Democratic System Of Government Research Articles

Age Limitations for Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates Post Constitutional Court Ruling Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 A Democratic Perspective

The constitutional right to vote or be elected is a realization of a democratic government system. Freedom exists for every citizen or government to be able to participate in the advancement of a nation. Nominating the head of state in Indonesia is a big part of political participation for every citizen nominated by their political party to be able to run for president. However, in Indonesia, certain conditions must be met for citizens running for President, one of which is a minimum age limit. This age restriction became an academic debate until the Petitioner was tested at the Constitutional Court, where he had potential disadvantages, namely not being able to run for president even though he had experience or expertise in the world of government. This research is legal research with towards statutory case analysis. The results of this research explain that the age restrictions for presidential nomination requirements in Indonesia are not only bound by formal provisions, but the Court provides an alternative consideration regardless of the age of a presidential candidate who can nominate if they have experience or are currently serving as regional heads. The implications of the Constitutional Court's Decision Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 regarding the alternative in the form of age quality for Presidential candidacy wishes of the Community in performing their political rights

Indigenous People’s Self-governing Bodies and the Role of Civil Society: The Case of the Norwegian Sámi

In this paper, the authors look at the relationship between the Sámi Parliament in Norway and the Sámi civil society as seen both from the perspective of the party leaders and representatives, the civil society organisations, and the voters. While strong civil societies are important in ensuring responsive democratic governance systems in general, they may be particularly important in a political system such as the Sámi. Sámi politics operates within the Norwegian unitary state, where the tension between Sámi autonomy and integration into the Norwegian is systemic and where the pressure towards increased co-optation is constantly present. The authors find that Sámi interest and participation in civil society are at the same level as that of the population at large when the authors measure participation in Sámi and Norwegian organisations combined, but only one out of four memberships are in a strictly Sámi organisation. The authors also find that the level and type of contact between the parties represented in the Sámi Parliament and Sámi civil society organisations is very limited, except for organisational contact with the Sámi Parliaments’ administration for information and services. Little points in the direction of these organisations having an important advocacy role. Their control- and opposition role is weak. The rise of a new challenger party, Nordkalottfolket, becoming the second largest party in the election of 2021, breaking with what makes Sámi politics indigenous, seems not to change the structure of the relationship between civil society organisations and the Sámi Parliament.

Проблемы ливанской демократии: издержки конфессиональной системы

The article deals with the difficulties associated with the confessional system of government in Lebanon; the key characteristics of consociative democracy in Lebanon and its differences from other democratic systems are analyzed. A consociation is a system of governance that grants members of various faiths certain rights and political representation in government. In Lebanon, the confessional system was introduced in 1943 and has since played a key role in the country’s political system. The author of the article considers Lebanon as a consociative democracy and discusses the features of the confessional system of government. He also analyzes the problems associated with the application of consociative democracy in Lebanon, including restrictions on freedom of expression. In addition, the risks and consequences of consociationalism in a confessional context are discussed, such as skewed representation and preallocation of seats. The influence of the division of power on the stability of the Lebanese political system is considered. The division of power into executive, legislative and judicial branches is one of the key features of a democratic system of government. However, there are problems in Lebanon with a lack of efficiency and transparency in each of these branches of government, as well as cooperation between them. It is concluded that highly institutionalized consociative arrangements can lead to institutional instability of the state. Attention is drawn to negative confessional narratives at the local and regional levels and the conclusions that can be drawn from them are given. In general, the difficulties associated with the confessional system of government in Lebanon are revealed, and the influence of the division of power on the stability of the country’s political system is analyzed.

Institutions and Entrepreneurship in Africa: Does Democracy Matter?

Previous studies on the relationship between institutions and entrepreneurship do not cover the relevance of democracy in strengthening the two variables. It is not clear whether democratic regimes promote entrepreneurship in Africa. This study contributes to the debate by examining the impact of democracy on entrepreneurship in Africa. It also provides fresh insights by analysing how democracy can strengthen the relationship between institutional quality and entrepreneurship. Panel data from 23 African nations over the period 2006–2018 is used for the study. The results based on the panel-spatial correlation consistent technique augmented with least square dummy variables (PSCC-LSDV) show that a democratic regime is more favourable for promoting entrepreneurship. Findings reveal that good institutions promote entrepreneurship, and democratic regimes strengthen the relationship. It is also found that democracy and institutional quality perform complementary roles in promoting entrepreneurship in Africa. The findings suggest that an African nation with a truly democratic system of government can encourage entrepreneurial activities within its economy by using the opportunity presented by democracy to strengthen its institutional quality.

Matrix-Matched Mapping for Rural Development Planning Study in Ngestirejo Village, Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia

The Village Medium-Term Development Planning (RPJMDes) is a result of development planning as formed as document that shows the direction, objectives and policies of village development. Several considerations in forming RPJMDes document were the objective conditions of the village and the development priorities of the district. The RPJMDes is prepared to be a systematic framework of thinking about the problems faced by villagers, about the potential sources of villages, as well as the formulation of strategic actions oriented. These were important to fulfill common ideals namely improving welfare and at the same time building a democratic, fair and open (transparent) village government system or good governance. Ngestirejo Village in the Tanjungsari District, Gunungkidul Regency is one of coastal village which received award from Government as one of good village that implemented good administration and regulations in 2018. After local election, Ngestirejo Village then has a RPJMDes for the period 2020-2025. This study aims to examine the suitability of the development planning process of Ngestirejo Village with selected reference documents. The method used was descriptive method. The result shows that Ngestirejo RPJMDes had several discrepancies between existing RPJMDes and the ideal rules of the RPJMDes regulation by government. The stages in preparation of Ngestirejo RPJMDes document’s must be adjusted to the provisions of the legal references.

The role of the state for managing voluntary food sustainability standards democratically

We have investigated the role of the state in the creation of democratic alternatives to private voluntary food sustainability standards (VFSS). Our study illustrates the complex relationship between civil society (in this case, the Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) VFSS), private VFSS and state actors, and the supportive role played by the state in establishing a framework for a food governance system that delivers food according to the values of all stakeholders. The PGS system is an alternative for family farmers that was initiated by civil society organizations (CSO) to reduce certification costs and bring more autonomy to family farmers through its democratic governance structure (in contrast to other private governance schemes). However, the institutionalization and development of such a governance system (i.e. PGS), was supported due to the action of the state. One of the key contributions of this study is the proposed typology that can help to identify and assess how such governance systems are evolving (by assessing how mature the system is) and at the same time, pointing out areas where the state actors could further act to develop a more democratic governance system. These include institutional support, market institutionalization, demand creation, technical support, and financial support. Our findings show that a polycentric system of food governance can result in greater participation, transparency, and accountability compared to a governance system driven by private VFSS. These characteristics can help drive greater equity in the food system which may be the key to promoting a healthier and more resilient governance system.

Decentralised Governance in India: An Evaluation in Context of Panchayati Raj Institutions

The world’s largest democratic system of governance is a main feature of India. Democracy requires that there should be public participation, transparency and accountability in governance. Governance is a process in which ‘full benefit of democratic government could not be realized unless the society admits and believes that all problems in their incidence require decision at the place and by the people, by whom the incidence is most deeply felt’. The process of ushering in social change and economic development in a developing country like India requires adequate dissemination so that local committees and individuals could participate and bring local energy, enthusiasm, initiatives and resources under ideal local conditions to work out local developmental activities. The form of democratic decentralisation in India is visible in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). These institutions have been given a constitutional form by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992. The Panchayati Raj (PR) system in its present form has been in operation for the last over 70 years which is sufficient time to evaluate the objectives of its implementation. Therefore, it is pertinent and necessary to do an analysis of democratic decentralised governance in India in respect of PRIs. The present paper is an effort to highlight and understand constitutional provisions vis-a-vis reality of democratic decentralisation and PRIs in India. What are the main constraints in realisation of the constitutional obligations before these bodies of democratic governance and how can these be overcome?

The Urgency of Reorganizing Independent State Institutions in Realizing a Democratic and Constitutional Government System

Since the Amendment of the 1945 Constitution, the development of state institutions has exercised state power by rearranging existing institutions, forming new institutions, and even independent state institutions. The presence of these institutions can strengthen Indonesia's position as a democracy and a modern rule of law. However, in its development, these independent state institutions began to arise various problems that triggered public distrust of these institutions. Therefore, it is necessary to re-establish these independent institutions to realize a democratic and constitutional system of government.

Pancasila Democracy Between Concept and Practice: Is It Really Democracy?

Democracy is a political system that is currently used by almost all nations and countries in the world. The democratic political system is not only used by liberal countries which uphold freedom, but it turns out that the democratic political system is also used by communist-minded countries which uphold togetherness or collectivity. Communist countries call the democracy they use proletarian democracy or people's democracy. In contrast to our country, Indonesia, which adheres to the Pancasila democratic political system, where the values contained in democracy must be based on Pancasila values. In Pancasila democracy, apart from being based on Pancasila values, there are 10 pillars of democracy mandated by the nation's founding fathers (founding fathers). Principles or joints are the main truths which are used as the basis for thoughts, actions and so on. Then in the Pancasila democratic government system there are seven main pillars which form the foundation.

Traditional Institutions and Good Governance in Nigeria

Traditional institutions as custodian of cultures and traditions have continued to play a very significant role before and during colonial independence of many African societies. In Nigeria they provide a system of administration with an utmost aim of maintaining a stable governance through tradition, customs, and law and order. But with the advent of democracy, the role of traditional institutions became less recognized in the democratic system of government. The paper examined the role and relevance of indigenous traditional institutions to good governance. The paper was a quantitative research. Data was obtained from secondary sources including journals, articles and publications. The paper revealed that traditional institutions play a very significant role of sustaining culture and traditions, informally managing of conflict, maintaining peace, custodian of oral traditional history of the people etc. before and during colonial era. But with the advent of democracy, their power and duties became less recognized in the democratic system of government because traditional institutions were negated to the back door and politicized. Functionalism theory of Emile Durkheim (1858 – 1917) was employed to explain how society is an integrated whole, where all parts are interconnected and traditional institutions as part of the society, play a vital function of maintaining stability and contributing to the wellbeing of its members in terms of law, order and governance. The paper concluded that if the goal of government at all levels is to provide good governance to the people, rapid in social wealth and economic development, traditional institutions need to be integrated and assigned greater responsibilities in Nigerian’s contemporary democratic system of government because they have the ability to promote grassroots governance and facilitate access of rural communities to public services.

The Constitutional Importation and the Political Modernization of the Romanian State

"This article has as its starting point the genesis of Romanian constitutionalism. Developed according to the Belgian model, the Constitution of 1866 allowed the birth of a democratic system of government and consolidated the autonomy of Romania, in the context where, after the abdication of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza, there was an inherent need for governmental stability. However, the decision to adopt a prestigious constitutional model was guided by the idea of international legitimacy. The predominantly liberal character of the Belgian Constitution of 1831 influenced the process of drafting fundamental laws in several European states, not only in Romania (Greece, Italy, Prussia, etc.). The constitutional import process is inevitable, but extremely difficult and rarely impossible. The inevitability of this process stems from the fact that overarching constitutional ideas and mechanisms are generally limited. This type of transfer occurs when constituent assemblies face a particular problem and choose to focus on already functioning constitutions. Keywords: constitutional import; the Belgian Constitution of 1831; the Romanian Constitution of 1866; foreign prince; modernization and political independence; modern liberal constitutionalism. "

INTEGRASI MAQASHID SYARIAH TERHADAP SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN DEMOKRATIS DAN OTORITER DI NEGARA BARU MERDEKA (2)

This research aims to identify the effectiveness of democratic and authoritarian systems of government in the context of newly independent states, using Maqashid Shariah theory as an analytical framework. Through a desk study and qualitative research, this research explores how the two systems support or hinder the process of national development, political stability, and the achievement of social and economic progress. The results show that democracy offers freedom, active participation of the people, and social justice that are in line with the principles of Maqashid Sharia. However, it also requires solid institutions and mature political awareness. On the other hand, authoritarian systems offer stability and security, but often at the expense of individual freedom and social justice in the long run. This research suggests that transitioning to democracy or integrating elements of both systems in a hybrid model can be a strategy to achieve a balance between stability and freedom, as well as inclusive and sustainable economic growth. In conclusion, in choosing and implementing a system of government, newly independent countries should pay attention to how the system can support the achievement of Maqashid Shariah's objectives, including the balance between government power and individual freedom, as well as promoting sustainable economic growth and social stability.

Ethnic Diversity and Democratic Governance in Nigeria: A Consociational Perspective

This study explored the relationship between ethnic diversity/plurality and democratic governance in Nigeria. Nigeria has over 300 different ethnic groups, with diverse beliefs, customs, traditions and norms. These diversities have threatened the unity of the country and the system of governance. Political rivalry among the different ethnic groups substantially hampers the institutionalization of democratic governance in the country. Efforts at accommodating the ethnic groups in governance processes by successive administrations have not yielded significant results, hence threat of secession by some ethnic groups. The result of these threats in the country is the lack of harmony and/or cohesion in the polity, particularly in the areas of national identity and unity of purpose. Therefore, the main objective of the paper is to demonstrate that ethnic plurality does not necessarily negate democratic governance in a society. The study adopted the Consociational Democratic Theory to analyze the imperative for national unity cohesion, peace and harmony among the different ethnic nationalities under a democratic system of governance. The study used mainly secondary data, related to ethnic diversity/plurality, democratic governance and the politics of accommodation for harmonious national development. The study revealed that tension in the polity is attributable to the different ethnic groups struggle to capture and/or maintain state power for the benefit of mainly people from the leader’s ethnic group and/or region. This has increasingly made people of the different ethnic extractions clamour for “one of their own” to occupy the seat of power at federal, state and/or local government levels. The paper concluded that for Nigeria to make progress and achieve oneness of purpose under a democratic administration, there must be sincere accommodation of all ethnic groups in the governance process. The paper recommended, among other things, that leaders should live above ethnic biases in the discharge of their duties and responsibilities; there is a need to create sustainable national consciousness and identity among Nigerians in order to reduce ethnic rivalry in the country to the barest minimum.

A Look Back - Learning from Africa: Covid 19 - Politicization, Polarization, And Resistance, The Us and Africa

Although declared an end as a global health emergency, the Coronavirus remains the most prominent international pandemic challenging the world in the 21st century; it exposed the unfortunate politicization of a devastating pandemic, resource weakness, inadequacies of the democratic system of governance, and the failure of the federal administrative system of the US. This paper argues that, unlike many African nations, partisan politics, politicization, and resistance to Covid-19 in America contributed to prolonged containment efforts and untold suffering resulting in over a million deaths from the Coronavirus. Contrary to expectations, the doom and apocalypse from Covid-19 on the continent did not happen as expected because most African governments took immediate and effective preventive containment strategies and applied lessons learned from previous epidemics to battle and contain the virus outbreak. But most significantly, their populations cooperated rather than resisted containment measures, resulting in fewer deaths and economic devastation. In the end, unlike many African governments, and despite America's technological dominance, America's political polarization, partisanship, falsification of scientific information, and cult-like control of the right-wing conservative group resulted in resistance to Covid-19 response measures and untold human catastrophe. It is significant to note that while there is ample research on the United States Covid-19 response and polarization, however, none of these studies were on a comparative analysis of the US and Africa with regards to Leadership, Partisanship, Politicization, Resistance, Cooperation, and Unification.

Gaya Kepemimpinan Bupati terhadap Kinerja Aparat Birokrasi di Kabupaten Pangkep

This study aims to find out theoretically and empirically about the leadership style of the district head in relation to the performance of the bureaucratic apparatus, in the context of carrying out government, development and social tasks in Pangkep Regency. The results of the study show that the leadership of the Pangkep Regent in improving the performance of his bureaucratic apparatus can be assessed as good. This is based on information and answers from respondents on the leadership style shown by the Pangkep Regent, where aspects of the leadership style assessment include his capacity and capability in running a democratic government system, as well as the personality of the Pangkep Regent himself

Rural planning study based on RPJMDes in Jepitu Village, Gunung Kidul Regency, Indonesia

One of the fundamental problems in the implementation of village development is related to the elements of village development planning or the preparation of Village Medium-Term Development Planning (RPJMDes) documents, because the RPJMDes is a document that shows the direction, objectives and policies of village development. RPJMDes is a document prepared by considering the objective conditions of the village and the development priorities of the district. The RPJMDes is prepared to be a systematic framework of thinking about the problems faced by villagers, about the potential sources of villages, as well as the formulation of strategic actions oriented to fulfill common ideals, namely improving welfare and at the same time building a democratic, fair and open (transparent) village government system or good governance. Jepitu Village is one of the villages located in Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region which already has a RPJMDes for the period 2020-2025. This study aims to examine the suitability of the development planning process of Jepitu Village with selected reference documents. The method used was descriptive method. The results of the analysis of the Jepitu RPJMDes shows especially in the village development program, there is a discrepancy between the RPJMDes and the ideal rules of the RPJMDes regulated by government regulations.

Juridical Review of the Authority of the Central Jakarta District Court in Deciding Election Postponement Cases (Central Jakarta District Court Decision Study Decision Number 757/Pdt.G/2022/PN Jkt. Pst)

Indonesia is a unitary state in the form of a republic that adheres to an indirect democratic system of government, in which the people's voice is represented by the people's representative body so that the state always carries out a general election system every 5 years. General elections are a means of people's sovereignty to elect members of the DPR, DPD, DPRD, President and Vice President, which are carried out directly, publicly, freely, confidentially, honestly and fairly, within the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. issues circulating in Indonesia regarding elections because Indonesia will again carry out elections in 2024. One of the issues that has shocked the public lately is the issue of postponing the elections that came from the Central Jakarta District Court. The research method used in writing this scientific article is normative juridical research. As for the research approach used in this study is qualitative research. From the results of the research, the authors conclude that the election dispute between the Prima Party and the KPU does not fulfill the conditions for postponement of the election, and that the Central Jakarta District Court is not authorized to adjudicate cases of postponed elections. Court institutions in the future are expected to carry out their duties and authorities in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.

Democracy in the digital era

Democracy in the digital era

An assessment of tourism policies and planning in Indonesia

ABSTRACT Tourism policies and planning in Indonesia have been effective in prioritising tourism development and maintaining price competitiveness and international openness, but absent or ineffective in the crucial domains of terrorism risk management, infrastructure development, interagency coordination and cooperation, human resource development and management, and environmental sustainability. These shortcomings, despite Indonesia’s democratic system of government, tourism policy and planning structures, and many tourism policy instruments, demonstrate that such mechanisms are necessary, but not sufficient, for the sustainable development of a country’s tourism industry. Coverage of all crucial tourism policy and planning domains, and effective implementation of policies and plans, are also essential, and in the case of Indonesia will require the marshalling and effective deployment of substantial human and financial resources.

A Comparison of the Political Systems of Pakistan and India (1947-2000)

Both Pakistan and India chose parliamentary democracy as their system of government when they gained independence in August 1947. However, for more than 50 years after independence, Pakistan has not been able to establish a stable parliamentary democratic system of government. The constitution has been abrogated or discontinued several times, and the system of government has been unpredictable, with a cabinet system at times, a presidential system at others, and a military regime for almost half of the time. But since its beginning, India's parliamentary democracy has not evolved. The experience of India's 50 years of nation-building shows that parliamentary democracy has been accepted by the people and politicians of India. The international community generally agrees that the implementation of parliamentary democracy in India has been a success and that its development has been healthy. Why, then, are there such contrasts in the establishment and implementation of the system of government in two countries that share the same historical background and declared independence at the same time? One had a functioning parliamentary democracy, while the other had frequent regime changes and successive military regimes. This article attempts a preliminary examination and comparison of this issue.