Settlement Density Research Articles

A Settlement Density Based Allocation Method for Historical Cropland Cover: A Case Study of Jilin Province, China

A key focus in research on changes in historical land cover has been to improve existing gridded cropland allocation methods based on land suitability for cultivation to generate credible historical cropland cover data. This study developed a settlement-density-based method for gridded cropland allocation using the locations of settlements to identify the cropland grid and the settlement density as the weight for allocating the cropland area to the grid. This method was applied to allocate the provincial cropland areas in Jilin Province, China, to a 5′ × 5′ cropland cover at six time points during the last 300 years. The credibility of the reconstruction was assessed using three methods. The following conclusions emerged. First, the settlement density method is funded on the fact of coexistence between rural settlements and cropland. Cropland is only distributed in the grid where the settlements exist, and the cropland area of a grid equals to the cropland area per settlement multiplying by the number of settlements within the grid, without considering differences of settlement size. Second, all three quantitative or qualitative assessments of Jilin Province confirmed the credibility and feasibility of the settlement density method. Therefore, the use of this method to reproduce the temporal and spatial changes in cropland cover in new reclamation regions, such as Jilin Province, is valid. This study provides valuable inputs for enhancing the credibility of historical global land cover data by incorporating human factors into the cropland allocation method.

Kwandang waterfront city development study against the water conditions of north gorontalo regency

Kwandang Waterfront City is a directive on urban development plans by Government Regency of North Gorontalo where there is a plan for coastal reclamation with beachfront conditions are dense settlements. However, it has not been stated in the Zoning Plan of Coastal Areas and Small Islands (RZWP3K) in Gorontalo Province. This paper aims to explore the feasibility of Kwandang Waterfront City development to changes in the physical condition of the aquatic environment of the North Gorontalo Regency through spatial analysis and weighting methods. The results of this paper can be taken into consideration in conducting a review of Coastal Spasial Plan, as a form of support for the Kwandang Waterfront City urban development plan.

Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Rural Settlements in Qinba Mountains, Shaanxi Province, China

Spatial patterns and the influencing determinants of rural settlements are the most important indicators for understanding the constituent structure of rural regional systems. However, there is little knowledge addressing the characteristics from the settlement perspective by realizing the spatial reconstruction and sustainable development of rural settlements. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the geographical, size, and morphological properties of rural settlement patterns in the Qinba Mountains in southern Shaanxi Province, China, using rural settlement and remote sensing data through spatial measurement index, gradient transects, demographic-economic index, and geodetector analysis. The results show the following: (1) Overall, rural settlements have spatial characteristics of “high-density multi-core clusters (0.8–1.6/km2) and low-density broadly scattered (<0.08/km2)”. There is a significant positive correlation between the scale of rural settlement density and the characteristics of high-value agglomeration. (2) The spatial disparities of morphological traits of settlement shapes are significant. Furthermore, 1840 NP/piece of plain basin landform types provide high-value areas for each settlement feature value, and locations with moderate slopes are best for settlement dispersal. Moreover, rivers, roads, and distance from township centers are all examples of beneficial directivity. There is consistency between the spatial differentiation of rural settlement areas per capita and the distribution of settlement scale. Conversely, the settlement density is inconsistent with the agricultural production value density’s spatial distribution features. (3) The impact of geographical factors on the diversification of settlement characteristics has significant spatial differences. Moreover, natural ecological characteristics such as elevation and landform and the distribution of cultivated land strongly influence the spatial pattern of the study region. Finally, the study findings can be beneficial for land and space planning and rural governments to develop sustainable rural settlements.

THE ROLE OF TURKOMANS IN THE SELJUK-BYZANTINE RELATIONS IN THE PROCESS LEADING TO THE WAR OF MYRIOKEFALON

II. Kılıç Arslan Döneminde Anadolu’nun batı uçları Türkmenlerin yoğun yerleşim sahası haline gelmiştir. Konar-göçer yaşam tarzını sahip olan bu Türkmen toplulukları mevcut meraların hayvanları için yetersiz gelmeye başladığı zamanlarda Bizans arazisindeki verimli otlakları kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Ayrıca kendi başlarına üretemedikleri ürünleri temin etmek maksadıyla Bizans yerleşim yerine yağma akınları düzenlemişlerdir. Türkmenler, yaşam biçimlerinin etkisiyle ortaya koydukları bu faaliyetlerle farkında olmadan II. Kılıç Arslan’ın Bizans’a yönelik politikalarını olumsuz etkilemeye başlamıştır. İmparator Manuel, Türkmenlerin yol açtığı bu tahribattan II. Kılıç Arslan’ı sorumlu tutarak Selçuklular üzerine birçok kez sefer düzenlemiştir. Bu durum Selçuklular ile Bizans arasındaki ilişkilerin çatışma boyutuna ulaşmasına ve Miryokefalon Savaşı’na giden süreçte belirleyici rol oynamıştır.

STUDY ON POTENTIAL FEASIBILITY OF AQUACULTURE LAND USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) IN NORTH SEMARANG SEA

Marine culture in the North Semarang area is still not optimally utilized by the surrounding community. The selection of the location of aquaculture activities is needed to determine the feasibility of suitable land for aquaculture in the sea. However, due to the large number of fishing activities, ports, and dense settlements have an impact on water quality which affects marine aquaculture activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition of the waters, determine the level of land suitability using GIS, and the area of ​​land that can be used as a location for marine culture in the waters of North Semarang. The method used is by scoring and GIS. Parameters observed included protection, brightness, temperature, depth, current velocity, substrate, wave height, salinity, DO, BOD, COD, and pH. Furthermore, a scoring calculation is carried out to determine the suitability value which is then processed using GIS to produce a suitability map. The results showed that North Semarang waters were classified as S2 class (quite suitable) for marine aquaculture activities and with an area of ​​250,000 ha

Dairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in Europe.

In European and many African, Middle Eastern and southern Asian populations, lactase persistence (LP) is the most strongly selected monogenic trait to have evolved over the past 10,000 years1. Although the selection ofLP and the consumption ofprehistoric milk must be linked, considerable uncertainty remains concerning their spatiotemporal configuration and specific interactions2,3. Here we provide detailed distributions of milk exploitation across Europe over the past 9,000 years using around7,000 pottery fat residues from more than 550 archaeological sites. European milk use was widespread from the Neolithic period onwards but varied spatially and temporally in intensity. Notably,LP selection varying with levels of prehistoric milk exploitation is no better at explaining LP allele frequency trajectories than uniform selection since the Neolithic period. In the UK Biobank4,5 cohort of 500,000 contemporary Europeans, LP genotype was only weakly associated with milk consumption and did not show consistent associations with improved fitness or health indicators. This suggests that other reasons for the beneficial effects of LP should be considered for its rapid frequency increase. We propose that lactasenon-persistent individuals consumed milk when it became available but, under conditions of famine and/or increased pathogen exposure, this was disadvantageous, driving LP selection in prehistoric Europe. Comparison of model likelihoods indicates that population fluctuations, settlement density and wild animal exploitation-proxies for these drivers-provide better explanations of LP selection than the extent of milk exploitation. These findings offer new perspectives on prehistoric milk exploitation and LP evolution.

Exploration Of Native Plants Of Assam For Host Preference Of Lac Insect <i>Kerria Chinensis</i>

Field and laboratory experiments were carried out at the Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during October, 2018 to April, 2019 to study the host plant preference of local lac insect Kerria chinensis on eight native plants of Assam viz., Flemingia semialata, F. strobilifera, Indigofera teysmannii, Ficus religiosa, Zizyphus mauritiana, Litchi chinensis, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Cajanus cajan. Results indicated that the maximum productivity of broodlac (0.31± 0.01kg) and longest lifecycle duration (171.92± 2.08 days) was recorded in F. semialata. Study on morphological parameters revealed that the girth of the bark of the plants possesses significant negative correlation with the settlement density of crawlers as well as production of lac. However, trichome density of the bark was found to possess positive but non-significant correlation with the settlement density of crawlers as well as production of lac.

Access to paratransit bus terminals in Ghana: characterizing its geographical distribution by settlement density

ABSTRACT In Sub-Saharan Africa, paratransit is the primary means of mobility where accessibility to its bus terminals offers access to diverse societal opportunities. This study accounts for the capacity of bus terminals, population demand, the geographic separations between demand and supply locations, and pedestrian response to congestion in the Greater Kumasi area of Ghana. We found that access to bus terminals is low averaging 0.5 bus terminals per 10,000 people, underpinned by random distribution, low capacity, and high demand. Incorporation of urban morphology showed that high-dense settlements have better accessibility, while moderate-dense and low-dense settlements have comparable accessibility.

Change detection and future change prediction in Habra I and II block using remote sensing and GIS – A case study

Mapping, analysis, and monitoring of landuse and landcover in micro region is necessary for sustainable land development, planning and management. The present study is, therefore, aimed to identify the spatio-temporal change of LULC in two central administrative C.D. blocks of North 24 Parganas in West Bengal, India during period 1987-2020. To figure out the essence of the transition, the supervised classification along with post-classification change detection using the 'From'-'To' approach was employed. Furthermore, hotspot analysis has been utilized to identify all of the areas that are the most variable in terms of change potentiality. Besides, cellular automata were also introduced to find out the character of urban growth and future trend of LULC change. The results show that between 1987 and 2020, agricultural area and vegetation with settlement decreased by -11.60 % and -4.34 %, respectively, while dense set-tlement increased by +15.69 % due to significant population growth and overcrowding from neighboring countries. The prediction model also supports this argument. So, the very high and uncontrolled growth of urban settlement in the study area, may become a big challenge for the district authority to control the unplanned urban expansion.

A Review of Bioclimatic Housing Performance in Kampung Surabaya Using Response Surface Methodology

The existence of old houses as folk's houses in urban villages or kampong in Surabaya City that are still sustainable can be a precedent for today's architecture. Kampung with residential neighborhoods and dense urban village communities with middle to lower socio-economic strata have produced many distinctive architectural styles of houses. Several studies have shown that kampung's housing has high adaptability to urban developments. A comprehensive review of adaptation, one of which is a bioclimatic adaptation, where the performance of the house building is influenced by the relationship of living organisms, climate, and shape of the building. Bioclimatic adaptation as an architectural strategy is based on comfort-based rationale and low energy to create buildings with better thermal performance. Then how does the thermal performance of old houses as cultural products in the kampung contribute to sustainable thermal comfort? For this reason, the development of a response surface methodology is used as a technique to assess building performance in a quantitative bioclimatic context to complement the qualitative description. Data or information about facts in the field of old houses were obtained from observing the physical traces of the building and interviews with the occupants of the house. Analysis with the response surface methodology will show building optimization in achieving thermal comfort with energy efficiency efforts in old houses in Kampung Peneleh, Surabaya City with various levels depending on the architectural style of the building (Javanese House, Indische House, Yankee House, Modern House). The good thermal performance of old houses can be a precedent in the bioclimatic architectural design of houses in dense settlements such as in urban villages.

Spatial differentiation of Stryi raion of Lviv oblast: challenges for development

The article raises the issue of comprehensive human-geographical research of administrative-territorial units formed as a result of reforming the administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine. The human-geographical meaning of the concept of "administrative district capacity" as its ability to function effectively in accordance with natural, demographic and economic potentials is introduced and revealed. Using a cartographic method, a series of analytical maps elaborated, which revealed significant spatial heterogeneity in terms of territorial communities of Stryi Raion (district) in terms of providing by land resources, population and settlement density, level of urbanization, general budget revenues per unit area and per capita, taфability index. Based on the Methodology for the Formation of Capable Territorial Communities (2020), groups of territorial communities with high (3.9 – 4.6) and medium (3.2 – 3.8) levels of capacity identified at the studied area. Elaboration of the approved strategies for the development of territorial communities made it possible to summarize the priority areas of economic development of the district: tourism and recreational, transport and logistical, agrarian, industrial. Clustering is proposed as an effective process of territorial organization of the economy of Stryi Raion. The need to transform the city-forming functions of the former district centers (Zhydachiv, Mykolaiv, Skole) into new economic realities is emphasized.

Old World Vultures Reflect Effects of Environmental Pollutants Through Human Encroachment.

African wildlife face challenges from many stressors including current and emerging contaminants, habitat and resource loss, poaching, intentional and unintentional poisoning, and climate-related environmental change. The plight of African vultures exemplifies these challenges due to environmental contaminants and other stressors acting on individuals and populations that are already threatened or endangered. Many of these threats emanate from increasing human population size and settlement density, habitat loss from changing land use for agriculture, residential areas, and industry, and climate-related changes in resource availability. Environmental chemicals that are hazardous include legacy chemicals, emerging chemicals of concern, and high-volume-use chemicals that are employed as weed killers and in other agricultural applications. Furthermore, there are differences in risk for species living in close proximity to humans or in areas affected by habitat loss, climate, and industry. Monitoring programs are essential to track the status of nesting pairs, offspring survival, longevity, and lifetime productivity. This is important for long-lived birds, such as vultures, that may be especially vulnerable to chronic exposure to chemicals as obligate scavengers. Furthermore, their position in the food web may increase risk due to biomagnification of chemicals. We review the primary chemical hazards to Old World vultures and the interacting stressors affecting these and other birds. Habitat is a major consideration for vultures, with tree-nesters and cliff-nesters potentially experiencing different risks of exposure to environmental chemicals. The present review provides information from long-term monitoring programs and discusses a range of these threats and their effects on vulture populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1586-1603. © 2022 SETAC.

Rural Settlements of the Ostyako-Vogul and Yamalo-Nenets National Districts in the 1930s: Location, Density, Economic and Socio-Cultural Development

The paper characterizes the location, density (density), economic and socio-cultural development of the network of rural settlements of the Ostyako-Vogul and Yamalo-Nenets national districts according to data for 1935-1936. The subject of the study is the rural settlement network of the named districts, the object is the location, density of the settlement network, its industrial, economic and socio-cultural infrastructure. In the study, statistical data collected by the Omsk Regional Department of National Economic Accounting (OBLUNKHU) were used as the main source Gosplan of the USSR on key indicators of economic and cultural development of the administrative-territorial units of the region, including the districts of North-Western Siberia. The dependence of the density of the settlement network on the natural and climatic zone, the peculiarities of the management of the local population is shown. The territories of sparse and relatively dense settlement within the boundaries of the national districts under consideration are determined, indicators of economic and socio-cultural development of settlements are presented. As results of the study author presents the conclusions about the dispersion of settlement in the polar tundra zone, the presence of territorial concentrations of rural settlements in the forest tundra and taiga zones not around administrative and economic centers, but along important transport arteries, the role of which in the north of Western Siberia was mainly performed by rivers. The predominance of the simplest industrial associations as the most common form of collective farms in the region is noted, positive changes in the development of the socio-cultural infrastructure of rural settlements of the region are recorded.

Spatial Distribution and Evolution of Ancient Settlements From the Neolithic to the Bronze Age in Dalian Area, China

The research on the spatial distribution and evolution of ancient settlements from the Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age in Dalian area is of great significance for a profound understanding of the prehistoric human-land relationship in Dalian area. The results showed that: ① The number of settlement sites in Dalian area showed an overall upward trend from the Mid-Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Most sites during the three periods studied were to be found 0–50 m above sea level (asl), with a significant increase in the number of sites located >50 m asl during the Bronze Age. In terms of gradient of slope, all settlements were concentrated on coastal plains or in low-altitude, hilly areas on relatively gentle slopes ranging between 0 and 6°. Settlements from each period faced in all directions, and were mainly located in river valleys or low-altitude mountain valleys with low terrains.② The proximity of ancient settlements to river courses during the Mid Holocene evolved, with Mid and Late Neolithic settlements usually distributed in the range beyond 3 km of the river buffer zone; the distribution of Bronze Age sites was relatively uniform, reflecting an increasing demand for water resources; the density of settlements was clustered between the Mid Neolithic and the Bronze Age, Neolithic sites being both the smallest in number and the most concentrated. ③ The spatiotemporal distribution and evolution of settlements in the Dalian area were influenced by the contemporary climate: the Mid Neolithic climate was warm and humid, and settlements were distributed principally on the various islands near present-day Dalian, and especially Guanglu Island; the Late Neolithic climate became increasingly drier and cooler, stimulating cultural advances and a slight increase in the number of ancient settlements, which gradually developed in the areas in and around present-day Dalian; during the cold and dry Bronze Age, the number of settlements across the Dalian region reached their peak, and it is widely distributed in various areas of Dalian. To a certain extent, this reflected a continuous improvement in the ability of the human population to adapt to the natural environment.

Conservation of forest cover in Mesoamerican biosphere reserves is associated with the increase of local non-farm occupation

Protected areas can prevent forest loss, but their effects on forest fragmentation and forest regrowth are poorly understood. Furthermore, the importance of protected areas in shaping these forest spatial changes may depend on different socioeconomic drivers (e.g. population size, distance to cities, proportion of local people working in non-farm occupation), but the empirical evidence on such dependence is very scarce. Here, we used contra factual technics to assess whether biosphere reserves (n = 19) in the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot can reduce forest loss and fragmentation and promote forest regrowth during the period 2000–2020. We used satellite imagery and governmental data to assess the socioeconomic factors driving these changes. Particularly, using multimodel inference analysis, we tested whether higher non-farm occupation, combined with low demographic pressures, reduces forest loss and fragmentation and promotes forest regrowth. We found that reserves reduce forest loss and preserve less-fragmented configurations, however, they neither reduce fragmentation rate nor promote forest regrowth. Forest loss rate inside the reserves decreased as non-farm occupation enhanced and the density of rural settlements decreased. Therefore, promoting higher opportunities in non-farm economic activities and planning rural settlements distribution around reserves could help to increase the effectiveness of reserves for forest conservation.

Economic Directness in the Western Andes: A New Model of Socioeconomic Organization for the Paracas Culture in the First Millennium BC

Economic directness is a new model of socioeconomic organization for the Paracas culture (800–200 BC) in southern Peru, with wider implications for economic theory of the prehispanic Andean past. Using an archaeoeconomic approach to analyze settlement patterns, obsidian artifacts, malacological material, and camelid skeletal remains, this study reconstructs the Paracas economy by using primary archaeological data from the northern Nasca Drainage. Its results force reconsideration of existing socioeconomic models for the ancient Andes such as verticality, circuit mobility, llama caravan mobility, transhumance, and market concepts. Whereas components typical of these models are often absent in the case of the Paracas economy, our new proposal of economic directness integrates their relevant aspects. Economic directness is defined essentially by direct access to important resources from diverse ecological tiers, direct and down-the-line exchanges, reduced transaction costs, llama caravan transport, unbalanced commodity flows across the western Andes, and forces of supply and demand with major consumption on the coast. These features formed under conditions of population growth, generating a continuous and dense settlement pattern from the Pacific coast to the highland puna zone.

Perubahan Tata Ruang dan Fungsi Kampung Akuarium, Jakarta

<p class="Abstract"><em>Kampung Akuarium is one of the historical places in the coastal area of North Jakarta. At the beginning, the area of Kampung Akuarium was dominated by swamps, so houses were built using stilt house construction. The development into a dense settlement which was then carried out evictions in the area and now it has become a residential area with the establishment of flats whose plans consist of 5 blocks. The purpose of this study is to explore in depth the changes that occur (especially regarding the function and spatial structure of the building and the surrounding environment) in Kampung Susun Akuarium. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with historical and architectural approaches to analyze problems in depth by exploring social and architectural phenomena. from time to time through detailed and in-depth data collection sourced from observations, interviews, documents and object description reports. Changes that occurred in the Kampung Susun Akuarium Jakarta before and after the eviction were found in land function, type of building, spatial planning, building construction, house function, home ownership status, socio-economic conditions, and behavior.</em><em></em></p>

Contrasting effects of human settlement on the interaction among sympatric apex carnivores.

In the face of a growing human footprint, understanding interactions among threatened large carnivores is fundamental to effectively mitigating anthropogenic threats and managing species. Using data from a large-scale camera trap survey, we investigated the effects of environmental and anthropogenic variables on the interspecific interaction of a carnivore guild comprising of tiger, leopard and dhole in Bhutan. We demonstrate the complex effects of human settlement density on large carnivore interactions. Specifically, we demonstrate that leopard–dhole co-occupancy probability was higher in areas with higher human settlement density. The opposite was true for tiger–leopard co-occupancy probability, but it was positively affected by large prey (gaur) abundance. These findings suggest that multi-carnivore communities across land-use gradients are spatially structured and mediated also by human presence and/or the availability of natural prey. Our findings show that space-use patterns are driven by a combination of the behavioural mechanism of each species and its interactions with competing species. The duality of the effect of settlement density on species interactions suggests that the benefits of exploiting anthropogenic environments are a trade-off between ecological opportunity (food subsidies or easy prey) and the risk of escalating conflict with humans.

Training on Herbal Soap Preparation From the Extract Combination of Ketepeng Leaf and Sirih Leaf

The problem of sanitation and hygiene is one of the problems faced by many people in Indonesia, especially in the current state of the Covid 19 pandemic. Not to mention the thing that is faced by the people of the Mabar village, Medan Deli sub-district, Medan City is the poor sanitation and hygiene of the community, especially those who live in dense settlements, so it is necessary to campaign for healthy living behaviors, one of which is through counseling on healthy living behaviors in maintaining personal health during the COVID-19 pandemic. and accompanied by training in the manufacture of antibacterial soap to increase public interest and awareness regarding the importance of healthy living. Soap products have developed into a primary need in today's society. These products are used every day by all levels of society, both upper, middle, and lower classes. The partners involved in community service are community groups in Neighborhood IX, Mabar sub-district, Medan Deli sub-district, Medan City. which is quite potential to be developed through a training program for making antibacterial herbal soaps, one of which is made from ketepeng leaves and betel leaves which are widely believed by the community to be effective in curing skin diseases. Several studies have proven that ketepeng and betel leaves have high antibacterial activity which have the potential to be developed into antibacterial soap products.Housewives and teenagers of productive age who are the targets of this service do not yet have productive activities. This training program is expected to provide business opportunities to the community so that it can improve the economy. The soap products produced can be used to meet household needs or can be sold to the surrounding community. With training in making antibacterial herbal soaps, expenses can be reduced and even can improve the household economy.

Institusional role in analysis of installation of Tsunami Natural Disaster Detection Equipment using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Cost Benefit Analysis Methods

The problem of natural disasters, such as tsunamis, tends to increase from year to year, mainly due to Indonesia's location in the Pacific Ring of Fire (Ring of Fire) and exacerbated by the lack of tools that can inform early for people if a geological disaster will occur and the lack of early warning for geological disasters installed according to local needs. The tsunami disaster will have a harmful and destructive impact on an area where the community suffers a significant material loss. Therefore, this study aims to determine the priority weight of each region in installing early warning tools to minimize the risk of geological disasters in Indonesia using the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and Cost-Benefit Analysis methods. This type of research is descriptive exploratory research, using qualitative data analysis methods—classifying regional criteria in Indonesia to determine the installation zone for early detection of natural disasters. The weighting and assessment are carried out on regional factors. Early detection tools for natural disasters are determined using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, which provides subjective calculations based on the hierarchical structure of regional components, namely Dense Settlements, Business Activities, Strategic Buildings Conservation Areas. The subjective calculation is combined with sub-criteria components from the area in coastal settlements, urban settlements, significant business activities, small business activities, important strategic buildings, historical strategic buildings, water conservation areas, and wildlife conservation areas. They support data taken directly through questionnaires and secondary data as comparison data. The data and results of AHP calculations are presented in the form of a parameter table based on the factor component of the regional component. The results of the analysis show that the detectors are divided into four types, namely CBT, Buy, Gauge, and ISDL