Dendritic Nanoparticles Research Articles

Interactions between Dendritic Polymer Nanoparticles and Lipid Mesophases: Swollen Lamellae, Suppressed Curvature, and Augmented Structural Disorder

Interactions between Dendritic Polymer Nanoparticles and Lipid Mesophases: Swollen Lamellae, Suppressed Curvature, and Augmented Structural Disorder

Dendritic mesoporous carbon nanoparticles for ultrahigh and fast adsorption of anthracene

Developing highly effective adsorbents for efficient decontamination of organic pollutants from water is an evasive aim for community well-being and environmental protection. Here, we report the successful fabrication of dendritic mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (DMCNs) as an advantageous adsorbent for ultrahigh and fast adsorption of anthracene. Dendritic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles with an octadecyl-rich framework were utilized to synthesize DMCNs through carbonization and removal of silica. The DMCNs show a high carbon content, large mesopore volume of 1.484 cm3 g−1 and high surface area of 1218 m2 g−1. It is revealed that both the high carbon content and highly accessible large surface area contribute to the excellent adsorption capacity towards anthracene (947.9 mg g−1), which is significantly higher than those in previous reports. Furthermore, the large radial pores of DMCNs with bimodal pore size distributions (2.1 and 18.4 nm) and open pore channels allow fast adsorption kinetics. The developed materials hold promise as effective adsorbents for efficient remediation of organic pollutants.

(Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award) Electrochemical Growth Mediated by Nanocluster Aggregation: Implications and Perspectives

Supported nanostructured electroactive materials are known to boost the efficiency of electrocatalytic processes. Although they can be fabricated by multiple methods, electrodeposition offers several advantages, since the nanostructures are grown on the final support. During the last years, we have developed an approach based on using carbon coated TEM grids (CCTGs) as electrodes to better understand electrochemical nucleation and growth mechanisms on the nanoscale. This way, by combining atomic-scale TEM characterization with electron tomography and electrochemical measurements, we have found evidence that has led us to suggest an electrochemical aggregative growth mechanism [1]. It includes nanocluster self-limiting growth, surface diffusion, aggregation and coalescence as important elementary steps of the electrochemical growth process [2,3]. In this context, we have employed the same approach to study the electrodeposition and electrochemical stability of dendritic nanoparticles with large surface areas [4,5], as well as electrochemical nucleation and growth phenomena in Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs). Special attention is given to the interaction between the solvent and the electrodeposited phase and the role of water since DESs are highly hygroscopic and water cannot be completely removed [6-8]. Due to the high level of complexity of the electrodeposition process and the small timescales and lengthscales that need to be considered, electrochemical and surface characterization techniques feature inherent limitations. Therefore, a complementary approach based on numerical simulations is being evaluated. We have introduced a novel modelling approach that couples a Finite Element Method (FEM) with a random walk algorithm, to study the early stages of nanocluster formation, aggregation and growth, during electrochemical deposition. This approach takes into account different factors: not only the overpotential, but the transport of active species and electrochemical kinetics are also evaluated, together with the surface diffusion and aggregation of adatoms and small nanoclusters [9]. The combined analysis of experimental and simulated data reveals that the relative surface mobility of nanoclusters compared to this of the adatoms plays a crucial role in the early growth stages. The number of clusters, their size and size dispersion are influenced more significantly by nanocluster mobility than by the applied overpotential itself. As a result, an accurate representation of the number of clusters with time, N(t), in potentiostatic electrodeposition should consider, not only an induction time that precedes cluster formation, but also the balance between cluster formation and aggregation. We show that an evaluation of N(t), which neglects the effect of nanocluster mobility and aggregation, induces errors of several orders of magnitude in the determination of nucleation rate constants. These findings are highly important towards properly evaluating the elementary electrodeposition processes, considering not only adatoms, but also nanoclusters as building blocks.

Murine and Non-Human Primate Dendritic Cell Targeting Nanoparticles for in Vivo Generation of Regulatory T-Cells.

Porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNP), modified to target dendritic cells (DC), provide an alternate strategy for the delivery of immunosuppressive drugs. Here, we aimed to develop a DC-targeting pSiNP displaying c-type lectin, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), and CD11c monoclonal antibodies. The in vivo tracking of these fluorescent DC-targeting nanoparticles was assessed in both C57BL/6 mice and common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus) by intravenous injection (20 mg/kg). Rapamycin and ovalbumin (OVA)323-339 peptide loaded pSiNP were employed to evaluate their ability to generate murine CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells in vivo within OVA sensitized mice. In vivo, pSiNP migrated to the liver, kidneys, lungs, and spleen in both mice and marmosets. Flow cytometry confirmed pSiNP uptake by splenic and peripheral blood DC when functionalized with targeting antibodies. C57BL/6 OVA sensitized mice injected with CD11c-pSiNP loaded with rapamycin + OVA323-339 produced a 5-fold higher number of splenic regulatory T-cells compared to control mice, at 40 days post-pSiNP injection. These results demonstrate the importance of the immobilized targeting antibodies to enhance cellular uptake and enable the in vivo generation of splenic regulatory T-cells.

Targeted delivery of dendritic platinum-copper alloy nanoparticles to bone for photothermal treatment of bone metastasis

Targeted delivery of dendritic platinum-copper alloy nanoparticles to bone for photothermal treatment of bone metastasis

Entrapping multifunctional dendritic nanoparticles into a hydrogel for local therapeutic delivery and synergetic immunochemotherapy

Developing multifunctional nanoparticles to support new therapy models is a promising and challenging task to address the current dilemma on antitumor treatment. Herein, we incorporated multifunctional dendritic nanoparticles into a poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) triblock copolymers thermosensitive injectable hydrogel matrix to construct a localized drug delivery system for combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The multifunctional dendritic nanoparticles were designed with following expectations: i, Dendritic scaffolds provide a hydrophobic interior to load the anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), for chemotherapy; and ii, dendritic scaffolds are used to build arginine-rich molecules to provide the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) substrate, L-Arg, to M1 macrophages, which can produce the cytotoxic substance nitric oxide (NO) and subsequently induce tumor cell destruction through immunotherapy. It is noteworthy that the dendritic nanoparticles-in-hydrogel delivery system is able to gel at physiological temperature and serves as a warehouse for the sustained release of the drug. Ultimately, this system showed great efficacy in treating 4T1 cells-xenografted BALB/C mice (86.62% tumor growth inhibition). Therefore, this localized drug delivery system combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy provides a novel approach for cancer therapy.

Synthesis and Characterization of Dendritic Pt Nanoparticles by Using Cationic Surfactant

Abstract Platinum (Pt) is known as one of the most promising electrocatalysts, and nanostructured Pt materials have enhanced its activity due to their abundant catalytically active sites derived from their high surface area. Herein, we synthesize fascinating dendritic Pt nanoparticles (DPNs) by a soft-templating method using hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) as a pore-forming agent. The dissolved negatively charged Pt precursor (PtCl42−) effectively interact with the surfactant. The particle size of the obtained DPNs is around 20 nm, and the pore walls are composed of Pt nanocrystals. The obtained DPNs show good electrocatalytic activity towards methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) compared to commercial Pt black (PtB), and its stability is also higher than that of PtB.

Glutathione-depletion mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles as a self-adjuvant and Co-delivery platform for enhanced cancer immunotherapy

Silica based nanoparticles have emerged as a promising vaccine delivery system for cancer immunotherapy, but their bio-degradability, adjuvanticity and the resultant antitumor activity remain to be largely improved. In this study, we report biodegradable glutathione-depletion dendritic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (GDMON) with a tetrasulfide-incorporated framework as a novel co-delivery platform in cancer immunotherapy. Functionalized GDMON are capable of co-delivering an antigen protein (ovalbumin) and a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist into antigen presenting cells (APCs) and inducing endosome escape. Moreover, decreasing the intracellular glutathione (GSH) level through the -S-S-/GSH redox chemistry increases the ROS generation level both in vitro and in vivo, facilitating cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) proliferation and reducing tumour growth in an aggressive B16-OVA melanoma tumour model. Our results have shown the potential of GDMON as a novel self-adjuvant and co-delivery nanocarrier for cancer vaccine.

Influence of Growth Mechanism and Potential Cycling on the Active Surface Area of Electrodeposited Highly Porous Pt Nanoparticles

It is widely known that nanostructured materials are one of the key elements in the recent advances of various technological fields. More precisely, energy conversion devices (fuel cells, batteries, solar cells, etc.) have seen their efficiency boosted thanks to the engineering of materials in the nanoscale. The efficiency of these processes depends on many factors. Among them, increasing the surface to volume ratio (SVR) of the active materials is sought after in most energy conversion technologies. Moreover, large active surface areas are also targeted for highly sensitive (bio)sensors. Hence, optimizing the surface properties of nanostructured materials is of great interest. In this work, we explored different electrochemical deposition procedures and experimental conditions to obtain distributions of Pt nanostructures with large surface areas. Furthermore, to evaluate the available Pt surface, in addition to conventional hydrogen underpotential deposition (H UPD), we used high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and quantitative 3D electron tomography [1, 2]. Pt dendritic nanoparticles (NPs) with large surface area were successfully electrodeposited using a potentiostatic double-pulse procedure under forced convection. Large nucleation overpotential led to a large surface coverage of roughened spheroids, providing a large roughness factor (Rf) but low mass-specific electrochemically active surface area (EASA). Lowering the nucleation overpotential led to highly porous Pt NPs with pores stretching to the center of the structure. At the expense of smaller Rf, the obtained EASA values of these structures were in the range of those of large surface area supported fuel cell catalysts. The active surface area of the Pt dendritic NPs was measured by electron tomography, and it was found that the potential cycling in the H adsorption/desorption and Pt oxidation/reduction region, which is generally performed to determine the EASA, led to a significant reduction of that surface area due to a partial collapse of their dendritic and porous morphology. Interestingly, the extrapolation of the microscopic tomography results in macroscopic electrochemical parameters indicated that the surface properties measured by H UPD were comparable to the values measured on individual NPs by electron tomography after the degradation caused by the H UPD measurement. These results highlighted that the combination of electrochemical and quantitative 3D surface analysis techniques is essential to provide insights into the surface properties, the electrochemical stability, and, hence, the applicability of these materials. Moreover, it indicated that care must be taken with widely used electrochemical methods of surface area determination, especially in the case of large surface area and possibly unstable nanostructures, since the measured surface can be strongly affected by the measurement itself. [1] B. Geboes, J. Ustarroz, K. Sentosun, H. Vanrompay, A. Hubin, S. Bals, T. Breugelmans, ACS Catalysis, 6 (9) (2016) 5856-5864. [2] J. Ustarroz, B. Geboes, H. Vanrompay, K. Sentosun, S. Bals, T. Breugelmans, A. Hubin, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 9 (19) (2017) 16168-16177.

Efficient Synthesis of Noble-Metal-Based Metallic Hydrogels/Aerogels and Their Electrochemical Applications

Metallic hydrogels/aerogels are highly porous materials with ultralow density, large surface area, and hybrid interlinked pores. These novel nanostructures not only combine the physiochemical properties of nanomaterials from the macroscale, but also possess the fascinating properties in term of their various size, composition, and morphology effect from the atomic scale. Generally, there are two different strategies for synthesizing noble-metal-based hydrogels/aerogels, i.e., self-assembly and in situ reduction and subsequent fusion. However, rational design and synthesis of self-supported noble-metal-based hydrogels/aerogel is still challenging and there are some critical issues that should be addressed to optimize their morphological and compositional characteristics by means of more efficient synthesis routes and expands their practical applications. First, the occurrence of gel formation necessitates the concentration of pristine colloidal dispersion in most cases and formation of these assembled aerogels usually takes a several days to weeks. Second, due to the specific properties of metal nanoparticles, some noble metal hydrogels (e.g. AuPt) are not available until now for using the above-mentioned two traditional strategies. Thirdly, introduction of non-precious metals such as Fe, Co, Cu, Ni and so on to noble-metal-based hydrogels/aerogels has been rarely studied to construct promising bi- or multi-metallic hydrogel systems and further broaden their potential applications. Here, we report a series of noble-metal-based metallic hydrogels/aerogels including the efficient synthesis methods, rational designed morphologies, structures, compositions and their applications to shed light on the progress we have achieved. At first, we synthesized Au@Pt3Pd ternary metallic hydrogels (TMHs) through the combination of the above-mentioned two strategies that only takes 4 hrs at 35 °C. The as-synthesized Au@Pt3Pd TMHs are assembled from building blocks with dendritic and core-shell structured nanoparticles with size of about 24.5 nm. They exhibited enhanced activity and stability toward oxygen reduction reaction due to the electronic and geometric effect, and intrinsic support-less 3D hybrid pore systems. In order to further enhance the synthesis efficiencies of metallic hydrogels, we developed a more universal and facile synthesis strategy of CuM (M=Au, Pd, Pt) metallic hydrogels/aerogels from the one step in situ reduction of metal precursors with NaBH4 through enhancing the gelation kinetics in aqueous solution without any surfactants. The importance of this work lies in that we successfully introduced non-precious metal into the noble-metal hydrogel systems. Besides, the synthesis strategy is time-saving, surfactant-free, readily for scale up, which endows the noble-metal-based hydrogels with more merits for application in electrocatalysts. The as-obtained PdCu metallic hydrogels achieved a mass activity of 3.5 A/mg toward ethanol electro-oxidation, which is more than two times higher than commercial Pd/C. Employing the similar approach, for the first time, we successfully synthesized AuPt bimetallic hydrogels/aerogels, which previously remains a challenge in the field of metallic hydrogels. The composition optimized AuPt5 metallic hydrogel achieved enhanced stability and mass activity of 0.7 A/mg toward electro-oxidation of methanol, which is 3.5 times higher than commercial Pt/C. In order to take full advantage of the metallic hydrogels and also further boost the catalytic performances, we modified the composition and structure of metallic hydrogels from the atomic scale and synthesized Pd ensemble anchored Au2Cu metallic hydrogels (denoted as Au2Cu@Pd) employing core-shell structured Au2Cu hydrogel as the backbone via galvanic displacement reaction. The as-obtained Au2Cu@Pd achieved an outstanding catalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation with mass activity reached to 22.1 A/mg, and excellent stability of maintained 90 % of original mass activity after 300 potential cycles. All in all, we have developed the efficient synthesis strategy of noble-metal-based metallic hydrogels/aerogels including decreasing the gelation time, eliminating the surfactant and so on. Besides, we introduced the non-precious metals into the hydrogel systems, which could further decrease the price and improve the electrochemical performances through synergistic effect. What’s more, we successfully synthesized AuPt bi-metallic hydrogels for the first time. Finally, we rationally modified the metallic hydrogels from the atomic scale and achieved the excellent electrocatalytic performances toward small molecule electro-oxidation. Our strategies opened an avenue for the synthesis of mono-, bi-, and multi- metallic aerogels with addition of non-noble elements, which is of great significance in boosting the commercialization of electrochemical catalysts not only for energy conversion and storage devices, but also for optics, sensors, electronics and so on.

946 - High-penetrating, target-releasing drug delivery system based on dendritic nanoparticles for intravesical instillation

946 - High-penetrating, target-releasing drug delivery system based on dendritic nanoparticles for intravesical instillation

One-step synthesis of the PdPt bimetallic nanodendrites with controllable composition for methanol oxidation reaction

This paper demonstrates a one-pot approach to produce highly dispersed dendritic palladium-platinum bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with small particle size, tunable composition and high catalytic activity. Herein, the PdPt bimetallic NPs have been obtained using bayberry tannin (BT) as both the reducing agent and surfactant. Additionally, the PdPt bimetallic NPs with different Pd/Pt atomic ratios can be prepared by just varying the amounts of the Pd and Pt precursors. Most importantly, the as-prepared Pd52Pt48 catalyst exhibits the optimal catalytic activities compared with the other compositional PdPt NPs (Pd82Pt18, Pd69Pt31, and Pd36 Pt64) and commercial Pt/C (20 wt.%) catalyst for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Meanwhile, Pd52Pt48 also shows better CO tolerance, which can be attributed to the unique dendritic structure and the synergistic effect between Pd and Pt. With evident advantages of the facile preparation and enhanced catalytic performance, it holds great promise as a high-performance catalyst for electrochemical energy conversion.

Dendritic polyglycerol nanoparticles show charge dependent bio-distribution in early human placental explants and reduce hCG secretion

A thorough understanding of nanoparticle bio-distribution at the feto-maternal interface will be a prerequisite for their diagnostic or therapeutic application in women of childbearing age and for teratologic risk assessment. Therefore, the tissue interaction of biocompatible dendritic polyglycerol nanoparticles (dPG-NPs) with first- trimester human placental explants were analyzed and compared to less sophisticated trophoblast-cell based models. First-trimester human placental explants, BeWo cells and primary trophoblast cells from human term placenta were exposed to fluorescence labeled, ∼5 nm dPG-NPs, with differently charged surfaces, at concentrations of 1 µM and 10 nM, for 6 and 24 h. Accumulation of dPGs was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. To assess the impact of dPG-NP on trophoblast integrity and endocrine function, LDH, and hCG releases were measured. A dose- and charge-dependent accumulation of dPG-NPs was observed at the early placental barrier and in cell lines, with positive dPG-NP-surface causing deposits even in the mesenchymal core of the placental villi. No signs of plasma membrane damage could be detected. After 24 h we observed a significant reduction of hCG secretion in placental explants, without significant changes in trophoblast apoptosis, at low concentrations of charged dPG-NPs. In conclusion, dPG-NP’s surface charge substantially influences their bio-distribution at the feto-maternal interface, with positive charge facilitating trans-trophoblast passage, and in contrast to more artificial models, the first-trimester placental explant culture model reveals potentially hazardous influences of charged dPG-NPs on early placental physiology.

Thermoresponsive- co-Biodegradable Linear-Dendritic Nanoparticles for Sustained Release of Nerve Growth Factor To Promote Neurite Outgrowth.

Thermoresponsive and biodegradable linear-dendritic nanoparticles containing poly( N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(l-lactic acid), and poly(l-lysine) dendrons were investigated for sustained release of nerve growth factor (NGF) in response to temperature change. The nanoparticles and their degradants were not cytotoxic to neuron-like PC12 cells for at least one month. The nanoparticles were preferentially taken up by PC12 cells 6-13-times more at temperatures above (37 °C) than below (25 °C) the lower critical solution temperature of the nanoparticles. NGF could be loaded into the nanoparticles in aqueous solution and slowly released from the nanoparticles for 12 and 33 days at 25 and 37 °C, respectively. The released NGF was biologically active by promoting neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. This work demonstrates a new concept of using thermoresponsive and biodegradable linear-dendritic nanoparticles for thermally targeted and sustained release of NGF and other protein drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders.

Superhydrophobic dendritic mesoporous organosilica nano-particles with ultrahigh-content of gradient organic moieties

Superhydrophobic dendritic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles with ultrahigh content of gradient organic moieties for superior pyrene decontamination.

Designed synthesis of organosilica nanoparticles for enzymatic biodiesel production

Benzene-bridged dendritic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles significantly improve the catalytic activity and stability of lipase.

Ultrasensitive Analyte Detection by Combining Nanoparticle-based Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Substrates with Multivariate Analysis

A facile and rapid method for the in situ fabrication of highly active surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates is presented. These SERS-active substrates are produced on the surface of microelectrode chips through an electric field-guided assembly of silver nanocolloids, which yields highly branched, dendritic nanoparticle structures. Fractal dimension analysis of the dendrites shows a value of 1.78, indicating a high degree of complexity. The sensitivity of the SERS substrates is demonstrated with the detection of trace amounts of cocaine in water. By analyzing the collected spectra using principal component analysis, spectra can be correctly identified and quantified in an automated fashion for several different concentrations

Novel synthesis of core-shell Au-Pt dendritic nanoparticles supported on carbon black for enhanced methanol electro-oxidation

Abstract Core-shell Au-Pt dendritic nanoparticles (Au-Pt NPs) has been synthesized via a facile seed-mediated growth method, in which dendritic Pt nanoparticles as shell grow on the surface of gold nanocores by using ascorbic acid (AA) as “green” reducing reagents. The morphologies and compositions of the as-prepared nanocomposites with core-shell structure are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical experiments, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) are performed to investigate the electrocatalytic properties of the Au-Pt NPs loaded carbon black composites (Au-Pt NPs/V) towards methanol oxidation in an alkaline solution. It is found that the reduction time of AA could regulate the thickness and amount of Pt on the Au nanocores, which significantly affect catalytic activity of the Au-Pt NPs/V toward methanol oxidation. Au-Pt NPs/V with optimum reduction time 4 h exhibit 2.3-times higher electrocatalytic activity than that of a commercial catalyst (Pt/carbon black) and an excellent CO tolerance toward methanol oxidation. This behavior is attributed to large active electrochemical area of the bimetallic nanocomposites and the change in the electronic structure of Pt when Au surface modified with fewer Pt nanoparticles.

Drug delivery system based on dendritic nanoparticles for enhancement of intravesical instillation.

Intravesical instillation of antitumor agents following transurethral resection of bladder tumors is the standard strategy for the treatment of superficial bladder cancers. However, the efficacy of current intravesical instillation is limited partly due to the poor permeability of the urothelium. We therefore aimed to develop a high-penetrating, target-releasing drug delivery system to improve the efficacy of intravesical instillation. PAMAM, a dendrimer, were conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to form PEG-PAMAM complex as a nanocarrier. Doxorubicin (DOX) was then encapsulated into PEG-PAMAM to generate DOX-loaded PEG-PAMAM nanoparticles (PEG-PAMAM-DOX). Our results indicated that the PEG-PAMAM was a stable nanocarrier with small size and great biosafety. The release of DOX from PEG-PAMAM-DOX was sluggish but could be effectively triggered in an acid microenvironment (pH =5.0). As a drug carrier, PEG-PAMAM could penetrate mice bladder urothelium effectively and increase the amount of DOX within the bladder wall after intravesical instillation. The antitumor effect of PEG-PAMAM-DOX was evaluated using an orthotopic bladder cancer model in mice. Compared to free DOX, PEG-PAMAM-DOX showed significantly improved efficacy of DOX for intravesical instillation with limited side effects. In conclusion, we successfully developed a PEG-PAMAM-based drug delivery system to enhance the antitumor effect of intravesical instillation.

Efficient wide range electrochemical bisphenol-A sensor by self-supported dendritic platinum nanoparticles on screen-printed carbon electrode

Abstract A highly sensitive sensor is strategically designed for bisphenol A (BPA) detection. To enable the sensor to meet the requirements of sensitivity and selectivity, dendritic platinum nanoparticles (DPNs) with a high surface area were prepared and directly coated on gold nanoparticles deposited on a screen-printed carbon electrode, followed by the deposition of a polyethyleneimine-phosphatidylcholine (PEI-PC) layer. The PEI-PC layer protects the sensor against interference effects (such as from ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, uric acid, and dopamine) and further enhances the sensitivity. With our sensor, we were able to detect the presence of bisphenol A precisely at the oxidation potential of 0.270 V. The sensor performance in BPA detection using amperometry under the optimized experimental conditions was demonstrated to reveal the two wide dynamic ranges of 0.01–1.0 μM and 1.0 μM–300 μM, with correlation coefficients of 0.9957 and 0.9864, respectively. The detection limit (DL) for BPA was determined to be 6.63 ± 0.77 nM. To examine its reliability, the sensor was evaluated for the detection of BPA in tap water through a recovery study, which paves the way for practical applications.