Demand Routing Protocol Research Articles

Performance and Improvement Analysis of the Underwater WSN Using a Diverse Routing Protocol Approach

The planet Earth is the most water-rich place because oceans cover more than 75% of its land area. Because of the extraordinary activities that occur in the depths, we know very little about oceans. Underwater wireless sensors are tools that can continuously transmit data to one of the source sensors while also monitoring and recording the physical and environmental parameters of their surroundings. An underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is the name given to the network created by the collection of these underwater wireless sensors. This particular technology is the most efficient way to analyse performance parameters. A network path is chosen to send traffic by using the routing method, a process that is also known as a protocol. The routing protocols ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), dynamic manet on demand routing protocol (DYMO), location-aided routing 1 (LAR 1), optimized link state routing (OLSR), source-tree adaptive routing optimum routing approach (STAR-ORA), zone routing protocol (ZRP), and STAR-least overhead routing approach (STAR-LORA) are a few models of routing techniques. By changing the number of nodes in the model and the maximum speed of each node, performance parameters such as average transmission delay, average jitter, percentage of utilisation, and power used in transmit and receive modes are explored. The results obtained using QualNet 7.1 simulator suggest the suitability of routing protocols in the UWSN.

Topology Change Aware on Demand Routing Protocol for Improving Reliability and Stability of MANET

Topology Change Aware on Demand Routing Protocol for Improving Reliability and Stability of MANET

An Improved Multipath Energy Aware On-Demand Routing Protocol for MANETs

With recent advances in the field of wireless network or Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) technologies, usage of mobile device computing technologies is the fastest growing technology. Formerly in the wired network, telephone and cable companies provide wired access to the devices for homes and offices. Today, the tendency is to move to wireless technology. Effective MANETs come across with numerous difficulties and challenges. If a packet is to travel from one host to another host, it needs to pass through many interconnected networks. The accompanying challenges in the network restrict current protocols from routing in MANETs. Also, balancing energy consumption is the major design issues since nodes have restricted energy, memory, bandwidth etc. Thus, the main objective of this research is to design an energy efficient protocol to minimize the energy consumption in MANETs. The main contribution of this research work includes the development of the new routing protocol called Energy Aware on Demand Routing (EADR) protocol for MANETs. This routing protocol approach is to build the new route discovery by evaluating energy consumption, packet loss, throughput and network lifetime. The protocol identification of the new route path by selection of the nodes which have the minimum energy threshold valves for its path to reach the intended destination node in network. The algorithm evaluates in minimizing the packet loss, energy consumption that increased throughput and network life time.

Performance investigations of internet protocol versions for mobile Ad-hoc network based on qualnet simulator

<span>A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) can be seen as a mobile nodes collection having no support of fixed infrastructure and therefore its communication is totally dependent on the network's nodes. As a result of the mobility of nodes, rapid and unpredictable changes occur within the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) arrangements. Therefore, this makes the analysis of routing protocols very crucial so as to enhance efficient communication between the wireless nodes. IPv4 and IpV6 within the MANET is another issue of concern. IPv4 which has been traditionally used for ages and IPv6; predicted to be the forthcoming network architecture model is investigated because of its protection which has been improved as well as its enormous address space provision. The analysis on Ad Hoc On Demand Vector and Dynamic Manet On Demand routing protocols are performed using Qualnet simulator under the IPv4 and IPv6 standards. A thorough evaluation of the usability and functionality of the simulator software is carried out. The metrics for performance are; Throughput, End-to-End Delay and Average jitter. Afterwards, analyses and summary of the results is conducted and summarized in order to make available an assessment of their performances.</span>

Optimized dual path analysis using finite automata theory in wireless sensor networks

Optimized dual path analysis using finite automata theory in wireless sensor networks

Efficient Performance Analysis of Energy Aware on Demand Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad‐Hoc Network

AbstractIn a networking scenario, energy protocols with shortest path routing mechanisms are prevalent. The challenging issue in designing the routing protocols for a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is to have a network, which is energy efficient so as to maximize network performance. This research article proposes a novel and energy efficient shortest path routing mechanism called the energy aware on demand routing protocol. The protocol maximizes the lifetime of the MANET and provides an economically efficient routing mechanism for the packets depending on the routing condition. The energy efficient routing in MANET simply establishes routes amongst the mobile nodes and protocol functions in the network as long as its energy is available. The protocol is set to minimize transmitter/receiver energy, or inactivate energy consumption when a mobile node is in idle/sleep mode. At the same time, it monitors the wireless medium for any possible communication requests from other nodes in the network. To validate the proposed energy efficient routing protocol, its performance is compared with the performance of other well‐known routing protocols wherein the energy utilization in the network is also considered, namely, the dynamic source routing protocol and conditional max‐min battery capacity routing protocol in the network simulator‐2. The comparison is performed in terms of its packet loss, packet delivery ratio, average energy consumption, and network lifetime. The performance analysis shows that the proposed protocol is superior in terms of energy consumption for the transmission of data in the network.

QoS-Enabled Optimized Adaptive Multipath AODV Protocol

MANET is an infrastructure less wireless network. The on demand routing protocol AODV provides an efficient performance in the routing process of the ad hoc networks. The distance vector is the basis of the AODV reactive routing protocol. The criterion set for selecting the route is done on the hop count basis in the AODV routing protocol. This proposed protocol OAM-AODV (Optimized Adaptive Multipath AODV Protocol) provides a more efficient optimal routing in the ad hoc network. This protocol provides optimal path selection and avoids the frequent occurrence of link break. The protocol monitors the selected optimal path and predicts the chances of link break and switch over to alternate path and continue transferring of the data from sender node to the receiver node and increase the throughput. It reduces the number of route discoveries by using the alternate paths selected from the multiple paths and reduce the number of control overhead. It decreases the time delay in transmitting packet by starting transmission of data immediately on finding the first path and then move onto the optimal route depending on the criterion set on the energy level of node, signal strength of the link and hop count and continue transmission. It reduces the packet drop ratio by switching over to alternate better optimal path before link breakage occurs by unicasting MONITOR message for monitoring each paths criterion value. Simulations are performed using the network simulator NS-2. The results obtained from the performed simulation clearly depicts that the proposed protocol performs more efficiently than the existing AODV protocol.

Energy Efficient Multimeric Multichannel Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network

In recent times, wireless networks have seen unprecedented growth. This leads to shortage of scarce resources like radio spectrum. With the conventional approach, it is very tough to manage this frightening number of devices. Therefore, Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks (CRAHNs) envisioned. In CRAHNs, the unlicensed users can communicate in licensed bands opportunistically when it is not in use by licensed users. A special routing protocol is required to implement this objective, as the conventional protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc network will not be suitable for CRAHNs. There are many additional routing challenges involved. For instance, the routing protocols must be dynamic to provide protection to primary users & it must be energy efficient since all the devices involved in conventional ad hoc networks are battery operated. This paper proposes an Energy Efficient Multimeric Multichannel routing protocol for CRAHNs. It is an on demand routing protocol which takes residual energy, the probability of primary user appearance on a channel and route cost as metrics to evaluate the best route between a source and destination. The proposed work is simulated on a custom simulator. The route establishment and route maintenance delay are observed alongside by varying primary users activities. The simulation results prove the efficiency of the proposed approach as it takes less time as compared to Dijkstra algorithm with random channel selection.

Efficient on Demand Routing Protocol to Optimize Throughput in Manet

Throughput oriented route selection is still a challenging task due to several constraints of ad-hoc networks such as absence of central control, dynamic network topology, selfish nature of nodes, etc. A routing protocol produce optimum results if it prioritizes wireless links on the basis of link quality and consider high quality/ efficient links at the time of path selection. Proposed protocol discovers high quality/ efficient links and connects those links to establish efficient route in mobile ad-hoc network that leads to high Aggregate Network Throughput. This work has been done by estimating every link’s ENT (Expected Number of Transmission) value as QoS parameter and considering qualifying high capacity/efficient links to communicate data packets. To estimate ENT value of each link, variability in packet loss rate on that link is observed in simulation experiments. Probability of errors in transmission is estimated at bit level. Results are stochastic and high fluctuations observed in packet loss rate hence (i.e. packet loss variance on a wireless link) included in link quality estimation. In proposed protocol EODRP (Efficient On Demand Routing Protocol) link quality based route metric ENT, selects QoS qualified wireless links during route computation and routing information disperse through reactive routing protocol. Simulation results have been analyzed and compared with MXAODV [7] which indicates significant improvement in network efficiency in terms of throughput and other parameters.

Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Large Size Disaster Scenario

Peoples in the disastrous areas under collapsed buildings or landslides need to be rescued in seventy-two hours. Ad hoc networks have been proved to be suitable for various disaster scenarios since no infrastructure needs to be deployed for communication. In this paper, various ad hoc routing protocols such as destination distance vector routing protocol, dynamic source routing protocol, ad hoc on demand routing protocol etc. are discussed and analyzed in such disaster scenario using disaster area mobility model on large size. Disaster area mobility model is more desirable in such scenario. Also these protocols are compared using various performance qualitative and quantitative metrics such as packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, control overhead and energy etc.

A SECURITY SCHEME BASED ON TRUST ATTACK IN MANET

Mobile ad hoc are gaining popularity because of availability of low-cost mobile devices and its ability to provide instant wireless networking capabilities where implementation of wired network is not possible or costly. MANETs are vulnerable to various types of attack because of its features like continuous changing topology, resource constraints and unavailability of any centralized infrastructure. Many denials of service type of attacks are possible in the MANET and one of these type attacks is flooding attack in which malicious node sends the useless packets to consume the valuable network resources. Flooding attack is possible in all most all on demand routing protocol. In this paper we present a novel technique to mitigate the effect of RREQ flooding attack in MANET using trust estimation function in DSR on demand routing protocol.

A Cross Layer Cluster Based Routing Approach for Efficient Multimedia Data Dissemination with Improved Reliability in VANETs

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a self-configuring decentralized dynamic network connects the vehicles through wireless links. Hence during the life time of vehicles, VANET may experience frequent link breaks, demands an efficient routing mechanism for networking of data packets among high speed vehicles with less delay. In this paper based on, cross layer autonomous route recovery (CLARR) mechanism, a new cross layer cluster based routing (CCBR) protocol is proposed. The major objective is to set up stable clusters to improve the routing path lifetime by decreasing the link breaks for better multimedia data dissemination. This is achieved by introducing clustering concept into the existing CLARR using mobility metric, then finding reliable relay vehicles to the destination by measuring relative distances among them. Performance of proposed scheme is evaluated through simulation experiments using network simulator-2.34 for different vehicle velocities and compared with existing cross layer based on demand routing protocol, CLARR. Simulation results indicate that the proposed CCBR routing algorithm outperforms over existing CLARR in terms of throughput, energy consumption per vehicle and reliability. Additionally, due to improved reliability, overall delay is reduced to 60% in proposed CCBR for different vehicle velocity and density.

Analyzing the Impact of Eaves on Energy Consumption of AODV Routing Protocol For MANETS

In this dynamic world, communication is a sine qua non for development. Communication represents sharing of information which can be local or remote. Though local communications may occur face to face between individuals remote communications take place among people over long distances. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are becoming an interesting part of research due to the increasing growth of wireless devices (laptops, tablets, mobiles etc.) and as well as wireless internet facilities like 4G/Wi-Fi. A MANET is any infrastructure-less network formed by independent and self-configuring nodes. Each node acts as router. In order to send data, the source node initiates a routing process by using a routing protocol. The nature of the wireless medium is always insecure. So, during routing many attacks can take place. The main objective of an eavesdropper is to grab the confidential information in the network. This secret information is used by a malicious node to perform further attacks. Here, the entire problem lies in identifying the eavesdropper because the eavesdropper acts a normal node in the network. In this paper, we analyzed the impact of eavesdropper while executing an Ad hoc On Demand routing (AODV) protocol in MANETs. All the simulations are done using QualNet 5.1 network simulator. From the results, it is found that the network performance degrades in presence of an eavesdropper.

Compressed fuzzy logic based multi-criteria AODV routing in VANET environment

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are the core of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) to obtain safety, better transportation services, and improved traffic management. Providing more reliable and efficient on demand routing protocol is one of the main challenges in these networks research scope. This paper argues a compressed fuzzy logic based method to enhance Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing decision by jointly considering number of relays, distance factor, direction angle, and vehicles speed variance. The proposed scheme is simulated in both freeway and urban scenarios with different number of vehicles using real time interaction between both OMNet++ and SUMO simulators. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can get better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, mean delay, and number of sent control packets.

Perfromance Analysis of aTree Routing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Network Under Impact of Different Primary User Activity Patterns.

The mistakes in the spectrum management have drive to a problem of the scarcity of spectrum,which can be solved through the use of Cognitive Radio (CR) technology. The main concept of CRtechnology allows unauthorized users (secondary users (SUs))for using the spectrum resources forcommunication without harm authorized users (primary users (PUs)).The traditional wireless networks,the nodes are connected based on a centralized infrastructure. But in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network(CRAHN) Networks, mobile SUs nodes are connected to each other without a central infrastructure.Routing in CRAHNs is an important and necessary process in CRAHNs. It faces many and variouschallenges. These challenges include PUs intervention, frequently dynamic topology, energyconsumption problems, unavailable channels, and fragile connections between nodes. The our probasedrouting protocol called A tree routing protocol for cognitive radio network (C-TRP) has utilized the treerouting algorithm with a spectrum management module in one routing decision module. In this paper,weevalute a performance of the tree routing protocol (C-TRP) under the influence of the different PUsactivity patterns with help of three performance metrics :hop count, the number of CR nodes and numberof available channels. The performance evaluation is evaluted using NS-2 simulator. Simulation resultsconfirm that C-TRP outperforms “spectrum-tree based on demand routing protocol for multi-hopcognitive radio networks”(STOD-RP), and Cognitive Tree-based Routing(CTBR) in terms of packetdelivery ratio and causes less harmful interference to PR nodes, and also less end-to-end delay in allprimary radio nodes activity patterns.

Secure Enhanced Reactive Routing Protocol for Manet Using Two Fish Algorithm

In Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) implementing a secure communication is a critical task due to its nature of wireless, infrastructureless, arbitrary network. Its not organized by any centralized control. Each node in this network acts as a router. Routing plays a major role in the network data transmission. Various protocols exist for the purpose of routing process. On Demand routing is a category of routing protocol were routes are obtained only on demand. AODV is one of the efficient on demand routing protocol. In this work an enhanced protocol with security features, the Secure AODV- ESB (Secure Adhoc On Demand Distance Vector based on Energy level and Signal Strength Implementing Bayesian Probability) has been proposed for Mobile Adhoc Network. Its is an extension of the previous work AODV – ESB protocol, which is a modification of the existing AODV protocol. The AODV protocol works on two phases. The route discovery process and route maintenance phase. Major problem faced by AODV was the frequent route break caused by the dynamic mobile nature of the Mobile Adhoc network, which leads to frequent route discovery process. To avoid frequent route break AODV-ESB routing protocol was proposed, it adopts the energy level and Signal strength as parameters for the route selection for transmission of data. Bayesian probability implementation in the protocol increases the chance of adopting more reliable and optimized path. Another major issue in data transmission in the Adhoc network is the security. Securing data from access of the unauthorized person is a major responsibility of the protocol. This new secure AODV- ESB protocol protects against attackers by identifying the malicious node and eliminating them and also secures data by implementing cryptography using Two Fish Algorithm. This ensures secure data transmission in MANET more efficiently than the original AODV protocol. Analysis using the NS 2 Simulator proves that Secure AODV- ESB performs better than the previous work AODV- ESB.

Comparative Analysis of Routing Protocols Over WiMAX

Mobile WiMAX is a fast growing broadband access technology that enables low-cost mobile Internet applications, and realizes the convergence of mobile and fixed broadband access in single air interface and network architecture. Mobile WiMAX combines Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and advanced multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) schemes along with flexible bandwidth and fast link adaptation, creating a highly efficient air interface that exceeds the capacity of existing and evolving 3G radio access networks. WiMAX networks, built on all-IP network architecture for plug and play network deployments, can support a mix of different usage and service models. However, the End-to-End delay occurs in delivering massage for dynamic WiMAX environment. In this paper, End-To-End delay performance of the Mobile WIMAX has been studied in different situations using QulNet on two routing protocol namely Dynamic Manet on Demand (DYMO) routing Protocol and Optimized Link State (OLSR) Routing Protocol. The result shows that DYMO protocols outperform 79.5% in End to End delay better than OLSR.

Comparison of Packet Delivery Fraction of On-demand Routing Protocol based on different Terrain-Area in MANET

Now a days telecommunication technology leads to a rapid growth of number of users, these number of users nothing but number of nodes in MANET.A wireless ad hoc network is a decentralized type of wireless network. The mobility of nodes effect on the performance of the network. Due to mobility of nodes the link breaks number of times which effect on the packet delivery. Therefore to analyze the performance, packet delivery fraction (PDF)can be used. This paper describe the packet delivery fraction of on demand routing protocol AODV and DSR on different terrain areas using GLOMOSIM.

Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Network - A Survey and Analysis

<p class="Default">Ad hoc networks are mobile wireless networks where each node is acting as a router. The existing routing protocols such as Destination sequences distance vector, Optimized list state routing protocols, Ad hoc on demand routing protocol, Ad hoc on demand multipath routing protocol, Dynamic source routing are optimized versions of distance vector or link state routing protocols. In this paper, existing protocols such as DSDV, AODV, AOMDV, OLSR and DSR are analyzed on 50 nodes Mobile Ad Hoc network with random mobility. Packet delivery ratio, delay, control overhead and throughput parameters are used for performance analysis.</p>

Learning Based Route Management in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Ad hoc networks are mobile wireless networks where each node is acting as a router. The existing routing protocols such as Destination sequences distance vector, Optimized list state routing protocols, Ad hoc on demand routing protocol, dynamic source routing are optimized versions of distance vector or link state routing protocols. Reinforcement Learning is new method evolved recently which is learning from interaction with an environment. Q Learning which is based on Reinforcement learning that learns from the delayed reinforcements and becomes more popular in areas of networking. Q Learning is applied to the routing algorithms where the routing tables in the distance vector algorithms are replaced by the estimation tables called as Q values. These Q values are based on the link delay. In this paper, various optimization techniques over Q routing are described in detail with their algorithms.