Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Transmission Research Articles

Analysis of Aedes Aegypti Larval Density on The Potential Transmission of Dengue Fever

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is caused by the dengue virus transmitted through the Aedes aegypti mosquito. DHF remains a health problem in Indonesia. Based on data from the Ministry of Health, there were 184 cases of the disease in 2022, an increase of 94.8% compared to 2021, which had 73,518 cases. According to the Central Statistics Agency of South Sumatra Province, the number of DHF cases in South Sumatra was 2,854 cases, with the highest number in the city of Palembang at 908 cases. This condition requires serious attention. The aim of this study is to analyze the potential transmission of DHF based on entomological evidence in the Sukarami district of Palembang. The method used in the research is a cross-sectional study conducted in December 2023, involving 92 households in the Sukarami sub-district, with a total of 552 containers. The survey results of larval identification under a microscope showed a Larval Free Index of 45.7%, a Container Index of Aedes aegypti larvae of 56.0%, a house index of 73.9%, and a Breteau index of 152.2%. The results of entomological indices indicate a high density of DHF vector mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, which means that this area has a high risk of DHF transmission, thus requiring the control of Aedes aegypti larvae and the eradication of DHF. breeding sites for the vector.

Spatial analysis in epidemiological studies of dengue: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Dengue is a serious tropical disease caused by the mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV). Over the last 50 years, the incidence of dengue fever (DF) and dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) worldwide has increased by 50-fold and 2.5 billion people currently live in dengue-endemic regions. This study reports a systematic review and meta-analysis of different types of applications offered by spatial analysis in epidemiological studies of dengue. Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature search of Web of Science, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and PubMed were conducted up to December 2023. A total of three sub-sections, namely spatial analysis of points, spatial analysis of area data, and software programs used for spatial analysis of dengue cases, will be presented in this review. Results: It was found that spatial analysis can effectively support the study of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever such as to investigate spatial patterns, hotspot, spatial clustering, the spread, transmission of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever and it’s affecting factors. Conclusion: applications of spatial analysis can provide important information and contribute to development of effective measurements to control and prevent the dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever transmission. Finding in this study provide an insight into how to use different techniques in the study of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever.

Spatial Analysis on the Spread of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Baubau, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

We studied the spatial patterns of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) transmission in Baubau, a city in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. DHF is a serious disease caused by the dengue virus and spread by Aedes mosquitoes. We used Moran’s Index, a spatial analysis tool, to create a DHF spread map for Baubau’s sub-districts. We found different patterns of DHF risk, such as: cold spots, Betoambari and Batupoaro had lower DHF cases, but they were vulnerable to infection from nearby areas; hot spot, Murhum had higher DHF cases and could transmit the disease to neighboring areas; and low risk, Bungi had the lowest DHF risk and was resilient to infection. Our findings suggest that preventive measures should be tailored to the specific risk level of each sub-district. Our study also provides useful guidance for controlling DHF transmission in Baubau and beyond. Our research is a beacon of hope for a safer and healthier future.

Spatial model of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) risk: scoping review

BackgroundCreating a spatial model of dengue fever risk is challenging duet to many interrelated factors that could affect dengue. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how these critical factors interact and to create reliable predictive models that can be used to mitigate and control the spread of dengue.MethodsThis scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the important predictors, and spatial modelling tools capable of producing Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) risk maps. We conducted a methodical exploration utilizing diverse sources, i.e., PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The following data were extracted from articles published between January 2011 to August 2022: country, region, administrative level, type of scale, spatial model, dengue data use, and categories of predictors. Applying the eligibility criteria, 45 out of 1,349 articles were selected.ResultsA variety of models and techniques were used to identify DHF risk areas with an arrangement of various multiple-criteria decision-making, statistical, and machine learning technique. We found that there was no pattern of predictor use associated with particular approaches. Instead, a wide range of predictors was used to create the DHF risk maps. These predictors may include climatology factors (e.g., temperature, rainfall, humidity), epidemiological factors (population, demographics, socio-economic, previous DHF cases), environmental factors (land-use, elevation), and relevant factors.ConclusionsDHF risk spatial models are useful tools for detecting high-risk locations and driving proactive public health initiatives. Relying on geographical and environmental elements, these models ignored the impact of human behaviour and social dynamics. To improve the prediction accuracy, there is a need for a more comprehensive approach to understand DHF transmission dynamics.

DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER INCLINATION TENDENCY IN EAST JAVA PROVINCE VILLAGES COMMUNITY-BASED TOTAL SANITATION

Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is one of the endemic diseases throughout the tropics and parts of the subtropics. One of the provinces that felt the impact of the dengue outbreak was East Java. Overall, villages implementing STBM coverage in East Java Province is good but incidence of DHF is still found in all districts or cities in the last 3-year period. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the relationship and the inclination tendency of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in East Java). Methods: This type of research is an observational study with a cross-sectional study design. The sample population used 38 regencies/cities in East Java Province. The data used are the health profile data of East Java Province in 2018, 2019, and 2020. The data analysis technique used descriptive by utilizing the Health Mapper application version 4.3.0.0 with product version 4.03. Results: The distribution of DHF incidence with the coverage of villages implementing STBM East Java in 2018, 2019, 2020 showed decrease the coverage of villages implementing STBM is also followed by an increase DHF cases every year. The coverage of villages that implement Community Based Total Sanitation (STBM) fluctuates every year. Conclusion: Areas with STBM villages cannot guarantee DHF-free zones but can prevent the transmission of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) by changing hygiene and sanitation behavior through community empowerment to create a good sanitation.

The Use of Ovitrap and the Female <i>Aedes</i> sp. Density in the Tamansari Village of Bandung City

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) incidence in Indonesia, which become one of the mortality causes, is relatively high. Therefore, the government launched the mosquito nest eradication (MNE) movement with an indicator of the larva-free rate to reduce the incidence of DHF. Another effort in vector control is using ovitrap to break the life chain of dengue vectors. This study aimed to determine the effect of using ovitrap on the female Aedes sp. density in the Tamansari village area of Bandung city. This quantitative experimental study was conducted on 60 houses in two neighborhood associations in the Tamansari village area. Both community groups were assessed for ovitrap index and the number of eggs trapped on ovitrap filter paper before and after treatment. The treatment group consisting of 30 houses was given one ovitrap inside and one ovitrap outside the house for four weeks. Ovitrap is changed every five days. The second group is the control community. The data obtained were analyzed using the Wilcoxon and chi-square tests with a degree of confidence of 0.05. In this study, the ovitrap index of this area was found between 0.67–0.80, which indicates that this area is at high risk of DHF transmission. Statistical tests showed that the use of ovitrap did not affect female Aedes sp. density as assessed by the ovitrap index. The results showed that using ovitrap could not control the population of Aedes sp.

Hubungan Pengetahuan Masyarakat Tentang 3M Plus dengan Kejadian Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kereng Bangkirai Kota Palangka Raya

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the Dengue virus which is transmitted through the bite of the Aedes Aegypti mosquito and enters the human bloodstream. One of the triggers for the transmission of DHF at this time is the lack of knowledge and actions of a person in preventing and eradicating mosquito nests. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between public knowledge about 3m plus and the incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). The design of this study used an analytical survey with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study was the entire community in the working area of ​​the Kereng Bangkirai Health Center with a total sample of 42 respondents. The sampling method used is purposive sampling. The data of this study were taken using a questionnaire. After tabulating the existing data were analyzed using the Chi-Square . analysis test. The results showed that there was a relationship between public knowledge about 3m Plus and the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) (P 0.000 <a 0.05). For the Community Health Center, they can increase outreach activities or programs to prevent the occurrence of DHF such as distributing abate powder, distributing pamphlets, increasing confirmation about the PSN program and providing information to the public about DHF and how to prevent it.

HYBRID K MEANS-MULTIVARIATE ADAPTIVE REGRESSION SPLINES FOR DISTRIBUTION OF DENGUE FEVER RISK MAPPING IN BOJONEGORO DISTRICT

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a dangerous disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes’ bites. WHO data shows that almost half of the world's humans are exposed to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. The number of mortality caused by dengue disease is around 20,000 every year. In East Java, Bojonegoro District has the highest number of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases (416). To reduce this number, the causative factors need to be known. Additionally, it's important to pinpoint the region or cluster where the variables driving the spread are located so that prevention and treatment efforts are effective. Based on the elements contributing to the transmission of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, this study seeks to identify and categorize locations at risk for the spread of the illness. This study uses Hybrid K Means-Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) which is a combination of K-Means and MARS methods in the hope of providing better analytical results. This is because the data was divided into simpler parts by considering the Oakley distance. The results obtained from the K Means-MARS hybrid shows the relationship between response variables and predictor variables for each cluster. There are three clusters of risk for the spread of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Bojonegoro district with categories: high risk cluster, medium risk cluster and low risk cluster. The high risk cluster consists of 7 sub-districts (Baureno, Kepohbaru, Balen, Sumberrejo, Kedungadem, Bojonegoro and Dander). The variables affecting the DHF Sufferer in the high risk cluster were population density (X2), Altitude (X3) and Health Worker (X6). Meanwhile, the medium risk cluster consists of 10 sub-districts (Kalitidu, Kanor, Kapas, Ngasem, Ngraho, Padangan, Sugihwaras, Sukosewu, Tambakrejo, and Trucuk). The variables that affect the DHF Sufferer in the medium cluster are Number of Dead (X1), Population Density (X2) and Health Facility (X5). The low risk cluster consisted of 11 sub-districts (Bubulan, Gayam, Gondang, Kasiman, Kedewan, Malo, Margomulyo, Ngambon, Purwosari, Sekar, and Temayang). The variables affecting the DHF Sufferer rate in the low risk cluster were number of dead (X1) and population density (X2).

Repellent effect of plant leaves extract of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Avoiding the bites of Aedes aegypti is the best way to prevent transmission of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). One effective way to avoid mosquito bites is to apply a repellent lotion. This research is an effort to find natural ingredients for mosquito repellent lotions. The purpose of this research is to determine the repellent effect of the ethanol extract of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves, known to rich in alkaloids and saponin, against Aedes mosquitoes. The repellent lotion of tomato leaves extract was prepared in five concentration levels namely 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. By applying a completely randomized design, five cages were prepared with 25 mosquitoes each, into which volunteers were asked to put their bare hands.The results showed that tomato leaf extract had a repellent effect on Aedes aegypti mosquito in a concentration-dependent manner.At the concentration of 10% the extract repels mosquito bites by 36%, while the extract with a concentration of 50% able to repel mosquito bites by up to 83%. It can be concluded that tomato leaf extract has a repellent effect on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and has the potential to be developed as a mosquito repellent lotion.

Rapid Survey of Mosquito Larvae Density with a History of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Introduction: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is attributed to a viral infection that is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, particularly those belonging to the aedes aegypti species. dengue hemorrhagic fever is a communicable ailment that is disseminated via the bite of the aedes aegypti mosquito. to date dhf remains the most prevalent ailment afflicting the populace of indonesia. method: the type of research used is descriptive research using a quick survey. Method: the sample was selected by random sampling technique with a total of 110 selected households with inclusion criteria for each household that has an air storage area and exclusion criteria, namely respondents who are not willing to be interviewed and observed. supervision was carried out using instruments from the ministry of health contained in the guidelines for collecting vector (mosquito). Result: the present study reports on the findings of a larva survey conducted in 110 households located in the lowokwaru district of malang city. the results indicate that the house index score was 19.09, the breteau index was 20.90, and the container index was 13.85. additionally, the larvae-free number was found to be 0.80%, and the number 4 density category was observed. Conclusion: the level of mosquito density in the area is moderate. the observed density of mosquitoes in the tulusrejo and jatimulyo sub-districts indicates a significant likelihood of transmission of dengue hemorrhagic fever (dhf). it is imperative that individuals uphold and enhance proper phbs conduct in order to mitigate the likelihood of dhf transmission.

FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN DAN KEJADIAN DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE (DBD) DAERAH ENDEMIS KECAMATAN GADING CEMPAKA KOTA BENGKULU

Incidence Rate (IR) of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Bengkulu Province in 2011 was reported 129.76 per 100,000 population and Case Fatality Rate (CFR) was reported 1.73%. Data obtained from Bengkulu City Health Services, was showed that DHF cases was increased since 2008, and in 2011 was reported of 403 cases. The incidence of DHF cases in Gading Cempaka Sub District was 139 in 2011. Epidemiological studies was conducted to determine the risk factors associated with DHF incidence, Ae.aegypti mosquito resistance to malathion and temephos and distance index of the distribution was conducted in Sub District Gading Cempaka, Bengkulu city in 2011. The study was conducted in an effort to decide an appropriate vector control method to be applied in the study area. There for determine risk factors of DHF transmission such as dwelling density, indoor illumination , larvae free index (LFI), regular household sanitation or clean-up campaigns (to dry of, cover and bury/the vector habitats cleaning), and cloth hanging habit the incidence of DHF, the Ae. aegypti mosquito resistance to malathion and temefos and distance index of DHF cases.

Stochastic Bayesian Runge-Kutta method for dengue dynamic mapping

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still a threat to humanity that cause death and disability due to changes in environmental and socioeconomic conditions, especially in tropical areas. A critical assessment of the models and methods is necessary. The vital role of stochastic processes of infectious disease research in Bayesian statistical models helps provide an explicit framework for understanding disease transmission dynamics between hosts (humans) and vectors (mosquitoes). This research presents a Bayesian stochastic process for the cross-infection SIR-SI model as a differential equation (susceptibility–infection–recovery for the human population; susceptible–infectious for the vector population) for the dynamic transmission of DHF. Given the difficulties of solving the differential equations precisely, we propose a computational model to approach the solution based on the Runge-Kutta family approach, namely the Euler and the four-order Runge-Kutta methods. The methods used for the discretization process of the SIR-SI model for computational process needs. For comparison purposes, we use a monthly DHF dataset of 10 Kendari, Indonesia, districts from 2019 to 2021. Parameter estimation of the Bayesian SIR-SI model based on the Euler and four-order Runge-Kutta method was updated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Bayesian. The Euler and four-order Runge-Kutta methods have converged at 10,000 iterations with burn-in 80,000. The numerical simulation results show that the four-order Runge-Kutta approach has the slightest deviance, 106.5. Therefore, this approach is the best one. The relative risk analysis shows that the dynamics of DHF cases fluctuate from January to July every year. However, from January to May, there was a high consistency of DHF cases. Two districts with high case consistency were found, namely Kadia and Wua-Wua. Furthermore, because the spread of DHF cases has a spatial effect, the Kadia and Wua-Wua districts need serious attention to suppress the rate of reach of DHF in Kendari City. Intensive observation and intervention in the Kadia and Wua-Wua districts should be carried out in early January to stop the breeding of mosquito larvae. In other neighbourhoods such as Puwatu, Kambu and Kendari Barat, the DHF cases occur temporally as the impacts of DHF cases in the Kadia and Wua-Wua districts. It may facilitate the statisticians to develop further models to adopt a better understanding to control the DHF dynamically. In brief,

The Relationship of Parents Knowledge with DHF Prevention Behavior in Children's Room, Santo Vincentius Hospital Singkawang

DHF (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever) is a disease caused by Aedes Aegepty and Aedes Albopictus mosquitoes that can appear throughtout the year, and can attack all age groups, expecially children. Individual behavior in preventing Dengue fever depends on knowledge, which can bring real action for individuals to prevent DHF. The study aims to determine the relationship between parents knowledge level and DHF prevention behavior in the childreen’s room at St. Vincentius hospital Singkawang. The study was conducted in Agustus 2022 with a cross sectional design use in a study of 30 respondens whose childreen where in a emergency in pediatric ward of at.St. Vincentius Hospital because of DHF case. The level of knowledge of parent was measured by a Guttman scale questionnaire and for DHF prevention behavior using aquestionnaire with a Likert scale. The result of statistical test using fisher extract test on chi square obtained p-value 0,039 < 0,05, so that H0 rejected , which mean that there is a relationship between the level of parental knowledge and the prevention behavior of DHF in the Childreen’s room, St.Vincentius Hospital Singkawang. Parental knowledge about DHF desease greatly influences parental behavior in preventing DHF. Based on research that behavior based and knowledge will be more durable than behavior that is not based on knowledge people will prevent DHF transmission if they know what the goal and benefits are for health. Thus, the suggestion for the Santo Vincentius Hospital is to increase further counseling related to the prevention of DHF both in the hospital environtment and in the community arround the hospital in collaboration with the local government.

Kerawanan Kepadatan Jentik Terhadap Risiko Penularan Penyakit DBD di Kota Padang

The density of Aedes aegypti larvae is one of the risk factors for the transmission of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). This type of research is descriptive with a spatial approach from March to May 2022. The population in this study is 3 sub-districts with the highest population density in the Padang Pasir Public Health Center, West Padang District as many as 3,212 houses with a total of 97 houses. The results showed that ABJ in the Kelurahan in the Padang Pasir Public Health Center working area was 78.3%. Mosquito Breeding Place with a Container Index value of 17.6. The implementation of 3M activities is 78.3%. Larva density susceptibility indicates that Purus Village is an area with a density of mosquito larvae, Rimbo Kaluang Village is in the medium vulnerability category and Flamboyan Village has low vulnerability. It is hoped that the community will carry out vector control by implementing the Eradication of Mosquito Nests (PSN), the puskesmas can use GIS technology as a medium of information and developments in the transmission of DHF and cooperate with the Health Office to jointly play an active role in suppressing cases of Dengue Fever in the community.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THE EXISTENCE OF LARGER WITH THE EVENT OF Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) IN PASURUAN REGENCY

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an acute viral-febrile disease, often characterized by headache, bone or joint pain and muscle, and rash as a symptom. In Indonesia in 2011 there were 65,432 cases with 595 deaths. East Java Province has determined outbreaks of DHF since 2015 in 37 districts / cities, with a total of 3,136 cases of dengue fever and 52 deaths. Pasuruan Regency is one of Kabupeten in East Java with the highest death rate from DHF compared to other regencies or cities, which is 28 people in 2020. There are many factors that can affect, pray the only environment and vector. The purpose of this research is to see the relationship of environmental factors and vector with the incidence of DBD in Pasuruan Regency. This research is an observational research with case control design. The sample in this research were 76 respondents consisting of 38 case groups and 38 control groups representing from 3 sub-districts in Pasuruan Regency (Gempol, Beji and Kraton Sub-district). Data analysis with Chi-Square test. The results showed that there was a relationship between water pH in house (p = 0.005, OR = 5,343), indoor air temperature (p = 0.046, OR = 3,221), air humidity in house (p = 0.049, OR = 3,923) and presence of larvae (p = 0.037, OR = 3.032) with the incidence of DHF in Pasuruan Regency. The most influential factor in increasing the risk of DHF incidence in Pasuruan Regency is the pH of water, the temperature inside the house and the presence of larvae around the house. It needs cross-sector cooperation to pay attention to the condition of environmental sanitation so it will not be a good place for Ae mosquito development. aegypti. Providing counseling to people who focus on the source of the problem, and the community in order to prevent the occurrence of transmission of DHF by breaking the chain of transmission.

Study of Dengue Virus Transovarial Transmission in Aedes spp. in Ternate City Using Streptavidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex Immunohistochemistry.

Aedes aegypti is the most dominant vector in the transmission of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). In addition to Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus is a secondary vector of the dengue virus, and both species are widespread in Indonesia. The dengue virus is transmitted from person to person through the bite of an Aedes spp. The vertical (transovarial) transmission of the dengue virus from infective female mosquitoes to their offspring is one of the means by which the dengue virus maintains its existence in nature. Transovarial dengue virus transmission in Aedes spp. mosquitoes contributes to the spread and maintenance of the dengue epidemic. This study employed a qualitative survey to detect dengue virus transovarial transmission in Ternate using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ISBPC) immunohistochemical test. The ISBPC examination of samples collected from the four subdistricts in Ternate revealed a positive result for transovarial transmission of dengue virus. Four Aedes spp., including two Ae. aegypti females, one Ae. albopictus female, and one Ae. albopictus male, tested positive for transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the district of North Ternate. Four Aedes spp., including three Ae. aegypti females and one Ae. aegypti male, were found to be positive for the transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the Central Ternate district. Seven Aedes spp., including five Ae. aegypti females, one Ae. aegypti male, and one Ae. albopictus female, tested positive for transovarial transmission of the dengue virus in the district of South Ternate city. One Ae. aegypti male showed positive results for transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the Ternate Island District. In this study, the transovarial transmission of the dengue virus occurred in both Aedes spp. female and male mosquitoes. It was demonstrated that Aedes spp. carry the dengue virus in their ovaries and can pass it on to their offspring. As a result, the cycle of passing the dengue virus on to local mosquito populations in the city of Ternate is not going to end just yet.

IDENTIFIKASI DAN GAMBARAN INDEKS KEPADATAN LARVA AEDES AEGYPTI DI SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN YANG ADA DI BEKASI TAHUN 2021

Aedes aegypti is the main factor in the transmission of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), according to the WHO distribution during 2010 - 2016 there were an average of 100,000 cases of dengue fever reports. DHF cases in Indonesia in 2016 were recorded at 204,171. The West Java region, precisely in Bekasi City, DHF cases were ranked 2nd with the most DHF cases, while in 2020 in Bekasi Regency from January to February there were 51 cases. This research was conducted at the College of Health Sciences in Bekasi because based on supporting factors such as geographic and demographic factors, the location supports the breeding ground for Aedes larvae. This research method uses a descriptive survey. This research was carried out by placing ovitrap traps and then identifying the trapped larvae using the whole mount method and calculating their density. Based on the research, it was found that there were Aedes aegypti larvae. This shows the risk of spreading dengue disease. Based on the results of the virtual index calculation, the House index (HI) of 0.15% and the Container index (CI) of 1% and Breteau index (BI) of 0.65% of the WHO standard density measure can be stated that the density of aedes aegypti larvae in the College of Health Sciences is in the low category

Pengaruh ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica papaya linn) terhadap larvasida Aedes aegypti

Background: Transmission of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is strongly influenced by the presence of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. The most effective method for tackling DHF is by killing the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae. Reducing the negative impact of using chemical larvicides can be done through a safer alternative model, namely natural larvicides from plants. The plant studied with a characteristic ability to kill Aedes aegypti larvae is papaya leaves. Papaya leaf extract contains compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, papain, saponins, tannins, and papain, which can kill Aedes aegypti larvae.Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya Linn) and the effect of concentration as Aedes aegypti larvicide.Method: The design used in this study was experimental, using 240 Aedes aegypti larvae, three treatments, and three repetitions. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of the Environmental Health Department of Aceh Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health in 2021. The data was collected through observations every 1 hour for the first 3 hours. The analysis used was the One Way Anova statistical test and continued with the Least Significance Different (LSD) test at 95% CI.Results: The results showed that the average mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae was at a concentration of 10% (10), a concentration of 20% (13), and a concentration of 30% (16). The results of the Anova test showed that giving papaya leaf extract affected the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae (p = 0.000). The most effective concentrations in killing Aedes aegypti larvae were 20% and 30%.Conclusion: Papaya leaf extract was very effective as a larvacide of Aedes aegypti, and it was found that concentrations of 20% and 30% were the best formulas for larvicides.

Vector Density Analysis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Tumpok Teungoh Village, Lhokseumawe City

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an infectious disease of the dengue virus, which is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito as the main vector and Aedes albopictus as a potential vector. Monitoring the population density of Aedes aegypti is very important to assist in evaluating the presence of threats in each city, and so that mosquito eradication measures can be improved. The purpose of this study was to determine the density of the DHF vector in the village of Tumpok Teungoh, Lhokseumawe City. The population in this study were all houses in the village of Tumpok Teungoh, Lhokseumawe City, which amounted to 2,531 houses. The number of samples used is 100 houses which will be carried out by random sampling. Data was collected through direct observation by observing the type and number of containers as well as the presence of Aedes aegypti in water containers/holds in each house. Data analysis was carried out descriptively on the type of container, the number of larva-positive containers, the number of larva-positive houses, and the larval density, which was calculated based on the house index, container index, and Breteau index numbers. The results showed that the House Index (HI) was 29%, the container index (CI) was 20.5%, and the Breteau index (BI) was 41%. In conclusion, the density of DHF larvae in Tumpok Teungoh Village, Lhokseumawe City, is at level 5, which is the category of moderate risk of DHF transmission.

GAMBARAN EPIDEMIOLOGI KEJADIAN DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE: KARAKTERISTIK PENDERITA, WAKTU DAN FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN DI KECAMATAN TEMBALANG TAHUN 2019

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an endemic infectious disease in Tembalang District, Semarang. DHF is caused by dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes sp. mosquitoes especially Aedes aegypti. Patient characteristics, season, physical environmental factors and populations density is one of the risk factors for DHF transmission. This study aims to describe epidemiology of patient characteristics, time, physical environmental factors and population density on DHF incidence and analyze the correlation of factors and DHF incidence in Tembalang District. The type of this research is observasional descriptive with cross sectional study design. Samples of this research is 122 verified cases by Health Office Semarang City and they who live on Tembalang District. The epidemiological analysis obtained that the highest percentage of DHF patient is 61,5% in the male gender, 59% at the age of 4-12 years old and 63,1% during the rainy season. The result of statistical analysis show that there is no correlation between area height (p = 0,084), temperature (p = 0,823), rainfall (p = 0,692), land use (p = 0,655) and population density (p = 0,387) with DHF incidence in Tembalang District at 2019.