Natural Population Densities Research Articles

Poverty rate as an indicator of disproportions in the spatial development of territories

Subject. The article addresses the relationship between the poverty rate of the population and sustainable and balanced spatial development of territories. Objectives. The study aims at scientific substantiation of the need to reduce the rate of poverty of the population as an imperative to achieve balanced spatial development of territories; indicative analysis of spatial development of territories in the projection "poverty rate of the population" based on statistical data from the Rosstat. Methods. I employed the indicative analysis, index method, and "zone theory". Results. The study demonstrated that poverty is one of the key indicators of disproportions in spatial development of territories, which, in accordance with the concept of "geography of poverty", is due to a lack of investment, remoteness from sources of natural resources, population density, and insufficient spread of innovations. An indicative analysis of the poverty rate in two regions of the Volga Federal District showed the relationship between the spatial development of the regions and the factors of the "geography of poverty". Conclusions. To ensure sustainable and balanced spatial development of regions characterized by a high rate of poverty, the paper offers a number of strategic directions.

Multilevel Change of Urban Green Space and Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity Analysis of Driving Factors

Analyzing the change trend of urban green space (UGS) and exploring related driving forces can provide scientific reference for sustainable development in rapidly urbanizing areas. However, the spatial and temporal driving mechanisms of the drivers on UGS patterns at different scales are still not deeply understood. Based on the GlobeLand30 land cover data, nighttime lighting data and spatial statistics from 2000 to 2020, this study analyzed the size, shape and diversity of UGS in Guangzhou at the urban level, gradient level and township level with multiple landscape indices. Diversity means the richness of UGS patch types. The selected indices include percent of landscape (PLAND), largest path index (LPI), landscape shape index (LSI), aggregation index (AI) and Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI). The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the drivers was then explored using the spatiotemporal weighted regression (GTWR) method. Results showed the following: (1) During 2000−2020, the total amount of UGS in Guangzhou increased slightly and then decreased gradually. UGS was mainly transferred into artificial surfaces (lands modified by human activities). (2) The UGS landscape showed a non-linear trend along the urban–rural gradient and fluctuated more in the interval of 20–60% urbanization level. PLAND, LPI and AI decreased significantly in areas with higher levels of urbanization. LSI increased and SHDI decreased significantly in areas with lower levels of urbanization. At township level, the landscape indices showed significant spatial autocorrelation. They transformed from discrete changes at the edge and at the junction of the administrative district to large-scale aggregated change, especially in northern areas. (3) The size of UGSs was mainly influenced by natural factors and population density, but their shape and diversity were mainly influenced by socio-economic factors. More regular shapes of green patches were expected in higher urbanization areas. Population agglomeration positively influenced green space patterns in the northeastern and southern regions (Zengcheng, Conghua and Nansha). Meanwhile the negative influence of urban expansion on the green space pattern in the central and southern regions decreased over time. This study contributes to an in-depth understanding of how the key factors affect the different changes of UGS with time and space and provides methodological support for the long-term zoning planning and management of UGS.

Economic complexity, natural resources and economic progress in the era of sustainable development: Findings in the context of resource deployment challenges

In recent years discussion on natural resource curse goes beyond the growth measure to incorporate other development measures of which economic complexity forms a major part. To gauge how natural resource exploitation is determined, researchers and policy makers explore the major determinants of resource curse. Surprisingly, the discussion on the role of economic sophistication in impacting natural resources continues to be scant. Against the backdrop of the perceived gap, this study explores the association between economic complexity and natural resources. This study used linear and non-linear model specifications to explore the impact of economic complexity (ECI) on the natural resource utilization (mineral resources) for ten Newly Industrialized Countries (NICS). In addition to economic complexity, economic growth, human capital, foreign direct investment, and population density were used as control variables in this study. We hypothesize that the relationship between ECI and natural resource rent may have an inverted’ U′ shape, depending on the technological sophistication and complexity of the economic processes. The panel data spans the years 1975–2020. Novel estimation techniques, including cross-sectional dependence tests, panel unit root tests, and cointegration tests, were used in this study. To achieve robust inferences, the long-run estimation was performed using panel Quantile regression, pooled OLS, and System GMM. The research findings support the existence of the inverted ‘U' shaped across natural resource rent and economic complexity. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin, panel causality tests confirm bidirectional causality links across economic complexity and rent on natural resources, mineral resources, human capital, and population density. These findings urge policymakers to recommend comprehensive economic and natural resource deployment policies to achieve sustainability.

Linking natural resources and environmental sustainability: A panel data approach based on the load capacity curve hypothesis

AbstractEconomic development accelerated by natural resource use has caused many undesirable environmental consequences such as reducing the living standards of individuals and threatening human health. Therefore, whether natural resource abundance is a curse for individuals' welfare and environmental sustainability is one of the crucial topics in the literature. This study investigates the impact of natural resources on environmental sustainability by adopting the newly developed Load Capacity Curve hypothesis in the resource‐rich Sub‐Saharan African countries for the period from 1990 to 2020 by utilizing a set of panel data methods. The main estimation results can be outlined as follows: (i) cointegration tests show the existence of the long‐run relationship between variables, (ii) the Load Capacity Curve Hypothesis is valid in the model, and (iii) natural resource rent, energy consumption, and population density reduce environmental sustainability, (iv) empirical estimations for robustness check greatly confirm the finding obtained by baseline estimations. Therefore, policy‐makers in the resource‐rich Sub‐Saharan African countries should focus on establishing mechanisms for internalizing negative externalities of natural resource rent.

Atomic high-spin cobalt(II) center for highly selective electrochemical CO reduction to CH3OH

In this work, via engineering the conformation of cobalt active center in cobalt phthalocyanine molecular catalyst, the catalytic efficiency of electrochemical carbon monoxide reduction to methanol can be dramatically tuned. Based on a collection of experimental investigations and density functional theory calculations, it reveals that the electron rearrangement of the Co 3d orbitals of cobalt phthalocyanine from the low-spin state (S = 1/2) to the high-spin state (S = 3/2), induced by molecular conformation change, is responsible for the greatly enhanced CO reduction reaction performance. Operando attenuated total reflectance surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy measurements disclose accelerated hydrogenation of CORR intermediates, and kinetic isotope effect validates expedited proton-feeding rate over cobalt phthalocyanine with high-spin state. Further natural population analysis and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the high spin Co2+ can enhance the electron backdonation via the dxz/dyz−2π* bond and weaken the C-O bonding in *CO, promoting hydrogenation of CORR intermediates.

Gas-phase reaction process of water activated by bare and Oxo-Ligated protactinium ions

The microscopic mechanism of bare and oxo-ligated Protactinium ions with H2O was calculated and new chemical properties of Pa were revealed. The results shown that H2O can continuously oxidize Pa+ to form multi-charged ion, and the reaction was accompanied by the transfer of single electrons from Pa to other atoms. The minimal energy path was obtained by considering different spin states, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. The bonding behavior and 5f orbital contribution was analyzed by natural population analysis and Density of States. Finally, we calculated the reaction rate constants by the variational transition state theory.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of the ancient water wells for the past 3,000a in Zhejiang Province, China: a perspective of geography

ABSTRACT Water wells are very important in the history of human development. The identification of spatiotemporal patterns of ancient water wells is a key to understanding the relationship between ancients and water, the evolution of ancient settlement patterns, and the history of population migration. However, at present, there are few reports to quantitatively explore the spatiotemporal evolution of ancient water wells from the perspective of geography. There is still a knowledge gap. Therefore, we show that a spatiotemporal kernel density estimation (STKDE) model and the centre-of-gravity method are useful for studying the spatiotemporal evolution of ancient water wells over the past 3,000 years in Zhejiang Province of southern China. The results show that in the past 3,000 years, the ancient water wells there have experienced an evolution from ‘single-core’ to ‘multicore’ aggregation, and the scope has gradually shifted from northern Zhejiang to southern Zhejiang. In addition, Hangzhou, Shangyu and ChunAn have always been aggregation centres. Socioeconomic factors, political and social stability, natural environmental conditions, population density and technological progress are the most important variables associated with water well ‘hot spots’ in time and space. This article provides a new perspective for the study of ancient water wells and fills the knowledge gap in understanding the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of ancient water wells and other point or line features in the archaeological record.

Hydrogen evolution reaction between small-sized Zr n (n = 2–5) clusters and water based on density functional theory

Density functional theory (DFT) is used to calculate the most stable structures of Zr n (n = 2–5) clusters as well as the adsorption energy values of Zr n (n = 2–5) clusters after adsorbing single water molecule. The results reveal that there is a significant linear relationship between the adsorption energy values and the energy gaps of the Zr n (n = 2–5) clusters. Furthermore, the calculations of the reaction paths between Zr n (n = 2–5) and single water molecule show that water molecule can react with Zr n (n = 2–5) clusters to dissociate, producing hydrogen, and O atoms mix with the clusters to generate Zr n O (n = 2–5), all of which are exothermic reactions. According to the released energy, the Zr4 cluster is the most efficient in Zr n (n = 2–5) clusters reacting with single water molecule. The natural population analysis (NPA) and density of states (DOS) demonstrate the production of hydrogen and orbital properties in different energy ranges, respectively, jointly forecasting that Zr n O (n = 2–5) will probably continue to react with more water molecules. Our findings contribute to better understanding of Zr’s chemical reactivity, which can conduce to the development of effective Zr-based catalysts and hydrogen-production methods.

Spatial Differentiation and Driving Mechanism of Agricultural Multifunctions in Economically Developed Areas: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province, China

Revealing the spatial patterns of differentiation and the driving mechanism of agricultural multifunctional patterns is an important aspect of coordinating the functional optimisation and coordinated development of different agricultural regions. On the basis of understanding the connotation of agricultural multiple functions, this paper constructed an evaluation index system of agricultural multiple functions. Taking Jiangsu Province as a typical case, the spatial patterns of agricultural multifunctions in Jiangsu since 1978 were analysed by using the entropy weight TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) method and ESDA (exploratory spatial data analysis) model, and the influencing mechanism of agricultural multifunction spatial differentiation was revealed by a geographic detector model. The results showed that (1) the cities with higher agricultural grain production functions were mainly concentrated in Yancheng and Huai’an; cities with higher agricultural economic development functions were mainly distributed in the coastal areas of Jiangsu; cities with higher agricultural social security functions were mainly concentrated in the Suzhou–Wuxi–Changzhou metropolitan area; and cities with higher agricultural ecotourism functions evolved from Nanjing–Zhenjiang to Suzhou–Wuxi–Changzhou. (2) The H–H (high–high) cluster pattern of the agricultural grain production function shifted from southern Jiangsu to northern Jiangsu. The H–H clusters of the agricultural economic development function and social security function were mainly distributed in Suzhou–Wuxi–Changzhou, while the L–L (low–low) cluster was mainly distributed in northern Jiangsu. The H–H cluster of agricultural ecotourism functions was mainly distributed in the areas with rich mountain and hill resources or dense water networks in Jiangsu. (3) The agricultural multifunction pattern differentiation was affected by the natural environment and economic and social comprehensive factors; the level of economic development and population employment structure were the leading factors of agricultural multifunction spatial differentiation; industry structure and people’s living conditions were the important driving forces of agricultural multifunction spatial differentiation; and the natural environment and population density were the basic factors underlying agricultural multifunction spatial differentiation.

Wolbachia infection dynamics in a natural population of the pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyri (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) across its seasonal generations

Wolbachia is one of the most abundant intracellular symbionts of arthropods and has profound effects on host biology. Wolbachia transmission and host phenotypes often depend on its density within the host, which can be affected by multiple biotic and abiotic factors. However, very few studies measured Wolbachia density in natural host populations. Here, we describe Wolbachia in the pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyri from three populations in the Czech Republic. Using phylogenetic analyses based on wsp and multilocus sequence typing genes, we demonstrate that C. pyri harbours three new Wolbachia strains from supergroup B. A fourth Wolbachia strain from supergroup A was also detected in parasitised immatures of C. pyri, but likely came from a hymenopteran parasitoid. To obtain insights into natural Wolbachia infection dynamics, we quantified Wolbachia in psyllid individuals from the locality with the highest prevalence across an entire year, spanning several seasonal generations of the host. All tested females were infected and Wolbachia density remained stable across the entire period, suggesting a highly efficient vertical transmission and little influence from the environment and different host generations. In contrast, we observed a tendency towards reduced Wolbachia density in males which may suggest sex-related differences in Wolbachia-psyllid interactions.

Natural resources, consumer prices and financial development in China: Measures to control carbon emissions and ecological footprints

China's natural resources are a major factor in its rapid financial development. In this race of development, the environment is compromised and China became the top polluted country in the world. A sustainable environment is required for sustainable development. Unlike others, we examine CO2 emissions and ecological footprint (EFP) to compare the role of natural resource rents (NRR), consumer prices (CP), financial development (FD), and population density (PD) in China. To empirically estimate the proposed linkages, the latest econometric techniques are used i. e, “Stationarity and co-integration tests with structural breaks and the autoregressive distributed lag models”. Findings report U-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for CO2 emissions and EFP, which means GDP is helping to control CO2 emissions and EFP in China. However, natural resources, consumer prices, and population density are increasing environmental degradation. Moreover, financial development is helpful to decrease carbon emissions and ecological footprints. China needs to re-consider the policy regarding consumer prices, dense inhabitant population and use of natural resources.

The Impact of Natural Disasters on Income Inequality in Indonesia

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between natural disasters and income inequality in Indonesia, a developing country with a high risk of natural hazards and high population densities in disaster-prone regions.
 Methods: This paper used cross-province panel data during the period between 2010 and 2016. Natural disasters data were obtained from Indonesia National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB), while Gini index data as an indicator of income inequality were obtained from Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). To estimate the impact of natural disasters on income inequality, this paper used a fixed effect regression model.
 Results: It was found that the lagged variable of natural disasters positively affected the Gini index. The coefficient of this variable was 0.0093 at a significance level of 5%. It indicated that natural disasters worsen income inequality. This study also showed that natural disasters that negatively affected the Gini index were hydrological disasters in year t (between -0.0179 and -0.0199 at a significance level of 0.1%). Meanwhile, meteorological disasters tended to increase income inequality in the subsequent years. The coefficients were 0.0282 and 0.0187, and were statistically significant at least 5%. In addition, meteorological disasters consistently affected income distribution in all Western Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, and Bali) and other islands. The coefficients were 0.0205 and 0.0510 at a significance level of 5% indicating that meteorological disasters tended to increase inequality in income distribution.
 But these climatological disasters had a negative impact on income distribution in other islands in years t and t-1 (-0.0192 and -0.0680 at the significance level of 1% and 5%, respectively). 
 Conclusion: The findings of this study imply that designing policies to deal with inequality at the regional level should also concern the different influences of various natural disasters on income inequality.

Population Structure of Three Provenances of Vitis tiliifolia (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.) in the Central Zone of the State of Veracruz, México

The objective of this work is to show the population structure of V. tiliifolia under natural conditions. The study was conducted in three municipalities in the state of Veracruz, México; through transects of 20 × 100 m (2000 m2), the population structure, density and spatial distribution of natural populations were determined. The edaphic and climatic factors were also determined through soil analysis and database consultation. The data were analyzed by ANOVA. The population structure for the three selected sites showed a type II curve, that is, mostly adults with few seedlings and juveniles. The spatial distribution presented an aggregate type pattern for the seedling and juvenile state categories, as well as a random type pattern for adults. The CPA allows us to visualize that there is a strong correlation between the chemical variables and the availability of some micronutrients; male individuals are the variable that explain the population structure. This shows that the low density of individuals in their early stages, together with the longevity of adult individuals and factors such as low rainfall, forest fires, reproductive biology and exploitation of the species put the persistence of populations at risk in this region.

Monogenean body size, but not reproduction, increases with infracommunity density

Body size reveals a plethora of life-history, ecological, and evolutionary information about a species. It plays a critical role in success or failure during competitive, reproductive, or predator–prey interactions. Typically, there is a negative relationship between body size and population density in natural populations and communities. I analysed this relationship within and among multiple populations of two prominent monogenean parasites (>90% prevalence) on Lepomis macrochirus in three lakes in New Jersey (USA), using multiple regression models. To elucidate the causes and benefits of this relationship, I also measured host body condition via a regression index, and reproductive output of the parasite community by measuring parasite eggs shed from the host. The relationship between body size and density of infrapopulations (parasites of a single species on a single host) was positive, and the strength of this relationship for both species depended on which lake they occupied, indicating the potential for Allee effects. This relationship persists at the infracommunity level, where there was a similar positive relationship between a community weighted mean body size and density. However, this relationship did not result in greater reproductive success as measured by infracommunity egg production per individual per 24 h or egg size. The cause of this relationship also remains elusive; it was not explained by host condition or age. The results suggest that there is either no reproductive advantage to this increase in body size or the advantage conferred was not related to these measured fitness components. These findings indicate that researchers should be cautious using body size as a proxy for fitness or reproduction, while also raising further questions about the nature of the relationship between parasites on a host and that between those parasites and the host.

Climate effect on Avena fatua field emergence dynamics: A 38‐year experiment in the semiarid Pampean region of Argentina

Climate events modulate weed population dynamics mainly by influencing field seedling emergence patterns. Field experiments aiming to study the influence of climate on the early-stage establishment of weeds are of utmost importance from a practical and strategic decision-making management point of view. The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of climate variations on the field emergence dynamics of Avena fatua in the southwest area of the semiarid Pampean region of Argentina. Field emergence patterns of A. fatua were monitored from 1977 to 2015. Seedling counts were destructively sampled at weekly intervals. Three quadrats (1 m2 each) were randomly distributed on a 5 ha experimental field with a high natural population density of A. fatua in the absence of a crop. Results show that the emergence strategy of this species is highly plastic with a striking variation in response to year-to-year climate signals. Avena fatua field emergence strategies were classified as staggered, early, medium and late based on both chronological and hydrothermal-time parameters. In the short-term, precipitation regimes during both the after-ripening and emergence phases largely explained the resulting emergence strategy. In the long-term, the combined effect of a reduction in both the precipitation frequency and the mean minimum temperature correlated with an increase in the staggered emergence pattern. Results also point out the adaptability of A. fatua in the area under study, further suggesting a bet-hedging fitness strategy that could diminish the risk of population decline under changing climate scenarios. From an agronomic perspective, the occurrence of staggered emergence patterns with an extended emergence window would complicate the definition of the optimal time for weed control. Thus, tailoring decisions based on the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) episodes (neutral, negative or positive) forecast plus the implementation of weed emergence models could lead to more accurate and sustainable weed management decisions.

Effect of Host Plants on the Viability of Black-veined White Aporia crataegi L. at Low Natural Population Density

Patterns of interaction of an oligophagous insect, black-veined white Aporia crataegi L., with host plants in years with a low density of its natural population are analyzed. In years with low A. crataegi population abundance in the south of Sverdlovsk region (Sysertsky district), the species composition of caterpillar host plants gradually decreases from several woody rosaceous species of the genera Padus, Sorbus, Malus, and Crataegus to one species (Padus avium Mill.). It is shown that the mortality rate is higher for fifth-instar caterpillars developing on mountain ash than for those developing on bird cherry. Adult A. crataegi developing on bird cherry are not only larger but also grow faster than those developing on mountain ash, which may be an additional factor responsible for the observed chronographic variation during the emergence of A. crataegi generation in nature.

Nematode populations as affected by residue and water management in a long-term wheat-soybean double-crop system in eastern Arkansas

Soybeans (Glycine max L.) are one of the major row crops in the United States, particularly in Arkansas. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is one of the most damaging pests that can cause major economic losses in soybeans. Little is known concerning the combined effects of tillage [conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT)], water management (irrigation and non-irrigation), residue burning (burn and no burn), and wheat residue level (high and low) on nematodes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the combination of agronomic practices (tillage, water management, burning, and residue level) on natural nematode population densities and change over the growing season in a long-term wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-soybean rotation on a silt-loam soil in Arkansas. A suite of 10 nematode genera were measured in the top 10 cm in July, August, and October in 2017 and 2018. Averaged across all other treatment factors, SCN egg concentration was 17.9 times greater at the end of the growing season in October than in July and August. The SCN second-stage juvenile (J2) population densities were 3.4 times greater in the CT-burn than in the CT-no-burn and NT-burn treatment combinations. In contrast to under CT, SCN J2 population densities were 3.8 times greater in the NT-no-burn than under the NT-burn treatment combinations. Lance, lesion, spiral, and stunt nematode population densities were also affected by various field treatment combinations. Traditional (i.e., tillage, residue burning, and irrigation) and alternative (i.e., non-tillage, no burning, and dryland) wheat-soybean management practices can influence nematode population densities even in non-problematic fields, thus potentially affecting long-term strategies to maximize soybean profitability.

Distribution of natural resources and population density in the merapi volcano area

The objective of this research is to study spatial distribution of natural resources and their relation to population density of the Merapi volcano area Survey method was used in this research, and started by thematic map and remote sensing imagery imerpretationdieldwork was carried out to check the interpretation result and to observe the actual natural resources in the sample areas were determined by purposive sampling. Population density data were collected by secondary data from sub-district. Descriptive, qualitative approach was used to data analysis and landform unit was used for evaluation of the natural resources.. The findings of this research are: spatially the natural resources, potency varies according to landform unit, and each landform unit has specific natural resources potency, it). the availability of the natural resources in the landform unit has closed relationship to the population density, high and enormous of natural resources usually followed by densely populated, the high densely populated area not always influenced by the existing of the natural resources but also by the functional of the area.

Experimental study of species invasion: early population dynamics and role of disturbance in invasion success

AbstractMuch of our understanding of natural invasions is retrospective, based on data acquired after invaders become established. As a consequence, we know little about the characteristics of the early population growth and habitat use of the invaders during establishment. Here we report on experimental introductions of guppies into natural streams in which we conducted monthly censuses of each population. Two of the four introductions were in streams with thinned canopies, which mimic a common form of habitat disturbance. We conducted similar censuses of natural populations to characterize natural population densities and generate a null distribution against which we could test a priori hypotheses about the establishment of the experimental invaders. We constructed a pedigree for one population, which enabled us to quantify lifetime reproductive success. Population simulations predict that the nature of the introduced population’s life history, in combination with reduced risk of predation in the introduction sites, will result in explosive population growth; however, populations of introduced invaders instead grew to match densities observed in natural streams with intact canopies. Experimental populations in streams with thinned canopies grew to densities that often exceeded those of natural streams with intact canopies. High population densities were associated with the increased use of marginal habitat. Adult females and males that moved into marginal habitat suffered no apparent fitness loss, suggesting lower population densities found there compensated for lower habitat quality. Our results suggest that the ecological setting in which invasions occur plays a role at least comparable in importance to that of the invader’s inherent characteristics in shaping early population growth and habitat use.

Natural enemy population of corn main pests in Maros experimental station at various stages of plant growth

The study of natural enemy population density among the main predator species of corn plants was conducted in Maros Experimental Station (ES), Research Institute for Cereal Crops in 2018. The research uses direct patrol techniques, conducted by making direct observations in the field to record the presence of natural enemies. The natural enemies are observed by referring to Shepard et al. (1987) about insects which are beneficial for biological control of food crop pests. Identification of the presence of these natural enemies was carried out on several stadia (stages) of corn plants and on grass or plant habitus around the observation area as a comparison. Determination of plant samples was carried out on research plots and blocks around the Maros ES. The observation plots used 3 replications by taking 20-30 samples of plants per replication or a total of 60-90 observation/block units. Deuteronomy is a plot divided into 3 plots of observation whose width is adjusted to the area and length of the plot of the study. The recording of the insect population of natural enemies was conducted by calculating the number in each replicate plot by taking pictures of all types of insects found on the plant and then the results were identified in line with the guide book. The results of the recording were tabulated to find out the total average number of natural enemy populations that appear on the observation plot/block. Observations show that in Maros EF, the natural enemies identified and found in the location of observations are 8 types, each of which are Harmonia octomaculata (Fabricius) also called dome beetle, Agriocnemis pygmaea (Rambur) or needle dragonfly, Micraspis sp. or coccinellid beetles, Oxyopes javanus (Thorel) or sharp eye spiders, Conocephalus longipennis (de Haan) or grasshoppers, Lycosa pseudoannulata (Boesenberg and Strand) or wolf spiders, Limnogonus fossarum (Fabricius) or water bedbug, Tetragnatha maxillosa (Thorell) or long jaw spider.