between values of calculation and experiment were found.

Viscosity, density, and thermal conductivity of aluminum oxide and zinc oxide nanolubricants

This paper presents liquid kinematic viscosity, density, and thermal conductivity measurements of eleven different synthetic polyolester-based nanoparticle nanolubricants (dispersions) at atmospheric pressure over the temperature range 288 K to 318 K. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with nominal diameters of 127 nm and 135 nm, respectively, were investigated. A good dispersion of the spherical and non-spherical nanoparticles in the lubricant was maintained with a surfactant. Viscosity, density, and thermal conductivity measurements were made for the neat lubricant along with eleven nanolubricants with differing nanoparticle and surfactant mass fractions. Existing models were used to predict kinematic viscosity (±20%), thermal conductivity (±1%), and specific volume (±6%) of the nanolubricant as a function of temperature, nanoparticle mass fraction, surfactant mass fraction, and nanoparticle diameter. The liquid viscosity, density and thermal conductivity were shown to increase with respect to increasing nanoparticle mass fraction.

A structural tailored piezo actuated cantilever shaped 2-DOF resonators for viscosity and density sensing in liquids

Structural tailoring of cantilever shaped two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) resonators for the measurement of liquid viscosity and density is seldom explained. In this paper, a structural tailored 2-DOF cantilever shaped resonators for the determination of viscosity and density of liquids and its performance is investigated. The 2-DOF resonator consists of a trapezoidal shaped driver and absorber mass of identical frequency with a mass disparity. The driver and absorber mass are connected by a strong mechanical coupling unit which forms the 2-DOF trapezoidal cantilever resonant system (2-DOF TCR). The measurement principle is based on tracking the resonant characteristics of 2-DOF TCR system which depends on the viscosity and density of liquids it operates in. The system is evaluated for its performance in liquids of viscosity ranging from 0.23 mPas to 1400 mPas and density ranging from 713kg/m3 to 1261kg/m3. The resonant characteristics are compared with the existing 2-DOF rectangular cantilever resonant system (2-DOF RCR) and 1-DOF rectangular cantilever resonant system (1-DOF RCR) of same length. The theoretical results obtained from this study are in good agreement with the experimental results and the 2-DOF TCR system shows better sensitivity in determining the liquid viscosity and density.

Measurements of Vapor Pressure and Saturated Liquid Density for HFO–1234ze(E) and HFO–1234ze(Z)

Vapor pressure and saturated liquid density for HFO–1234ze(E) and HFO–1234ze(Z) were measured in the temperature range from 300 to 400 K by using the extraction method. Experimental uncertainties are estimated to be 0.028 K for temperature, 0.4 kPa for pressure, and 0.9 kg·m–3 for density. Vapor pressures were obtained in the pressure range from 526 to 3462 kPa for HFO–1234ze(E) and from 185 to 2309 kPa for HFO–1234ze(Z). Saturated liquid densities were obtained in the density range from 670 to 1158 kg·m–3 for HFO–1234ze(E) and from 843 to 1220 kg·m–3 for HFO–1234ze(Z). These data are compared with the existing equations of state.

MEMS-based micro-Coriolis technology for high precision density measurement

Abstract Endress+Hauser has a long history of developing and producing flowmeters of various measurement technologies for the scope of process and product control in a variety of applications and industries. One of the most important flow measurement technologies in the last decades was the vibrating tube flowmeters based on the Coriolis measuring principle. An advantage of Coriolis flowmeters is the fact that they measure direct mass flow rate. Furthermore, by using the resonating tube frequency information, density and viscosity of a fluid can be deduced. Coriolis flowmeters exist in a lot of different shapes and styles, typically having metal flow tubes e. g. from stainless steel, titanium, zirconium or tantalum. The nominal flow rates range from about 1 g/h to 4000 t/h corresponding to line sizes from 0.2 mm up to 350 mm. In recent years different groups have worked on the adaptation and implementation of the Coriolis measuring principle in a MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) sensor by etching a micro tube structure from a silicon wafer. Such micro machined silicon based Coriolis sensor chips open a new field of applications for the Coriolis measuring principle. Here we present the work of Endress+Hauser on the field of MEMS based Micro-Coriolis Sensors and explore potential applications of this new technology, e. g. for very accurate liquid and gas density measurements and concentration determination.

Compressed Liquid Density and Vapor Phase PvT Measurements of cis-1,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoroprop-1-ene (R1225ye(Z))

This paper reports 136 compressed liquid density measurements and 104 vapor phase PvT measurements of cis-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene (R1225ye(Z)). The compressed liquid density data represent eight isotherms evenly spaced approximately from (283 to 353) K for pressures from close to saturation to 35 MPa, and the vapor phase PvT data represent six isochores for temperatures approximately from (263 to 368) K for pressures approximately from (135 to 777) kPa. The paper also presents a saturated liquid density correlation, a Tait correlation for the compressed liquid density data, and a Martin-Hou equation of state for the vapor phase PvT data.

Background oriented schlieren in a density stratified fluid.

Non-intrusive quantitative fluid density measurement methods are essential in the stratified flow experiments. Digital imaging leads to synthetic schlieren methods in which the variations of the index of refraction are reconstructed computationally. In this study, an extension to one of these methods, called background oriented schlieren, is proposed. The extension enables an accurate reconstruction of the density field in stratified liquid experiments. Typically, the experiments are performed by the light source, background pattern, and the camera positioned on the opposite sides of a transparent vessel. The multimedia imaging through air-glass-water-glass-air leads to an additional aberration that destroys the reconstruction. A two-step calibration and image remapping transform are the key components that correct the images through the stratified media and provide a non-intrusive full-field density measurements of transparent liquids.

R 347mcc の飽和蒸気圧力および飽和液体密度の測定

R 347mcc の飽和蒸気圧力および飽和液体密度の測定

Liquid density effect on burst frequency in centrifugal microfluidic platforms.

Centrifugal microfluidic platforms are widely used in various advanced processes such as biomedical diagnostics, chemical analysis and drug screening. This paper investigates the effect of liquid density on the burst frequency of the centrifugal microfluidic platform. This effect is experimentally investigated and compared to theoretical values. It is found that increasing the liquid density results in lower burst frequency and it is in agreement with theoretical calculations. Moreover, in this study we proposed the use of the microfluidic CD platform as an inexpensive and simple sensor for liquid density measurements. The proposed liquid sensor requires much less liquid volume (in the range of microliters) compared to conventional density meters. This study presents fundamental work which allows for future advance studies with the aim of designing and fabricating centrifugal microfluidic platforms for more complex tasks such as blood analysis.

HFE-7100 の飽和蒸気圧力および飽和液体密度の測定

HFE-7100 の飽和蒸気圧力および飽和液体密度の測定