Denomination Of Origin Research Articles

Trademarks and Denomination of Origin in Portuguese Wine Sector (1918-1924)

In the Portuguese wine sector there was a strong adhesion of companies, producers and traders to the registration of trade marks since the modern commercial brands emerged after the creation of the legal framework for their protection, at the end of the 19th century. We also must consider the existence of different regions of production, from north to south of the country, and the historical process of recognition of the different denomination of origin, which occurred since the beginning of the 20th century, in a context of post-phylloxera reconversion, market instability and the proliferation of imitations and counterfeits. Because wine sector was strategic in the Portuguese economy, in this article we will analyze the marks of different companies, traders and producers representative of various Portuguese wine regions, between 1918 and 1924 from the Trademark Registration in the Boletim de Propriedade Industrial (Industrial Property Bulletin). The aim is to understand the relationship between trademarks and appellations of origin, to understand if there was the growth of the different terroirs and their types of wines, and to identify, on a semiotic basis, representative and identifying elements of the indication of provenance, used in countless brands. Keywords: Portuguese wine regions, brands, trademarks, labels, semiotics

Appellation of Origin and Geographical Indication: Comparative Legal Aspect

The article provides a comparative legal analysis of the concepts of appellation of origin and geographical indication. Often there is an identification of these concepts, in connection with which it seems necessary to correlate these designations and conduct their comparative characteristics in accordance with the norms of international agreements and the legislation of the Russian Federation. The norms of international agreements in the field of protection of the appellation of origin and geographical indication are analyzed. Examples from judicial practice are given. Examples of the appellation of origin of goods and geographical indication known in the Russian Federation are considered. As examples of the appellation of origin of goods, such goods as “Krasnodar tea”, “Vologda butter”, “Tula gingerbread”, “Astrakhan watermelons”, “Zhostovo”, “Khokhloma”, “Gzhel”, “Altai honey”, “Astrakhanskaya sturgeon caviar”. Well-known examples of geographical indications are cheese “Roquefort”, “Shuyskoye soap”.

Branding and Marketing Communication in the Field of Wine: The Experiences of Spanish Denominations of Origin to Build Brand Territory

Territories are in a constant struggle to attract tourists, investments and residents striving for differentiation by exploiting the unique local values, which hold the essence of each one of them. This distinction is critical, differentiating each territory from others, and improving their competitive edge to be chosen as a favorite destination (Bigne et al., 2000). The application of branding in destination management has been used in recent years to generate a distinctive and competitive identity for a place, and distinguish it from others. And to be truly effective, the perceptions that a territory brand inspires in visitors and residents must align with the destination’s main assets and their presentation in marketing communication (Kotler and Gertner, 2002). In this sense, local products, such as wine and food, are valid levers that contribute to shaping the positioning and differential values of the territories. The purpose of this paper is to: a) Examine how advertising of different Denominations of Origin in the wine industry contributes to the image and positioning of the different regions, thus creating a distinct positioning and promoting the area’s identity and values; b) Analyze the content, strategies, and communication messages of the Denominations of Origin (of wine) across Spain. Through content analysis, combined with discourse analysis of the advertising strategies of a significant sample of Denominations of Origin (66 campaigns), we seek to establish variables for analysis and categorization of objectives, strategies, and discursive constructions that brands develop in their communication policies. Among the main results to highlight, the group of brands under scrutiny focused on the characteristics of the product while other strategies highlighted the values of the territory as main positioning values, that is, they served to communicate key aspects of the territory.

Pedological formations on old mountain geomorphological surfaces of central Spain

The chemo-morphological properties of soils on ancient landforms (quarzitic pliocene alluvial fans, pleistocene terraces), namely “rañizos”, on middle-high mountains (Eastern-Central System, Iberian Peninsula, Rio Negro, Cogolludo) were investigated. Several properties were analyzed by standard procedures. A detailed soil diagnostics and classification on “rañizos” were done, unlike those widely studied on “rañas” (similar landform), by identifying parallel pedogenetic processes in both formations. The genetic and geographic features of Alfisols, Ultisols and Inceptisols are closely related to the nature of their parent materials, based on quartzite and quartz conglomerates, sometimes with an arkosic matrix, red shale, polygenic gravels and pebbles. Soil features were determined by genuine soil-forming inherent lithological rock properties. Other driving factors were flat topography and enough soil formation time to allow intense pedogenesis. The main soil-forming processes were intense weathering, clay enrichment horizons with illuviation, red color caused by iron oxide dehydration and signs of pseudogleyzation processes. Such pedological formations can be considered endemisms; that is, “rare” soils and, up to a point, “relict”. The soil reaction is acid/slightly acid with low base saturation. Despite lying on mountains, soils are characterized by moderate-low organic matter content. Soil conditions and climate provide good vine production requirements despite acidity levels. A common feature of all Rio Negro soils is the presence of gravel (size up to 3–5 cm), which is evenly distributed on arable layers. The results can be used to assess vineyard soil use in a potential Pago (Protected Denomination of Origin) and to extend the database of vineyard soils from poorly studied Mediterranean continental mountain regions.

The wooden shelf surface and cheese rind mutually exchange microbiota during the traditional ripening process

The rind acts as a protective barrier for internally-bacterial ripened cheeses. Unlike surface-inoculated smear cheeses, centripetal maturation is not assumed to occur in these cheeses. This research was aimed to evaluate the microbial diversity of the wooden shelves used for the ripening of Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) Pecorino di Filiano and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Canestrato di Moliterno cheeses. The microorganisms associated with the rind of these cheeses were also investigated. Both wooden shelf surfaces and cheese rinds were sampled by brushing method to collect their biofilms. Wooden shelves showed levels of total mesophilic microorganisms (TMM) between 5.6 and 7.2 log CFU/cm2, while cheese rinds between 6.1 and 7.8 log CFU/cm2. The major dairy pathogens (Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) were never detected, while mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria dominated the surfaces of all wooden shelves and cheese rinds. LAB community was represented by Enterococcus spp., Leuconostoc spp., and Marinilactibacillus spp. Among yeasts, Debaryomyces spp., Candida spp., were identified, while Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium spp., dominated the community of filamentous fungi. MiSeq Illumina analysis identified 15 phyla, 13 classes, 28 orders, 54 families, and 56 genera among bacteria. Staphylococcus spp. was identified from all wooden surfaces, with a maximum abundance of 71 %. Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium and halophilic bacteria were detected in almost all samples. Regarding fungi, wooden shelves mainly hosted Aspergillus, Penicillium and Debaryomyces hansenii, while cheese rinds especially Penicillium and D. hansenii. Alpha diversity confirmed a strict correlation between the microbiota of wooden shelves and that of cheese rinds for the majority of factories. This study confirmed that the wooden shelves used for cheese ripening are microbiologically active and represent safe systems. Furthermore, the results of this work clarified the transfer flow between wooden shelves and PDO Pecorino di Filiano and PGI Canestrato di Moliterno cheese surfaces: smear-active microorganisms are mainly transferred from wooden shelves to cheese rind, which potentially contribute to the development of the final organoleptic characteristics; meanwhile, cheeses transfer LAB that are potentially involved in defining the safety aspects of the shelves.

Integrating new variables into a framework to support cacao denomination of origin: a case study in Southwest Colombia.

Cocoa quality plays a pivotal role in establishing denominations of origin, with genotypes, geography, climate and soil conditions being key variables. However, these factors have not been comprehensively explored in defining cacao denominations of origin. The present study addresses this gap by laying the foundation for cacao denomination of origin, focusing on the Buenaventura region on Colombia's Pacific coast. Our goal is to provide a holistic understanding of the elements underpinning cacao denomination of origin, emphasizing Buenaventura's unique cocoa quality and geographical significance. Through the Buenaventura case, we propose a robust framework applicable to other cacao-producing regions, elevating the recognition and value of cacao denomination of origin. Our framework encompasses geography, agronomy, genetics, microbial diversity, pests and diseases and cocoa quality. In a pioneering move, we propose a cacao denomination of origin in Colombia, specifically examining Bajo Calima, Sabaletas and Cisneros within Buenaventura region. Buenaventura stands out for its cocoa quality, characterized by fruity flavors attributed to the rich biodiversity of the lowland rainforest. Our analysis indicates specific geographical indicators for each of the study zones, with Buenaventura identified as a region with natural characteristics to produce fine flavour cocoa products. Each zone exhibited a high differentiation and diversity of cacao cultivars. Buenaventura has the potential to be designated as a future denomination of origin for cacao from the Pacific region of Colombia, characterized by its unique fruity-aroma chocolates. Our framework is adaptable to other cacao-producing regions, facilitating the establishment of denominations of origin within the cocoa industry and agriculture. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Decision Making for Knowledge Management in the Tequila Sector: A Fuzzy Logic Model

Knowledge management creates value for organizations, allowing them to be more innovative, productive, and competitive if that knowledge is used appropriately. Through this management, vital information is created and disseminated systematically and efficiently, and at the same time, knowledge learning is adopted, transformed, shared, and applied. This research analyzes decision-making for knowledge management in a mature low-tech sector, such as Tequila in Mexico. At the same time, it generates a predictive model of knowledge management that allows innovation in this sector by combining knowledge of modern technologies and ancestral knowledge in manufacturing the product, along with providing support to public policymakers and decision-makers to support small producers and rural communities. The methodological strategy used is an expert system through fuzzy logic, starting from a data set based on the patterns found in a Bayes network. The results show that the most relevant variables in decision-making for knowledge management in the Tequila sector are modern technologies, ancestral knowledge, and the Denomination of Origin. Under the above, it could be inferred that the ancestral knowledge variable is the most influential in achieving high values in managing knowledge management -the output variable preserving the value of a product with a designation of origin.

NTERACTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW WITH CERTAIN BRANCHES OF PUBLIC LAW

The article analyzes the norms of public law that regulate certain aspects related to intellectual property. Intellectual property law, being a sub-branch of civil law, includes not only the norms of private law, but also the norms of public law, i.e. is a complex branch of legislation. Relations, in particular, relating to the provision of legal protection for claimed inventions, utility models, industrial designs, trademarks, service marks, appellations of origin, breeding achievements (plant varieties and animal breeds) by the expert organization of the authorized body, are regulated by the norms of the administrative legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, based on imperatives. Moreover, persons who are denied the grant of a title of protection in the form of a patent or certificate for a particular declared object can file obligatory pre-trial objections with the Appeal Board under the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan and only then can apply to the court with a claim to appeal the decision of the expert organization, which refused to recognize the declared objects as objects of intellectual property. And these relations are regulated by the norms of administrative procedural legislation. The right of intellectual property is also regulated by the norms of tax, customs legislation. Thus, the intellectual property right in content is a sub-branch of civil law, because has the same subject, the method of legal regulation, and in terms of form, intellectual property law is a complex branch of legislation, because includes both private and public law.

Effect of cooking temperature on alkaline phosphatase in the production of raw-milk Pecorino cheese

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a native raw-milk enzyme used in many countries as the standard assay for rapidly validating the milk pasteurization process. Due to the increased restrictions on the production or import of cheeses produced from unpasteurized milk, ALP activity (<10 mU/g) in cheese was measured as a simple and reliable method to check proper milk pasteurization in cheese for both safety inspection and trading controls. In Sicily, the artisanal cheesemaking of the Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) semi-hard cheeses made with raw sheep's milk, includes the cooking of the curd, after the whey separation, in the wooden vat under hot Scotta-whey (≥80°C), for 3 to 4 h and finally is left to cool at ambient temperature. Thus, the temperatures adopted during cheesemaking may inactivate the ALP enzyme. To this purpose, the aim of this study was to demonstrate how different temperatures of Scotta-whey (T35, T60, T70, T80, T90, and T100) used during the second cooking of Pecorino cheeses after molding for 3 h, influence the ALP activity in fresh and 3-mo aged cheese, both at core and outside. The results highlight that the rate of reduction of ALP was greater with increasing temperature of the second cooking, in particular for T 80°C curd indicating that the use of Scotta-whey >80°C, could be a breakpoint able to reduce the ALP activity to <10 mU/g values. Different effects between the core and the outside portions of the experimental cheeses were found, with a decrease in ALP activity more on the outside than in the core portions, both in fresh and 3-mo aged cheeses, for T80, T90, and T100 treatments. Care must be taken in using the ALP to control the use of pasteurized milk in the production of PDO cheeses without considering the cheesemaking processes, such as the second cooking, which could be equal to pasteurization and an adequate interaction time/temperature can reduce the ALP activity to values comparable with cheeses produced with pasteurized milk.

A behavioural perspective of organic wine production decisions: an application to the Spanish wine industry

PurposeUsing the behavioural perspective as a theoretical complement of rational models, this paper examines factors that influence the decision of producing organic wines.Design/methodology/approachBased on a quantitative analysis of 687 wineries belonging to Denomination of Origin in Spain, the authors empirically examine the sequential relationships between manager's personality and winery and institutional level factors, on organic wine production activity and winery export performance.FindingsThis paper investigates the direct and indirect sequential relationships between wineries' factors including an organic production activity and two dimensions of export performance, namely: volume-based and value-based performance. The results of a sequential model provide evidence that openness to experience, a manager's personality trait, has a positive causal relationship with organic wine production.Practical implicationsThis paper offers richer insights into the factors leading wine production managers to change from conventional to organic production methods. Specifically, the study shows that wine production managers are susceptible to make decisions to whether produce organic wine or not that may not be consistent with the current theoretical models based on economic efficiency (i.e. comparing costs and benefits). Instead, these decisions are, in part, based on their personality traits. Future research could study how the functional attribute affects the willingness to produce organic wines.Originality/valueThis study contributes to a new strategic implication of organic wine production activity and export performance linkage in behavioural and traditional theoretical perspectives. These findings are valuable for policy makers in the wine sector, as they can better inform and guide policies directed to identify organic production support programs.

A Study of Greek Graviera Cheese by NMR-Based Metabolomics.

Graviera is a very popular yellow hard cheese produced in mainland Greece and the Aegean islands, and in three PDO (protected denomination of origin) locations. Apart from geographic location, type of milk and production practices are also factors that affect cheese composition, and make this dairy product unique in taste and aroma. In this work, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics has been used to determine the metabolite profile (40 compounds) of graviera cheese produced in different geographic locations, with emphasis on cheeses produced on the island of Crete. Organic acids and amino acids were the main components quantified in the polar cheese fraction, while the fatty acid (FA) composition of the lipid fraction was also obtained. Analysis of variance (Anova) of the dataset showed that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and linoleic acid differentiate gravieras produced in different areas of Crete, and that the total amino acid content was higher in cheeses produced in eastern Crete. Targeted discriminant analysis models classified gravieras produced in mainland Greece, Cyclades and Crete based on differences in 1,2-diglycerides, sterols, GABA and FA composition. Targeted and untargeted orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models were capable of differentiating gravieras produced in the island of Crete and hold promise as the basis for the authentication of PDO graviera products.

STUDY OF THE RHEOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FRUCTAN FRACTIONS OF Agave tequilana cv. cenizo

The physico-mechanical properties of fructan fractions in different agave species without Tequila Denomination of Origin (DOT) need to be studied to identify and expand industrial applications. The rheological and physicochemical characterization of three fractions of Agave tequilana cv. cenizo fructans without DOT, with different degree of polymerization (DP) was carried out to propose their use as an additive in the food industry. Fractions were obtained by apparent DP enrichment (DPa) by stepwise ultradiafiltration with 10, 5 and 1 kilodalton (kDa) membranes and classified on the basis of the enriched fraction evidenced by HPLC profiling with amperometric detector. The ultradiafiltrate of the membrane with 10 kDa, called High Degree of Polymerization (HDP), showed enrichment of fructans with high DPa ≥ 30, the one with 5 kDa called Intermediate Degree of Polymerization (IDP), presents enrichment in DPa between 10 to 30, these fractions dried by spray, showed a modal particle size distribution (D [4,3] &lt; 20 µm). In the ultradiafiltrate of the 1 kDa membrane, called Low Polymerization Grade (LDP), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and fructans with maximum DPa of 15 were enriched; this sample was concentrated to 72 °Brix. The glass transition (Tg) showed a DPa-dependent increase (LDP = 152.17 °C, IDP = 216.12 °C and HDP = 227.5 °C). Viscosity was dependent on the degree of polymerization, exhibiting thermo-mechanically stable flow behavior. The reconstituted powders exhibited Newtonian and flow-stable behavior in a concentration range of 2-50 %, temperature of 5-45 °C and pH of 2-9. The macro and micro structural properties identified in the respective fractions of agave fructans, diversify possible applications with potential interest as encapsulating material, stabilizer and prebiotic sweetener, among others that agave fructans have in the food and nutraceutical industry.

Comparison of chemical composition of organic and conventional Italian cheeses from parallel production

Although there are several studies comparing organic and conventional milk characteristics, very few focused on dairy processed products such as cheese. Thus, this study aimed for a detailed controlled examination of gross composition, minerals, and the fatty acid profile of organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) Italian cheeses from parallel production. Four Italian cheese types were analyzed: 'Latteria' (ORG, n = 9; CON, n = 10); 'Asiago Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) fresco' (ORG, n = 9; CON, n = 9); 'Caciotta' (ORG, n = 8; CON, n = 8); and 'Mozzarella Traditional Specialties Guaranteed (TSG)' (ORG, n = 14; CON, n = 14). Cheese samples were collected from September 2020 to August 2021. Gross composition, minerals, and fatty acids were determined using infrared spectroscopy. Within each cheese type, paired ORG and CON samples were compared using a non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test. 'Latteria' showed lower PUFA, n-3, and n-6 content, and greater Fe, K, C10:0, C12:0, and C16:0 content in ORG than CON (P < 0.05). 'Asiago PDO fresco' showed lower protein and Zn content, and greater salt, ash, and Na content in ORG than CON (P < 0.05). 'Caciotta' showed lower ash, n-3, and n-6 content and greater K, C4:0, C8:0, C10:0, C14:0, and C16:0 content in ORG than CON (P < 0.05). 'Mozzarella TSG' showed lower fat and, therefore, fatty acids content, and greater moisture, ash, and Mg content in ORG than CON (P < 0.05). In conclusion, few significant differences in chemical composition were observed between ORG and CON cheeses, regardless of the type considered. Moreover, 'Asiago PDO fresco' showed fewer significant differences between ORG and CON when compared with 'Latteria', 'Caciotta', and 'Mozzarella TSG'.

Overview of Brazilian Geographical Indications and the Experience of Cachaca Indications of Procedure

The Geographical Indication (IG) is an Industrial Property asset that relates and distinguishes the geographic origin of a product or service. In Brazil, it can be classified as an Indication of Origin (IP) or Denomination of Origin (DO). This study aims to provide an overview of the deposits of Geographical Indications in Brazil, from the publication of Law n&amp;ordm; 9.279, of May 14, 1996, the Industrial Property Law, and the recognition of Indications of Origin and Denomination of Origin by the National Institute of Intellectual Property (INPI) between 1996 and 2022. Given this context, theoretically based on the concepts of territory and territoriality, the highlight of initiatives to register GIs of Cacha&amp;ccedil;a in Brazil is highlighted. The exploratory research was carried out through secondary sources and the method chosen was of a qualitative nature, using the techniques of bibliographic and document review. As a result, it was found that, during the study period, there was an expansion in the number of GI records, concentrated mainly in the Southeast and South regions, but far below the existing potential in Brazil, given the existence of socioeconomic, geographic factors, environmental, ethnocultural, institutional, in addition to the characteristics of agricultural activity. Furthermore, the number of IPs registered with the INPI corresponds to approximately 70% of Brazilian GIs and only 3 of them have cacha&amp;ccedil;a-type sugarcane brandy as a product.

Coffee Production and Geographical Indications (GI): An Analysis of the World Panorama and the Brazilian Reality

Coffee cultivation is of great importance in the world economy. Due to consumers&amp;#39; demand for products with quality and geographic certification, the topic is relevant. The research objective is to portray the international and Brazilian scenario of the coffee production chain, based on production and Geographical Indications (GIs) for the product. The research is classified as exploratory and descriptive in relation to the approach, and as bibliographical and documental in relation to the means of investigation. It was found that the world&amp;#39;s largest coffee producers are Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, and Indonesia. There was a reduction in world production for the 2021/22 crop, due to the low production of arabica coffee in Brazil, but for the 2022/23 crop, an increase in this production is estimated. Most coffee-producing countries follow specific legislation to protect Geographical Indications and others protect them through trademarks. In Brazil, the definition of GI is explained by its species, Indication of Origin (IO), and Denomination of Origin (DO). Brazil is the second with the highest number of GIs for coffee in the world. El Salvador has a GI that represents the entire coffee value chain. Indonesia is the country with the highest number of GIs for coffee in the world and has state support for its promotion. Given this scenario, there is a need to develop public policies aimed at this product. It is indicated for future research the study of these policies and the performance of bodies responsible for the consolidation of GIs in their respective countries.

Changes in anthocyanin pigments, trans-resveratrol, and colorimetric characteristics of Fondillón wine and other “Monastrell” wines during the aging period

The studied red wines, which are Fondillón, reserva, crianza, and young, are prepared from exclusive “Monastrell” grapes, and protected under the Alicante Denomination of Origin (Alicante, Spain). The objectives of the present study were (i) to show the effect of aging period on the amount of anthocyanin pigments, trans-resveratrol, and the colorimetric characteristics (color intensity, color density, and tonality) of Fondillón and other Monastrell wines (young, crianza, and reserva) which have different aging periods, and (ii) to propose a new traceability method for the determination of the Fondillón originality. Identification of anthocyanin compounds and determination of trans-resveratrol content were performed using LC–MS/MS. Correlation analysis was performed among anthocyanin compounds and color parameters. A sharp decrease in the anthocyanins content was observed in Fondillón wine. Besides, statistically significant changes were found in all colorimetric parameters between young and Fondillón samples. A significant change from red hue to brick red/yellow hue was observed between the colors of young and Fondillón wines, respectively. A significant decrease in the content of trans-resveratrol was also observed as a result of the aging period of these “Monastrell” wines. In this study, anthocyanin compounds of Fondillón wine were identified for the first time and their effects on the colorimetric parameters of the wine were revealed. Consequently, the authenticity of Fondillón wines can be determined by monitoring of anthocyanin compounds and trans-resveratrol.

Managing Digital Presence in Wineries Practicing Heroic Agriculture: The Cases of Ribeira Sacra and Lanzarote (Spain)

Wine tourism has become an exciting avenue of development for rural wine-producing regions. The channels through which these millenary traditions are transmitted are diverse, and the wineries that practice heroic viticulture can sustainably influence the economic recovery process, especially after the COVID-19 crisis. This paper analyzes the possibilities offered by social media to promote rural territory and wine production in a sustainable way through wine tourism. For this purpose, we have used the case study of the wineries of the Ribeira Sacra appellation of origin and the Canary Islands context in the Lanzarote AO. The methodology used has counted, on the one hand, the existence of web pages of the geographical demarcations mentioned. On the other hand, a study of these wineries’ presence on the three main social networking sites, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, has been carried out. The main focus has been on a content analysis of the social network Instagram, taking into account the terroir’s emotional values and tourist attractions. The results show that their presence on the Internet could be higher, as only 55% of the wineries of these appellations of origin have a website. In the case of Instagram, the percentages decrease in Ribeira Sacra and increase in Lanzarote. Finally, it has been possible to trace a model of rural development supported by sustainable tourism, wherein emotional values and transmitted attractions stand out, alongside elements related to the landscape and nature and the wine landscape, tradition and gastronomy.

Exposure of Portuguese viticulture to weather extremes under climate change

Grape berry quality and yield are notably influenced by complex multi-scale interactions between grapevines and local environmental conditions. In established wine-growing regions, bestowing to local climatic conditions, yield and quality are mostly optimized, planting the best wine variety and applying specific cultural practices. Thus, the sustainability of the winemaking sector worldwide is being challenged by ongoing climate change, requiring adaptation at different levels. Climate change will inflict progressively dry and warm conditions on Portuguese vineyards, with changes in frequency and intensity of weather extremes. However, the future projections of these extreme events and their potential impacts on viticulture are less understood. For this purpose, in this study, seventeen climate extreme indices were calculated for the Portuguese wine denomination of origin regions/subregions, in the historical period (1981–2010) and future periods (2041–2070 and 2071–2100), under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, and based on a five-member ensemble of Regional Climate Model-Global Climate Model chain simulations. Furthermore, a principal component analysis was undertaken for both precipitation and temperature extreme indices independently. We found an increase in temperature extremes in all wine regions in Portugal, particularly in the westernmost regions. Regarding the precipitation extremes, they reveal a lessening effect for future periods, accompanied by a generalized decrease of precipitation, but will remain an important threat in the northeastern regions. Conversely, the dry extremes, potentiating severe droughts, will be significantly strengthened. Lastly, it was possible to identify the most exposed and vulnerable wine regions to weather extremes in future climates. This information is critical for supporting decision-making in the sector, namely for long-term planning, climate change adaptation and risk reduction. Practical ImplicationsIn the winemaking sector, resorting to climate information is an effective way of mitigating climate-related risks to attain specific terroirs. To effectively deliver this information to winemakers, climatic vulnerability needs to be identified regionally, in order to promote suitable and locally adjusted measures and policies. In this study, Wine Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) in Portugal are the key target of the climate (temperature and precipitation) extreme variability between present and future periods. The results provided and synthesized in this study should be able to inform winemakers by identifying potential areas of risk concerning the ongoing climate change and acting accordingly based on the potential occurrence of these climate extremes in each PDO area. Furthermore, some short-term and long-term strategies are presented to mitigate the general increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation.

Morphological and Genetic Clonal Diversity within the 'Greco Bianco' Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Variety.

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) has been propagated vegetatively for hundreds of years. Therefore, plants tend to accumulate somatic mutations that can result in an intra-varietal diversity capable of generating distinct clones. Although it is common that winemakers request specific clones or selections for planting new vineyards, relatively limited information is available on the extent, degree, and morphological impact of the clonal diversity in traditional, highly valued grapevine varieties within production areas protected by geographical denomination of origin. Here, we present a morphological and genetic investigation of the intra-varietal diversity in 'Greco Bianco', the grapevine variety used to produce the DOCG and PDO "Greco di Tufo" wine. Seventeen clones from different farms (all within the allowed production area) were phenotypically characterized using ampelographic and ampelometric traits. The clones were also genotyped with Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and retrotransposon-based DNA markers (REMAP). The morphological analysis indicated a uniformity in the qualitatively scored traits, and a limited variability for the quantitative traits of the bunch and of the berry composition. The molecular markers also depicted variability among clones, which was more evident with the use of REMAPs. The comparison of the discriminatory information of the three analyses indicated that they provided different estimates of the level of diversity. The evaluation described herein of the clonal variability has implications for the management and protection of clonal selections in 'Greco Bianco' and prompts for further multidisciplinary investigations on its possible role in winemaking.

Geographical indication differentiation to traditional medicinal and aromatic plants used in ayurvedic medicines for reputation and recognition of their superior pharmaceutical quality, clinical efficacy and economic value

Background: Traditional knowledge is essentially important for the health of millions of people in developing countries. India stands as the largest producer of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants described in Ayurvedic classics are traditional medicinal plants (TMAPs). TMAPs, their traditional geographical origin (TGO), their pharmaceutical qualities, and their clinical effects are interdependent entities. Presently, Ayurvedic medicines are in a pharmaceutical quality crisis therefore their clinical efficacy is not sustained. Geographical indication (GI) is a globally exercised intellectual property right (IPR). It has an impact on the trade of Ayurvedic medicines. GI differentiation to TMAPs used in Ayurvedic medicines is the need of time. Aim: Enlighten the scope of GI differentiation to TMAPs used in Ayurvedic medicines for reputation and recognition of their superior pharmaceutical quality, clinical efficacy and economic value. Method: Literature searches on the electronic online databases are carried done for the study. Result: TGO of TMAPs having special medicative health are eligible for enrollment and conservation under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 in India. Some 30 TMAPs have received GI certification in India. The Chinese concept of geo-authentic botanicals (GAB) and the European concept of designation of origin (DO) and appellation of origin (AO) are special classes of GI. Conclusion: GI responsibly promotes TMAPs internationally and globally. GAB is superior to other pharmaceutical qualities. Better the pharmaceutical qualities of TMAPs better are the clinical effect of Ayurvedic medicines. GI doubles the monetary standard of the product. It also protects the herbal landraces and prevents the risk of losing TMAPs uniqueness.