Water Supply Demand Research Articles

Hydrogeochemical characterization of the areas of exploitation of the CBG sites: cas of the plateaus of N'Dangara and Boundou Wandé, Sangarédi sub-prefecture, Prefecture of Boké, Republic of Guinea

Abstract This work aims to analyze the quality of groundwater in the riparian areas of the bauxitic plateaus of N'Dangara and Boundou Wandé in operation by the CBG (Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée). The geology of the study area consists mainly of sedimentary formations of the Devonian faro, Neogene and Quaternary. Three water measurement and sampling campaigns on the two plateaus were carried out with determination of piezometric measurements and physic-chemical parameters. This study showed that the general flow direction of groundwater is dispersed. The flows at Boundou Wandé are from the center of the plateau to the north and that at N'Dangara is from the center to the south and southwest. It can be seen that the direction of groundwater flow reflects overall the relief of the deposit conditioned by its geomorphological framework. It emerges from the analysis of physical and chemical parameters that well water is consumable. However, the water from wells MW15, MW16, MW17, MW18 and MW21 with a low pH (4.84 to 5.13) may present a certain nuisance for its consumption and because it can be corrosive. Analysis of the Piper diagram showed two hydrogeochemical facies (calcium and magnesium bicarbonate facies and sodium and potassium carbonate facies). However, this study strongly suggests continuous monitoring of groundwater in and around the study area in order to meet the demand for water supply to communities without compromising the ability of future generations to meet water quality requirements.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of water supply–demand patterns under large-scale paddy expansion: Implications for regional sustainable water resource management

Spatiotemporal dynamics of water supply–demand patterns under large-scale paddy expansion: Implications for regional sustainable water resource management

Political Intervention in Water Supply Management Companies in Kedah, Malaysia

Disruption of the supply of treated clean water is a phenomenon that occurs all over the world. The increase in population, the growth of urbanization, the opening of agricultural areas and the current economic needs cause the demand for clean water supply to increase but the resources that can be supplied are limited. In addition, other side factors such as natural disasters, raw water resources, technical aspects, human weaknesses and political elements also make the management of clean water supply treated to consumers unmanageable and effective. Hence, the study aims to justify political intervention in water supply management in the state of Kedah with a focus on politicking in Syarikat Air Darul Aman (SADA). Four methods are used to obtain appropriate data and information involving library studies, document analysis, face-to-face interviews with SADA senior management and politicians in Kedah using semi-structural questions and participating in the nature of the researchers who have held the position of CEO of SADA. The results of the analysis showed that; naturally as a result of SADA's organizational structure, close ties between politicians and top management, abuse of power by the CEO, poor company delivery system, public perception of society causing influence and political interference in organizations such as SADA are seen to occur. At the end of the study, a conceptual and model framework to enable SADA to become a professional and consumer service-oriented corporate entity by marginalizing political influence was developed for future reference and implementation purposes.

Interlinking of Lakes to Combat Impacts of Climate Change

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR5, 2014), the global mean temperature may increase up to 4 °C by 2100, and will severely affect the availability of water resources and the water demand across the world. Understanding of the hydrological impacts of climate change enables water resource managers to make robust decisions on future policy adaptations. The concept of inter-basin transfer on a large scale has been under consideration for some time. In the present scenario there is great increase in demand for fresh water; thus, proper planning for conservation and judicious utilization is important to create balance between the availability and demand of water supply. Maharashtra State Adaptation Action Plan on Climate Change (MSAAPCC) for water resources sector recommended concrete efforts on conservation and renaturalisation of rivers and water bodies, enhancement of water storage and groundwater recharge and improvement of water use efficiency. Bhandara District of state of Maharashtra (India) is called as a district of lakes due to the existence of hundreds of lakes in the district called as Mama or Malguzari lakes. These lakes are developed in pre-independence era by the Gond king of the region for the purpose of irrigation and drinking purposes. These lakes were managed by the people; however, after independence, they came under the control of the govt and most of them got encroached or faced lack of attention and care by the local people. The district is being developed in various sectors and also the population is increasing in unpresented way leading to increased demand for water. The climate change has started showing signs; number of extreme weather events are increasing; recently, Bhandara received 186 mm of rainfall in a day; some of the areas in the district are facing the issues related to availability and quality of water irrespective of receiving average annual rainfall of more than 1100 mm. The linking of the lakes in the Bhandara District, Maharashtra, in a scientific manner using advanced tools and techniques will pave the way for sustainable development of water resources and its management. The linking of lakes will lead to creation of carbon sinks, enhancement of biodiversity, mitigation of drought and flood, and enhancement of food security. Peoples’ participation and multipronged approach on Awareness, action and accountability will hold the key to success through localization of SDGs as recommended by NITI Aayog, Govt. of India. The proposed integrated SWAT-MODFLOW model will provide scientific insights required for cost effective planning for interlinking and management of lakes in the region. The outcome of the study can be used as a rule base for adoption and development of similar proposals in the suitable areas in other regions.

Salient ingredients for direct water reclamation from treated municipal wastewater for potable reuse: Diepsloot Township case study

Across the world population growth, expansion of economic activities and climate change have become a concern for future water supply. To address the issue, many countries are investigating strategies to augment current water supplies. Water reclamation has been identified as a plausible sustainable solution to meet potable water supply demand, in turn achieving SDG 6.3. This study identifies some of the critical success factors for consideration of municipal waste water reclamation. This was undertaken in the growing township of Diepsloot, in Johannesburg (South Africa). Diepsloot is densely populated with over 350,000 people as recorded in 2022. As a result, water shortages are common due to insufficient bulk water facilities to supply the area. A direct potable water reclamation plant from treated municipal wastewater has been proposed to augment the water supply. Aqueous Material Balance (AqMB)®, a process modelling simulator software for water treatment processes to predict water quality and quantity, was used to design and simulate the water reclamation plant process. Our findings show that, the quantity and quality of water, as well as the choice of treatment technology are key. The simulations treatment process proposed here-in indicated successful removal of the contaminants to acceptable SANS 241:2015 drinking water standards. The variation in seasonal feed data did not show any difference in the performance of the proposed process. Furthermore, the plant has the potential to provide 109 L/day of clean water per person for a population of 350,000. Therefore, direct potable water reclamation shows great potential to augment current water supply to support growing populations where natural water sources are scarce.

Accurate extended time horizon drought prediction via wavelet-season-fuzzy models

Improved accurate prediction of the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) is crucial for sustainable water supply demand, flood mitigation, management of hydraulic structures, sustainability of the ecosystem and, significant economic and social benefits. In this study, a novel predictive ASA-fuzzy model based on additive season algorithm (ASA) and fuzzy logic is proposed to enhance prediction accuracy with extended future lead times. For the first time, additive season algorithm (ASA) is introduced as an alternative data preprocessing algorithm in prediction of PDSI data obtained from measurement stations that exhibit distinct meteorological characteristics. The results showed that the newly proposed hybrid ASA-fuzzy approach can satisfactorily be utilized to predict monthly PDSI data up to 24-month time horizon. In comparison, for all stations’ data, the newly proposed ASA-fuzzy is found to be superior in accuracy to the stand-alone fuzzy and widely used W-fuzzy models for all lead time predictions based on the quantitative diagnostic measures, root mean squared error (RMSE) and the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (CE). The remarkable performance of the introduced ASA-fuzzy model in this study clearly shows that the season algorithm can decompose the original data into trend cycle, seasonality and error components more effectively than wavelet technique. Therefore ASA-Fuzzy model has been advocated as a new prediction tool in predicting monthly PDSI data with superior accuracy when compared to conventional methods. In addition, when hybridized with a proper preprocessing algorithm, power of the fuzzy modeling approach in time-series forecasting is manifested.

Domestic water versus imported virtual blue water for agricultural production: A comparison based on energy consumption and related greenhouse gas emissions

AbstractThe supply of water, food, and energy in our global economy is highly interlinked. Virtual blue water embedded into internationally traded food crops has therefore been extensively researched in recent years. This study focuses on the often neglected energy needed to supply this blue irrigation water. It provides a globally applicable and spatially explicit approach to the watershed level for water source specific quantification of energy consumption and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of irrigation water supply. The approach is applied to Israel's total domestic and imported food crop supply of 105 crops by additionally including import‐related transportation energy and emissions. Total energy use and related emissions of domestic crop production were much lower (551 GWh/422 kt CO2‐equivalents [CO2e]) than those embedded into crop imports (1639 GWh/649 kt CO2e). Domestic energy and emissions were mainly attributable to the irrigation water supply with artificial water sources (treated domestic wastewater and desalinated water, 84%). Transport accounted for 79% and 66% of virtually imported energy and emissions, respectively. Despite transport, specific GHG emissions (CO2e per ton of crop) were significantly lower for several crops (e.g., olives, almonds, chickpeas) compared to domestic production. This could be attributed to the high share of energy‐intensive artificial water supply in combination with higher irrigation water demands in Israel. In the course of an increasing demand for artificial water supply in arid and semi‐arid regions, our findings point to the importance of including “energy for water” into comparative environmental assessment of crop supply to support decision‐making related to the water–energy–food nexus.

Assessing Challenges of Potable Water Supply, Demand and Enhancing Sustainability

This paper presents the challenges of water supply demand and enhancing water sustainability in rural areas. Data collected from field observation, regional water offices and officials, questionnaires and community responses were conducted. Data from the selected districts of the study area was discussed and analyzed. Two hundred seventeen water supply points (one hundred thirty hand-dug wells, thirty-five rope pumps, forty-eight spring development, and five shallow wells) are constructed in the study area. Among these water points, one hundred ninety-four were functional during the study time, and twenty-three were non-functional. Developed spring and rope pumps account for 22.11% and 16.12% of the total, respectively. In contrast, the hand-dug well and shallow wells as a source of water account for 59.9 % and 2.3%, respectively. The communities in the study area also use rivers and unprotected springs as water sources. This study found that the water supply in the study area is far less adequate for multiple reasons. The rural water supply system fails due to inappropriate design and underestimating population growth while designing water supply by considering only the existing population. The social and economic importance of providing a potable water supply is widely recognized. The study elicited why water supply systems have become inadequate in the area. This study may be helpful to have sufficient information before launching significant investments in rural water supply works.

Combining green roofs and rainwater harvesting systems in university buildings under different climate conditions

Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHS) are an alternative solution with the potential to increase water supply security and reduce the pressure on water resources and urban stormwater drainage systems. Likewise, Green Roofs are a nature-based solution with several ecosystem services able to improve well-being in densely urbanized areas. Despite these benefits, the combination of both solutions is still a knowledge gap to be explored. To address this issue, the paper explores the potential of integrating traditional rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) with extensive green roofs (EGR), while simultaneously evaluating the performance of traditional RWHS in buildings with high and variable water consumption patterns across different climatic conditions. The analyses were carried out assuming two university buildings hypothetically located in three distinct climates (Aw - Tropical Savanna, Cfa - Humid Subtropical, and Csa - Hot-summer Mediterranean). The results show that the relationship between available water and demand is the key factor that defines if the system is most suitable for saving water, reducing stormwater runoff rates, or dual-purpose (when there is a balance between non-potable water supply and capture of stormwater). Combined systems were most effective when there is a balanced rainfall distribution over the year, as in humid subtropical regions. Under these conditions, a combined system designed for dual purposes could potentially have a green roof coverage of up to 70% of the total catchment area. Conversely, climates that have well-defined rainy and dry seasons such as Aw and Csa, may limit the effectiveness of a combined system (RWHS+EGR), being not able to supply water demands during certain periods of the year. However, if the primary objective is effective stormwater management, a combined system should be strongly considered. Because green roofs provide other ecosystem benefits that can contribute to enhancing urban resilience in the face of climate change.

Assessment of water availability in the Sekampung Argoguruh Sub-Watershed for sustainable water management

In the Sekampung watershed, the Sekampung Argoguruh sub-watershed has been planned to be developed into one of the food barn regions, acting as a buffer for the nearby areas. This region is going to be converted from uncultivated to cultivated land in almost all parts. Given the recent developments in that area, it is necessary to determine if the water supply can fulfil the water demand for irrigation. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the water supply-demand in the Sekampung Argoguruh sub-watershed in order to check the condition of long-term water resources for sustainable water management. In this study, the water supply was estimated by using National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) method, while the amount of water required for agriculture and other uses in Sekampung Argoguruh sub-watershed were observed and calculated. The data analysis shows that the average water supply in the Sekampung Argoguruh sub-watershed is around 19.62 m3/s, whereas the average water demand for all activities in that region is roughly 11.65 m3/s. The situation of the water balance can be classified as excess based on the estimation findings, allowing water allocation to be done to satisfy demand.

Water Utility Conservation and Management Approach Using IoT

Abstract: The demand for water supply has increased unpredictably worldwide over the past few decades, posing a major challenge. To overcome this challenge, an IoT-based water monitoring and control approach is presented, which supports realtime internet-based data collection. The device comprises a computer system (central hub), an IoT module, a switching unit, and a Zigbee module. The Internet of Things is a network of devices embedded with electronics, software, and sensors that enable them to exchange and analyze data. The centralized hub distributes water individually based on the needs of each household, assisted by IoT integration of communications, control, and information processing across the systems used. This allows water quantity and quality to be sensed at each structure in a particular sector, providing remote access control of the water supply. The centralized hub monitors and shares water among localized tanks or resupplies water from its reservoir according to a rank’s deficit or excess water level. Personal area networks are created in this scenario where a wireless connection is required across the system. UV treatment is deployed to improve the quality of water distributed to every household, and fluoride content level along with hardness checking is done using respective test meters. Overall, the IoT-based water monitoring and control approach design presents an innovative solution to the increasing demand for water supply, enabling efficient distribution and ensuring water quality.

Soil Moisture and Atmospheric Aridity Impact Spatio‐Temporal Changes in Evapotranspiration at a Global Scale

AbstractEvapotranspiration (ET) constitutes the water exchange from land to the atmosphere, which in turn modulates precipitation and soil moisture (SM). Multiple lines of evidence document complex feedbacks between changes in ET and temperature, atmospheric CO2 and vegetation greening. However, the existing analyses on global changes in ET do not account for the direct effects of SM supply and atmospheric water demand, expressed by vapor pressure deficit (VPD), while considering multiple environmental variables. Here we evaluated the performance of ET products using 140 flux towers included in the FLUXNET database. All ET products show reasonable performance, with an overall correlation higher than 0.7 and better performance at a higher latitude. From analysis of the ensemble mean of annual ET, we show insignificant (P = 0.06) trends in global ET during 1982–2020 and a significantly (P < 0.01) increasing trend during 2002–2020. Changes in GLEAM ET generally exert a positive response to changes in SM and a negative response to changes in VPD. Yet, these effects are not globally consistent and are largely determined by changes in vegetation transpiration. Using our finding as a benchmark, Earth System Models mostly reproduce the positive response of ET to SM with less coupling strength, while showing negative effects of VPD on ET with stronger coupling strength. Our study highlights that concurrent soil drying and atmospheric aridity could intensify water exchanges and the importance of realistically representing SM‐VPD‐ET interactions in models for accurate predictions of the hydrological cycle.

Optimal stochastic self-scheduling of a water-energy virtual power plant considering data clustering and multiple storage systems

As the world moves towards the integration of different water and energy resources, as well as storage systems, it is necessary to develop the conventional structure of virtual power plants (VPPs). In this work, a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is established for stochastic self-scheduling problem of a new VPP structure, namely water-energy VPP. The proposed VPP, which participates in the electricity market to maximize its daily profit, aggregates different energy and water resources including wind turbines, compressed air energy storage (CAES), gas boiler, electrical boiler, absorption chiller, ice storage, water storage, and water well to supply water demand, as well as different types of energy demands such as cooling, power, and heat demands. To cope with the uncertain behavior of wind power, a scenario-based approach is employed. First, with the use of Monte Carlo simulation in MATLAB, a number of scenarios are obtained, and afterwards, K-means technique, which is a fast and efficient data clustering method, is implemented for the scenario reduction. Additionally, the impact of the consideration of CAES system on the performance of the proposed water-energy is discussed. The numerical results indicate that with the deployment of CAES system into the structure of the water-energy VPP, the expected daily profit is increased up to 4.26 %.

Storage allocation rules to meet shared water demands for optimal operation of reservoir water supply

AbstractThe priority principle of storage allocation rules of serial cascade reservoirs within an interbasin water supply can reduce water loss and reduce water supply times. Reasonable balancing curves for reservoirs in parallel are proposed, and the proportional distribution of water is determined to illustrate the optimal allocation rule for different reservoir scheduling periods. The mutation point and slope are used to describe the segmentation of reservoirs in parallel. Finally, the relative optimal water supply rule is obtained. Taking the reservoir groups in the lower reaches of the Luanhe River basin as the research object, the results show that the water supply obtained by the balancing curve is increased by approximately 4% compared with the compensation regulation, and wasted water is reduced by 10%. The results are close to the largest water supply, the annual average wasted water and the guarantee rate obtained by dynamic programming. The suggested method can achieve the operation goal effectively and improve the operation performance of the shared water demands for the reservoir water supply. This article highlights the superior results obtained compared with the current storage allocation rules to meet shared water demands.

Wastewater reuse and recycling of the steel industry in China: history, current situation, and future perspectives

Abstract China is the largest steel producer in the world. Effective methods to alleviate the contradiction between water supply and water demand of the iron and steel industry in China are to implement the recycling of wastewater from the iron and steel industry and develop unconventional water resources. This paper reviews the development of wastewater recycling in the iron and steel industry in China in the past 40 years (1980–2020). During this period, steel output has increased from 36 to 1,053 million tons, freshwater consumption per ton of steel has decreased from 35.9 to 2.45 tons, and water resources reuse has soared from 61.2 to 98.02%. Four typical cases, including the Anyang Steel Group, the Tangshan Steel Group, the Tianjin Steel Group, and the Taihang Steel Group, were analyzed. In addition, a water efficiency research project of iron and steel enterprises in China was carried out in 2019. Statistical analyses on wastewater recycling rate, reuse rate, direct cooling water circulation rate, and other indicators were performed. The recycling of wastewater in the iron and steel industry would be continuously improved by policy drivers, economic drivers, and technical drivers.

Two-Dimensional Modelling for Dam Break Analysis and Flood Hazard Mapping: A Case Study of Papadia Dam, Northern Greece

Dams are expensive technical constructions that ensure food production, sustain farmers’ income, and cover a large percentage of urban water supply demands. However, the threat of a dam break flood, which can be extremely dangerous for the local society, should be taken into account, and proactive mitigation measures should be planned. Towards this direction, dam break modelling and flood hazard assessment are essential for developing flood crisis management and evacuation plans. In this study, a hypothetical case of failure of the Papadia dam in the Florina Regional Unit in northern Greece is examined. Two scenarios of failure were considered: overtopping and piping. A two-dimensional numerical model for the two failure scenarios was used to simulate the dam break process and flood wave routing using HEC-RAS software. A sensitivity analysis of the mesh size and breach parameters was performed to better understand their impact on the critical outputs of the simulation model. Flood hazard maps were produced in GIS environment based on water depth and velocity criteria. Furthermore, two classification approaches were adopted to assess the flood hazard using the product of water depth and velocity. The results showed that the extent of the inundated area could affect most of the study area and could cause severe damage to agricultural activities.

Feasibility study and mix design of porous asphalt with waste plastics

Internationally, sustainability is an urgent need in the construction field, and the use of waste material in highway construction is progressively encouraged to save the environment. The pollution to the environment is huge as a result of the too much use of polythenes in regular life. Because polythenes are not biodegradable, the present need is to use waste polythene for productive purposes. In urbanised India, multi-story both commercial and residential buildings are constantly being built, which greatly increases the demand for water supplies. Urban flooding is one of the major problems we face every monsoon now a days this leads to the loss of life and damage to the property. Engineers from the public works department can incorporate buildings with porous asphalt parking lots, which would rehydrate the country's overused aquifers. In order to overcome the plastic pollution, urban flooding and recharge ground water, we propose to produce porous asphalt with waste plastic pavements instead of dense graded pavements. In this present paper it is proposed to develop techniques that could use plastic waste with porous asphalt for the construction purpose of roads and parking lots to control plastic pollution and urban flooding. Porous asphalt mix was prepared in combination with waste plastic and assesses for various characteristics to facilitate water flow through mix, sustain loading and wear and tear. The test results showed that shredded plastic waste in combination with asphalt could facilitate permeability, aggregate bonding, stability, and wear and tear as that of a neat porous asphalt.

No-tillage with straw mulching boosts wheat grain yield by improving the eco-physiological characteristics in arid regions

Straw returning to the field is a technical measure of crop production widely adopted in arid areas. It is unknown whether crop yield can be further increased by improving the eco-physiological characteristics when straw returning is applied in the crop production system. So, a three-year field experiment was conducted with various straw returning treatments for wheat production: (i) no-tillage with straw mulching (NTSM), (ii) no-tillage with straw standing (NTSS), (iii) conventional tillage with straw incorporation (CTS), and (iv) conventional tillage with no straw returning (CT, control). The eco-physiological and yield formation indicators were investigated to provide the basis for selecting the appropriate straw returning method to increase wheat yield and clarifying its regulation mechanism on eco-physiology. The results showed that NTSM and NTSS treatments had better regulation of eco-physiological characteristics and had a higher yield increase than CTS and CT. Meanwhile, NTSM had a relatively higher yield than NTSS through better regulation of eco-physiological characteristics. Compared to CT, the leaf area index of NTSM was decreased by 6.1–7.6% before the Feekes 10.0 stage of wheat, but that of NTSM was increased by 38.9–45.1% after the Feekes 10.0 stage. NTSM effectively regulated the dynamics of the photosynthetic source of green leaves during the wheat growth period. NTSM improved net photosynthetic rate by 10.2–21.4% and 11.0–21.6%, raised transpiration rate by 4.4–10.0% and 5.3–6.1%, increased leaf water use efficiency by 5.6–10.4% and 5.4–14.6%, at Feekes 11.0 and 11.2 stages of wheat, compared to CT, respectively. NTSM had higher leaf water potential (LWP) by 7.5–12.0% and soil water potential (SWP) by 8.9–24.0% from Feekes 10.3 to 11.2 stages of wheat than CT. Meanwhile, the absolute value of difference on LWP and SWP with NTSM was less than that with CT, indicating that NTSM was conducive to holding the stability of water demand for wheat plants and water supply of soil at arid conditions. Thus, NTSM had a greater grain yield of wheat by 18.6–27.3% than CT, and the high yield was attributed to the synchronous increase and cooperative development of ear number, grain number per ear, and 1 000-grain weight. NTSM had a positive effect on regulating the eco-physiological characteristics and can be recommended to enhance wheat grain yield in arid conditions.

An integrated trapezoidal fuzzy FUCOM‐TOPSIS method to determine alternatives' ranking and utilization in the water treatment plant

AbstractWorld leaders continue to place a high premium on organizing sustainable and clean water sources. Due to the importance of water to both public health and industry, there is a significant demand for adequate quality water supplies, which many countries throughout the world are under pressure to offer. Water scarcity and poor water quality continue to be significant problems in both the home and industrial sectors, particularly in India. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the current water treatment plant's (WTP's) performance efficiency. There are numerous ways to assess the performance of WTPs. These methods, meanwhile, are absolute because they treat each parameter equally, which only partially mirrors reality. This study provides a hybrid decision‐making method that combines trapezoidal fuzzy FUCOM (TrF‐FUCOM) and trapezoidal fuzzy TOPSIS (TrF‐TOPSIS) to find the best option for enhancing a WTP's efficacy. TrF‐FUCOM is used to assess the weights of the criteria, as well as TrF‐TOPSIS is employed to rank the indicators. According to the results, improving the quality of incoming water is the most important parameter for improving the efficiency of WTPs. The outcomes of the suggested technique are contrasted with those of the already used technique. In addition, scenario analysis and sensitivity analysis are used to validate the suggested model.

Hydrological modeling and scenario analysis for water supply and water demand assessment of Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia

Study regionAddis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa’s surface water reservoirs and groundwater infrastructures are in the Akaki watershed of the Awash Basin. Study focusThis study integrates a hydrological model, socioeconomic data, and different water management scenarios to investigate the current and future water supply and demand. Baseline water supply and water demand data are obtained from Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate reservoir sedimentation and water quantity in the Akaki watershed. The city’s water demand projection is based on the standard public water demand requirement and projected population. The study considered five scenarios to assess the gaps between water supply and demand. New hydrological insights for the regionSimulation results showed that the area upstream of the existing reservoirs has the potential to supply 651,452 m3/day of surface water; however, currently, the reservoirs are supplying only 224,658 m3/day of water. With an optimistic scenario of planned reservoirs and groundwater boreholes becoming operational by 2029, water supply will only meet demands through 2035. Afterwards, the gap between water supply and demand will increase, due to an increase in population. Therefore, additional water supply projects, effective water use, and maintaining critical hydrological ecosystem services are required to bridge the gap between water supply and demand.