Occurrence Of Dengue Fever Research Articles

Environmental factors associated to dengue fever occurrence in the Chapecó municipality, Santa Catarina State

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the occurrence of dengue and the spatial distribution of the cases in the municipality of Chapecó, Santa Catarina State. Dengue cases were obtained from the Epidemiological Surveillance Department of Santa Catarina and Epidemiological Surveillance of Chapecó. The data of positive containers for Aedes aegypti were obtained from the Environmental Health Surveillance of the municipality. In 2015 and 2016, Chapecó registered 819 autochthonous cases of dengue. It showed a significant relationship between the number of foci of the vector and the minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as the cases of dengue and the population size of the neighborhoods evaluated. This study indicated a multifactorial influence on mosquito proliferation and the occurrence of viral transmission of dengue in the municipality of Chapecó. It reinforces the need of an interdisciplinary approach to prevent and control this endemic disease

Temporal Modeling of Dengue Fever: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Dengue fever has become a major public health problem in several countries. This paper aims to review and compare a number of temporal modeling approaches that have been proposed for predicting or forecasting the occurrence of dengue fever. This review also examines influential covariates considered in these studies. A comprehensive literature search was undertaken in September 2018, using Medline (via Ebscohost), ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases. The search was confined to articles in English, published in refereed journals between January 2000 and September 2018. The most popular approach to temporal modeling of dengue was found to be an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. A limited number of studies applied Bayesian hierarchical dynamic generalized linear models. Climatic variables were most commonly associated with dengue incidence for temporal modeling.

Geographical Mapping of Dengue Fever Incidence 2012-2016 in Makassar, Indonesia

To present the geographical map of Dengue fever (DF) in Makassar city, Indonesia, we used the registered DF data to compute the relative risk (RR) of DF in different areas of Makassar city, Indonesia, for a five-year period (from 2012 to 2016). This paper aim to identify the the spatial distribution of DF occurrence to provide the map of risk area in Makassar City through the geographical map. To estimate RR for DF in Makassar City, Indonesia, the Besag York Mollie (BYM) model was proposed. The Bayesian estimates of DF relative risk were utilized for geographical mapping of DF. The results of the present study reveals that DF is still a serious health problem in Makassar city, Indonesia. The distribution of high and low risk areas of DF occurrences for all sub-districts in Makassar City can be identified in the risk geographical map to allow the better allocation and risk assessment.

Faktor-Faktor yang Berpengaruh terhadap Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue pada Anak Usia 6-12 Tahun Di Kecamatan Tembalang

Background : The Dengue Fever is an infectious disease that still becomes a serious health issue since it is endemic. This research aims to explain the various factors influencing the occurrences of the dengue fever in the children age 6 to 12 years old.Methods : This research used both quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative research specification was the observational analytic case control design while the indept interview technique was used as the qualitative research method. The population of the study were all children age 6 to 12 years old who lived in the Semarang City. The number of the subjects were 70 cases and 70 controls and they were taken by consecutive sampling method. The data were analyzed using the bivariate and multivariate with the regression logistic method.Results : The factors proven to influence the dengue fever occurrences in the children 6 to 12 years old were the lack of the mother’s education (OR 3.031; 95%CI 1.4281-6.434; p= 0.004;), the habit of not using the insect repellent use (OR 4.293; 95%CI 1.935-9.526; p= 0.001) and the habit of not wearing long clothes (OR 2.759; 95%CI 1.240-6.138; p= 0.013).Conclusion : The factors recognized as the significant risk factors for the occurrences of the dengue fever in the children age 6 to 12 years old were the lack of the mother’s education, the habit of not using the insect repellent and the habit of not wearing long clothes. Those factors contribute 85,3% to the occurrence of dengue fever.

Influence of Climate Variability on the Prevalence of Dengue Fever in Mandera County, Kenya

Climate variability affects human health by influencing processes that facilitate transmission of infectious diseases. This study aimed at investigating the influence of temperature and precipitation variability on the prevalence of Dengue fever in Mandera County from 1985 to 2014. 196 randomly selected respondents drawn from households within three health facilities’ catchments were interviewed. Meteorological data was used to describe climate variability while Dengue fever was described using data obtained from health records at El Wak Sub County Hospital, Kotulo Health centre and ADRA Hospital. Results showed that temperature significantly varied (t = 7.60, DF = 29, p = 0.0001). Precipitation equally varied (t = 5.660, DF = 29, p = 0.0001). Overall temperature increase was by 0.53°C while annual precipitation amounts increased by 77.1mm. There was an insignificant correlation in Dengue fever occurrence with climate variability (r value of 0.087). The study concluded that climate variability was not significant in Dengue fever transmission in Mandera South Sub County. Keywords: arboviral disease, climate variability, dengue fever, impact, pathogen, prevalence DOI : 10.7176/JEES/9-3-06 Publication date :March 31 st 2019

Spatial analysis of probable cases of dengue fever, chikungunya fever and zika virus infections in Maranhao State, Brazil.

ABSTRACTDengue fever, chikungunya fever, and zika virus infections are increasing public health problems in the world, the last two diseases having recently emerged in Brazil. This ecological study employed spatial analysis of probable cases of dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and zika virus infections reported to the National Mandatory Reporting System (SINAN) in Maranhao State from 2015 to 2016. The software GeoDa version 1.10 was used for calculating global and local Moran indices. The global Moran index identified a significant autocorrelation of incidence rates of dengue (I=0.10; p=0.009) and zika (I=0.07; p=0.03). The study found a positive spatial correlation between dengue and the population density (I=0.31; p<0.001) and a negative correlation with the Performance Index of Unified Health System (PIUHS) by basic care coverage (I=-0.08; p=0.01). Regarding chikungunya fever, there were positive spatial correlations with the population density (I=0.06; p=0.03) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) (I=0.10; p=0.002), and a negative correlation with the Gini index (I=-0.01; p<0.001) and the PIUHS by basic care coverage (I=-0.18; p<0.001). Lastly, we found positive spatial correlations between Zika virus infections and the population density (I=0.13; p=0.005) and the MHDI (I=0.12; p<0.001), as well as a negative correlation with the Gini index (I=-0.11; p<0.001) and the PIUHS by basic care coverage (I=-0.05; p=0.03). Our results suggest that several socio-demographic factors influenced the occurrence of dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and zika virus infections in Maranhao State.

Distribution of blood type among dengue hemorrhagic fever patients in Semarang City

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is an infectious disease caused by dengue virus which is transmitted through bites of Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus[1]’ In Indonesia particularly, there has not been much research on ABO blood type associated with dengue fever occurrence[2]. This study aims to see the ABO blood group description and its relation to the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Semarang. The DHF sample cases were obtained from three hospitals in Semarang city (n=39), from the period of March to May 2017 and the control groups were obtained from healthy respondents with matched age, sex, and the district location (n=39). The data was analyzed by Chi-Square test. The frequency distribution of blood groups in DHF patients was 6 type A (15.4%), 10 type B (25.6%), 7 type AB (17.9%) and 16 type O (41.0%). In control there were 10 type A (25.6%), 12 type B (30.8%), 9 type AB (23.1%) and 8 type O (20.5%). Comparison between blood group B, AB and O to blood group A resulted in the p-value of 0.875, 1.00, and 0.136 which not significant. Although DHF cases at three hospitals in Semarang are not related to blood type, the highest percentage of the patients had O blood group (41%).

SURVEI JENTIK NYAMUK Aedes aegypti DI PERUMAHAN WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS MENTENG KOTA PALANGKA RAYA

Severe dengue or Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) occurrence in Palangka Raya frequently becomes epidemic. The morbidity rate (incidence rate) of DHF cases in Central Kalimantan in 2016 reached 69.1 per 100,000 population with the mortality rate (fatality rate) of 1.4%. The morbidity rate reached 278.4 per 100,000 population in Palangka Raya, the second place after North Barito regency. Based on the Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia�s Strategic Planning (Renstra), targets for dengue fever in 2016 should be &lt;49 per 100,000 population, Central Kalimantan Province has not achieved the target yet. The Central Kalimantan Provincial Health Office reported the epidemy of DHF in 2017 occurred in the working area of Menteng Community Health Center. The report found a case that all family members of a household suffered from DHF. This community service aimed to educate the community to survey of dengue larvae independently, to develop the community�s knowledge and awareness about the importance of support from larvae monitoring speculator Juru Pemantau Jentik (also briefly known as Jumantik) and to increase community participation in DHF prevention movement in Palangka Raya. The method of this community service used site survey, observation, interview, larva examination and reporting of results. The survey activity of larvae showed that Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae were identified in 13.3% of the houses, mostly found in bathtubs, water shelters and water container of water dispensers.

Using adult Aedes aegypti females to predict areas at risk for dengue transmission: A spatial case-control study

IntroductionTraditional indices for measuring dengue fever risk in a given area are based on the immature forms of the vector (larvae and pupae surveys). However, this is inefficient because only adult female mosquitoes actually transmit the virus. Based on these assumptions, our objective was to evaluate the association between an entomological index obtained from adult mosquito traps and the occurrence of dengue in a hyperendemic area. Additionally, we compared its cost to that of the Breteau Index (BI). Material and methodsWe performed this study in São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, between the epidemiological weeks of 36/2012 and 19/2013. BG-Sentinel and BG-Mosquitito traps were installed to capture adult mosquitoes. Positive and negative cases of dengue fever were computed and geocoded. We generated biweekly thematic maps of the entomological index, generated by calculating the number of adult Aedes aegypti females (NAF) per 100 households during a week by kriging, and based on the number of mosquitoes captured. The relation between the occurrence of dengue fever and the NAF was tested using a spatial case-control design and a generalized additive model and was controlled by the coordinates of the positive and negative cases of dengue fever. ResultsOur analyses showed that increases in dengue fever cases occurred in parallel with increases in the number of Ae. aegypti females. The entomological index produced in our study correlates positively with the incidence of dengue, particularly during intervals when vector control measures were applied less intensively. The operational costs of our index were lower than those of the BI: NAF used 71.5% less human resources necessary to measure the BI. ConclusionsSpatial analysis techniques and the number of adult Ae. aegypti females were used to produce an indicator of dengue risk. The index can be applied at various levels of spatial aggregation for an entire study area, as well as for sub-areas, such as city blocks. Even though the index is adequate to predict dengue risk, it should be tested and validated in various scenarios before routine use.

Building Infestation Index for Aedes aegypti and occurrence of dengue fever in the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil, from 2001 to 2016.

the Building Infestation Index (BII) uses the Rapid Assay of the Larval Index for Aedes aegypti (LIRAa) to express the relationship between positive and surveyed properties. We evaluated LIRAa and the relationship between the BII and climate variables for dengue cases in Foz do Iguaçu municipality, Paraná. Spearman's correlations for mean precipitation, mean temperature, BII, and dengue cases (time lag). positive correlations between BII and cases, and mean temperature and cases at two months. Weak correlation between precipitation and cases at three months. LIRAa and climate variables correlate with dengue cases.

Risk Analysis of dengue Fever Occurrence in bone Province Sulawesi South using Temporal Spatial geostatistical Model

The purpose of this research is to get the best model prediction of dengue fever risk in Bone District using spatial temporal geostatistical model. Time series model is used to describe the dynamics of dengue fever changes with stages: Identification of data, Model identification, model estimation, model assumption check, best model selection and forecasting stage. Implementation of time series model in Bone District incident data and climatic factors shows that the model obtained has a good accuracy. The results showed that: The prediction model of dengue fever occurrence in Tanete Riattang Barat, China, and Mare sub district using ARIMAX model. Dengue prediction model for Ajangale District, Barebbo, Bengo, Two Boccoe and Tellusiattingge using MAX model. Rainfall is an exogenous variable that affects the incidence of dengue fever. Humidity, temperature and wind speed have no effect on the occurrence of dengue fever.

Forecasting dengue hemorrhagic fever cases using ARIMA model: a case study in Asahan district

Time series analysis had been increasingly used to forecast the number of dengue hemorrhagic fever in many studies. Since no vaccine exist and poor public health infrastructure, predicting the occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is crucial. This study was conducted to determine trend and forecasting the occurrence of DHF in Asahan district, North Sumatera Province. Monthly reported dengue cases for the years 2012-2016 were obtained from the district health offices. A time series analysis was conducted by Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modeling to forecast the occurrence of DHF. The results demonstrated that the reported DHF cases showed a seasonal variation. The SARIMA (1,0,0)(0,1,1)12 model was the best model and adequate for the data. The SARIMA model for DHF is necessary and could applied to predict the incidence of DHF in Asahan district and assist with design public health maesures to prevent and control the diseases.

HUBUNGAN KEBERADAAN JENTIK NYAMUK DAN PERILAKU PEMBERANTASAN SARANG NYAMUK DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE (PSN-DBD) MASYARAKAT DI DAERAH ENDEMIS DAN NON ENDEMIS KECAMATAN NANGGULAN KABUPATEN KULON PROGO

Dengue fever occurrences are still problematic in Nanggulan district, Kulon Progo regency, which is in each year, the number of cases varies in each village. This research used ‘cross sectional’ design which samples of this research were taken from all the houses in Wijimulyo village as endemic village, and Banyuroto village as non-endemic village. The number of samples used in this research of 94 respondents. The instrument that used in obtaining data were questionnaires and observation check list. The result of Chi Square test in endemic village with influential factor dengue mosquito brending eradication was respondent attitude (p = 0,009) Contingency coefficient (p = 0,391), corelation is adequate, and action (p = 0,009) contingency coeficcient (p = 0,391) corelation is adequate . The result of Chi Square test in non endemic village with influential factor mosquito brending eradication was action (p = 0,011) Contingency coefficient (p = 0,422) corelation is adequate and action (p = 0,040) Contingency coefficient (p = 0,365) corealtion is adeqaute and it is found the fact that it’s better in non endemic village than in endemic village. Variable which influenced respondent attitude and existance of wiggler were not draining the tub over a week, used bucket, used can, used tire, not covering the tub, having fishless fond, so that the public health departement through Puskesmas suggest to conduct counseling of dengue mosquito breeding eridication, fond village monitoring by village officer and health officer to be drained in harvest season until planting season, changing permanent tub with impermanent one or big bucket in order to be easy to be cleaned.Keywords:Dengue Fever, Mosquito Breedin

PENGARUH HEALTH EDUCATION TERHADAP PENINGKATAN MOTIVASI KEPALA KELUARGA DALAM MENCEGAH TERJADINYA DHF DI RT 1 KELURAHAN KOTA PAGATAN KUSAN HILIR TANAH BUMBU

Introductions: The high incidence of dengue fever occurs because of the behavior of society that harms the health and motivation of the people who lack in maintaining personal hygiene and environment, it will cause the risk of DHF transmission in the family and community. The purpose of research to determine the effect of health education to increase family head motivation in preventing the occurrence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. Methods: The design of this research is pre experiment type one group pre test-post test design. Population of research that is all of Head of Family in RT 1 Kota Pagatan Village Kusan Hilir District Tanah Bumbu Regency as much as43 Head of Family. The sample was taken by random sampling technique as many as 39 Head of Family. There are two research variables that are counseling as independent variable and family head motivation in preventing DBD as dependent variable. Instrument used is questionnaire sheet and analyzed by Wilcoxon test. Results: The results showed that the value of ρ = 0.00, &lt;α = 0.05 then H0 rejected means there is influence of health education to increase family head motivation in preventing the occurrence of Dengue Fever. Discussions: The results showed that counseling can affect the motivation of the head of the family in preventing dengue hemorrhagic fever. The family should keep trying to increase its knowledge about prevention of DHF so that it can increase family motivation in doing DHF prevention can be more increase.

Secretory phospholipase A2 in the pathogenesis of acute dengue infection.

IntroductionPlatelet activating factor (PAF) is an important mediator of vascular leak in acute dengue. Phospholipase A2s (PLA2) are inflammatory lipid enzymes that generate and regulate PAF and other mediators associated with mast cells. We sought to investigate if mast cell activation and increases in secretory sPLA2s are associated with an increase in PAF and occurrence of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF).MethodsThe changes in the levels of mast cell tryptase, PAF and the activity of sPLA2 were determined throughout the course of illness in 13 adult patients with DHF, and 30 patients with dengue fever (DF).ResultsWe found that sPLA2 activity was significantly higher in patients with DHF when compared to those with DF, during the first 120 h of clinical illness. sPLA2 activity was significantly associated with PAF levels, which were also significantly higher in patients with DHF. Although levels of mast cell tryptase were higher in patients with DHF, the difference was not significant, and the levels were not above the reference ranges. sPLA2 activity significantly correlated with the degree of viraemia in patients with DHF but not in those with DF.ConclusionsPLA2 appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of dengue. Since its activity is significantly increased during the early phase of infection in patients with DHF, this suggests that understanding the underlying mechanisms may provide opportunities for early intervention.

Hubungan iklim dan kondisi lingkungan fisik rumah terhadap insidensi demam berdarah dengue di beberapa zona musim di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (Studi kasus di Kecamatan Kasihan, Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta)

Climate factors and conditions of physical environment house for the dengue fever incidence in several zone season in: a case study from Bantul, YogyakartaPurposeThis research aimed to determine the relationship between climate (rainfall, air humidity, and temperature) and physical conditions of house environment with incidence of dengue fever in some seasonal zones in Yogyakarta.MethodsThe design of this study was an ecological study by time to observe the trend of dengue incidence in Yogyakarta within the period of 2010-2014.ResultsResults showed not all ZOMs were related to the incidence of dengue fever in Yogyakarta. Environmental conditions of the physical house that have a correlation with the dengue fever were breeding place outside, while the use of gauze ventilation and the existence of mosquito larvae in-house, were not correlated to an occurrence of dengue fever.ConclusionRainfall, air humidity, and temperature have a correlation with the incident of dengue fever in some ZOM area. The condition of the physical environment of the house in the form of breeding places outside of the house is associated with the occurrence of dengue fever.

A spatiotemporal dengue fever early warning model accounting for nonlinear associations with hydrological factors: a Bayesian maximum entropy approach

Dengue fever is identified as one of the most widespread vector-borne diseases in the world. In the last decade, high incidence of dengue fever has been observed in southern Taiwan on an annual basis. There is an urgent need to develop a dengue fever early warning model for the area. Previous studies showed that dengue fever transmission has complex space–time dynamics highly depending upon the activities of human and vectors and their interactions, as well as hydrological processes. This study developed a 1-week-ahead dengue fever warning system in southern Taiwan considering weekly-based nonlinear temporal lagged associations between dengue cases and hydrological factors across space and time by investigating the disease database during 1998–2011. The proposed model is based on an integration of distributed lag nonlinear model and spatiotemporal dependence structure under an epistemic framework of Bayesian maximum entropy method. This study identified that minimum temperature and maximum 24-h rainfall are the most significant to dengue fever incidences. Their associations to dengue fever risks are presented with respect to both hydrological measurement levels and temporal lags. A nested spatiotemporal covariance of transmissions was used to account for the disease diffusion across space and time. Results show that the proposed approach can provide early warnings of the dengue fever occurrences in both initial and peak epidemic stages in 2012, and obtain the spatiotemporal distribution of dengue fever epidemics. These features can be useful for local governmental agencies to seek more effective strategies for dengue fever prevention and control.

PERANCANGAN WEB-GIS PENYEBARAN WABAH PENYAKITDEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE (DBD) DAN MALARIADI KOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG

Dengue Fever (DBD) and Malaria are kinds of diseases that often caused an extraordinary occurrence in Indonesia. Both diseases can spread rapidly and cause death in short time. The prediction of occurrence of Dengue Fever (DBD) and Malaria diseases in Bandar Lampung, still processed manually and presented in form of tables and graphs. In this research, Web-based Geographic Information System (WEB-GIS) was developed to provide information of the spreading of Dengue Fever (DBD) and Malaria diseases in the City of Bandar Lampung. Data was obtained from the Department of Health of the City government. The WEB-GIS was implemented using Arcview, MapServer, MySQL database, and PHPMapscript programming language. The result shows that WEB-GIS could provide information of spreading area of Dengue Fever (DBD) and Malaria diseases in Bandar Lampung until village level. Keywords : Dengue Fever, Malaria, WEB-GIS

Re-Model the Relation of Vector Indices, Meteorological Factors and Dengue Fever

Background: Dengue is the most rapidly expanding and spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in tropical and subtropical countries. In Taiwan, dengue incidence clustered in Southern part, especially Kaohsiung in the past decade. Aim: The spatial and temporal patterns of dengue transmission in Taiwan from 2005 to 2012 were examined to investigate the occurrence of dengue fever (DF) patients and its association with immature and adult mosquito indices, and its interaction with meteorological factors and household density. Methods: Three databases were spatially and temporally linked, including the comprehensive chart records of DF cases and vector surveillance data in Kaohsiung, as well as the meteorological and environmental information from 2005 to 2012. A case-crossover study design was used to explore the effects of mosquito indices and weather on the risks of DF, and conditional logistic regression was applied to estimate the odds ratios (OR). Results: Results showed immature mosquito indices had significant positive association with DF in the medium and high household density areas (e.g., adjusted ORs of Breteau index were 1.04, 95% CI=[1.02, 1.06] and 1.06, CI=[1.04, 1.08] respectively), while adult mosquito index was significant to all low/med/high household densities (adjusted ORs of Aedes aegypti index were 1.29, CI=[1.23,1.36]; 1.49, CI=[1.37,1.61] and 1.3, CI=[1.21,1.39] respectively). Meanwhile, combination with 2-week lag rainfall, 2-month lag rainfall, 2-week lag temperature and relative humidity, resulted better prediction of DF incidence. Conclusion: Meteorological conditions affect DF occurrence in a nonlinear way, and a single time-point rainfall variable is insufficient to fit it. Our study suggested that short-lag (last 2 weeks) conditions of moderate rainfall, moderate temperature and high humidity, in combination with a long-lag heavy rainfall were related to higher probability of DF incidence. BI and CI are useful predictors for DF occurrence in medium and high household density areas, but not in the low density areas.

The Effects of Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors on the Incidence of Dengue Fever in the Pearl River Delta, China, 2013

BackgroundAn outbreak of dengue fever (DF) occurred in Guangdong Province, China in 2013 with the highest number of cases observed within the preceding ten years. DF cases were clustered in the Pearl River Delta economic zone (PRD) in Guangdong Province, which accounted for 99.6% of all cases in Guangdong province in 2013. The main vector in PRD was Aedes albopictus. We investigated the socioeconomic and environmental factors at the township level and explored how the independent variables jointly affect the DF epidemic in the PRD.Methodology/Principal FindingsSix factors associated with the incidence of DF were identified in this project, representing the urbanization, poverty, accessibility and vegetation, and were considered to be core contributors to the occurrence of DF from the perspective of the social economy and the environment. Analyses were performed with Generalized Additive Models (GAM) to fit parametric and non-parametric functions to the relationships between the response and predictors. We used a spline-smooth technique and plotted the predicted against the observed co-variable value. The distribution of DF cases was over-dispersed and fit the negative binomial function better. The effects of all six socioeconomic and environmental variables were found to be significant at the 0.001 level and the model explained 45.1% of the deviance by DF incidence. There was a higher risk of DF infection among people living at the prefectural boundary or in the urban areas than among those living in other areas in the PRD. The relative risk of living at the prefectural boundary was higher than that of living in the urban areas. The associations between the DF cases and population density, GDP per capita, road density, and NDVI were nonlinear. In general, higher “road density” or lower “GDP per capita” were considered to be consistent risk factors. Moreover, higher or lower values of “population density” and “NDVI” could result in an increase in DF cases.ConclusionIn this study, we presented an effect analysis of socioeconomic and environmental factors on DF occurrence at the smallest administrative unit (township level) for the first time in China. GAM was used to effectively detect the nonlinear impact of the predictors on the outcome. The results showed that the relative importance of different risk factors may vary across the PRD. This work improves our understanding of the differences and effects of socioeconomic and environmental factors on DF and supports effectively targeted prevention and control measures.