Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Research Articles

Simulation of Elliptical Curve Cryptography in IPSec on Ad-Hoc Networks

Ad-hoc networks have gained significant attention in the realm of communication due to the proliferation of mobile and IoT devices and wireless networks. Ad hoc Networks offer a decentralized approach, where each node can function as a router and a terminal. Ensuring data safety and integrity in Ad hoc Networks remains a challenge, necessitating the use of robust security mechanisms. This research focuses on the simulation of Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC) in the IPsec protocol on ad-hoc networks. ECC, known for its strong security and smaller key sizes, provides an effective means of protecting data packets from potential attacks. The Ad hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is employed for secure data transmission in a Ad hoc Networks. The main objective is to maintain packet security in the face of hostile environments and active adversaries. Furthermore, the results obtained from the NS-2 simulator are compared with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA). Evaluation metrics such as Quality of Service (QoS), average processing time, and average end-to-end delay are utilized. This study addresses the challenges faced by ad-hoc networks in an increasingly digital world. By exploring the implementation of ECC-based cryptography, it contributes to the development of secure communication protocols in ad-hoc networks. The findings offer insights into the efficacy of ECC in protecting data transmission and its comparative performance with other cryptographic techniques. Ultimately, this research aims to advance secure communication protocols, ensuring reliable data exchange in diverse applications and scenarios.

Reactive and Proactive Route Evaluation in MANET

Ad hoc networks are established in small local areas and need very low infrastructure. There is no centralized control system for data communication. Due to frequently changing the position of the nodes create so many challenging issues like throughput, data loss and increase the packet delivery fraction. In this paper, An Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector, Ad hoc On demand Multipath Distance Vector, and Multi‐path dynamic address routing protocols have been analyzed based on various data rates. The evaluation parameters are taken as: average throughput, average delay, packet delivery ratio, packet delivery fraction and latency. Implementation research work has been simulated on network simulator 2.35. It is analyzed that Ad hoc On demand Multipath Distance Vector routing protocol performs better in terms of packet delivery ratio and received packets as compared to Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector and Multi‐path dynamic address routing protocols.

Routing Protocol Based on Neighbor Interference Level for Mobile Wireless Networks

The mobile ad hoc network is a type of wireless network characterized by mobile nodes without a centralized administration. Frequent variations of the topology and the nature of the radio links have a negative impact on the stability of the links. Indeed, the link quality deteriorates rapidly and link breaks become frequent. To overcome these problems, new forms of routing protocols are used as the MultiPath routing. In addition, routing protocols require the knowledge of the nodes neighborhood to build and manage routes. The neighbor discovery process is performed by a Hello protocol. The Hello protocol typically involves several parameters such as the packet’s period; node’s transmit power, node’s position and node’s battery level. The purpose of this paper is to change the behavior of ad hoc On demand Multi-path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol by considering the density of the nodes as well as the interference of the neighboring nodes. This selection of paths goes through two stages. In the first step, we study the impact of the neighbor discovery process to select a set of paths having a minimum number of neighboring nodes to diminish contention problems and interference rate. In the second step, the Interference Ratio (IR) metric is used to select the paths in which the nodes are surrounded by a minimum of interference. We choose for our study two proposed approaches based on AOMDV routing protocol. The first is called AOMDV_neighbor and considers the density parameter as a path metric. The second is called AOMDV_neighbor_IR which considers the interference rate (IR) between each node and its neighborhood as a path metric. We evaluate the proposed routing protocols performance under various NS2 simulation scenarios in a shadowing environment.

Detection of Wormhole Attack and Secure Path Selection in Wireless Sensor Network

In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), securable data transmission is one of the most challenges. During the transmission between the source and a destination node, routing information of the particular path may be misbehaved by the particular nodes which are known as wormhole nodes/attackers. The paths which include the wormhole nodes are known as wormhole attacked paths. For improving security in WSN, these wormhole attacked paths should be identified. To achieve this, wormhole attack detection method and optimal or secure path selection are presented in this paper. Initially, ‘K’ paths or multiple paths are generated between source and destination using Ad-hoc On demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol. Then, the source node identifies the wormhole attacked path by verifying the Detection Packet (DP) and Feedback Packet (FP) from the destination. After detecting the wormhole attacked paths, the source node selects the optimal path among the attacker free paths using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed approach improves energy efficiency and network lifetime of the network.

Composite Attribute Based Ad-hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol (CAB-AOMDV)

In this paper composite attribute-based ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector (CAB-AOMDV) routing protocol has been proposed. Composite attributes are used to select the optimized multiple path for transmitting data and determined what percentage of total data can be share by the specific path. Composite factor is the combination of two factors, one is drop and another is queue factor. The performance analysis is evaluated under various node densities. Using control-overhead (CO), normalized-routing-overhead and throughput performance of proposed CAB-AOMDV is compared with Risk factor-based Ad-hoc on demand multipath (RF-AOMDV) routing protocol, from where it is observed that performance of proposed CAB-AOMDV is outperform RF-AOMDV in respect of all scenario taken into considerations.

Path Stability Evaluation and Controlled Broadcast Provision with A-AOMDV-CSE

Wireless network is most emerging area and progressing day by day. These days accessibility of large number of handheld devices has made the use of wireless-technology possible for making communication easier. Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) are the essential sub-part of wireless technology which don’t use fixed entity or stand alone for the purpose of long distance communication. Every mobile node play the role of a router in forwarding the data packets as well as control. Due to the dynamic nature of mobile nodes, the path breaks are frequently happen and this is a becoming the major issue of MANET. During movement of mobile nodes, energy consumption is very high and make the routing process difficult so that connection lost in between. Swarm intelligence is the collective behavior of decentralized and self organized system and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a specific branch of Swarm intelligence which can be used to solve optimization problems like routing. In this paper, a new multi-path routing algorithm is devised with the help of ACO and is incorporated in the environment of Ad hoc on Demand Multi-path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol. The new algorithm is designed by considering the features like path stability and regulating the intermediate nodes for the transfer or broadcasting of the packets. The new algorithm is compared with other prominent routing algorithms like ADSR, AOMDV, TORA and DSDV. This algorithm demonstrate the better performance in comparison with all the other algorithms.

A novel reliable low-latency multipath routing scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks

In this paper, the existing ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is extended to a reliable low-latency multipath routing (RLLMR) scheme based on multipath link reliability, capable of determining the reliable routes preemptively. Here, the link reliability refers to the probability that a direct transmission link among any two vehicles remains constantly available for a specific period of time, which can be computed based on the position, route, and velocity of the vehicles to facilitate the reliable routing process in VANETs. In the proposed RLLMR scheme, the mathematical distribution of vehicles movements and link breakages is also considered to increase the reliability of the vehicular networks. The simulation results show that proposed RLLMR scheme performs better compared to existing schemes in terms of latency, reliability, throughput, and energy consumption at the cost of marginally increased routing overhead.

Energy Reduction Multipath Routing Protocol for MANET Using Recoil Technique

In Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET), power conservation and utilization is an acute problem and has received significant attention from academics and industry in recent years. Nodes in MANET function on battery power, which is a rare and limited energy resource. Hence, its conservation and utilization should be done judiciously for the effective functioning of the network. In this paper, a novel protocol namely Energy Reduction Multipath Routing Protocol for MANET using Recoil Technique (AOMDV-ER) is proposed, which conserves the energy along with optimal network lifetime, routing overhead, packet delivery ratio and throughput. It performs better than any other AODV based algorithms, as in AOMDV-ER the nodes transmit packets to their destination smartly by using a varying recoil off time technique based on their geographical location. This concept reduces the number of transmissions, which results in the improvement of network lifetime. In addition, the local level route maintenance reduces the additional routing overhead. Lastly, the prediction based link lifetime of each node is estimated which helps in reducing the packet loss in the network. This protocol has three subparts: an optimal route discovery algorithm amalgamation with the residual energy and distance mechanism; a coordinated recoiled nodes algorithm which eliminates the number of transmissions in order to reduces the data redundancy, traffic redundant, routing overhead, end to end delay and enhance the network lifetime; and a last link reckoning and route maintenance algorithm to improve the packet delivery ratio and link stability in the network. The experimental results show that the AOMDV-ER protocol save at least 16% energy consumption, 12% reduction in routing overhead, significant achievement in network lifetime and packet delivery ratio than Ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol (AOMDV), Ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol life maximization (AOMR-LM) and Source routing-based multicast protocol (SRMP) algorithms. Hence, the AOMDV-ER algorithm performs better than these recently developed algorithms.

BAMR: a novel bandwidth aware multipath reactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network

Increasing traffic in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) demands high bandwidth. Mobility of communicating nodes is another crucial concern for such type of networks. Providing successful end to end communication in mobile ad hoc networks is a challenging task. In this paper, we aim at providing a bandwidth aware multipath reactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed protocol is an extension of ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed protocol, named as BAMR, attempts to discover paths with sufficient bandwidth and less link failures. The performance comparison of BAMR routing protocol is done with AOMDV and BAOMDV, an another bandwidth aware on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol for MANETs. Simulation results exhibit that proposed protocol BAMR significantly improves the performance of other two routing protocols and can be used more effectively for data transmissions in MANETs.

BAMR: a novel bandwidth aware multipath reactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network

Increasing traffic in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) demands high bandwidth. Mobility of communicating nodes is another crucial concern for such type of networks. Providing successful end to end communication in mobile ad hoc networks is a challenging task. In this paper, we aim at providing a bandwidth aware multipath reactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed protocol is an extension of ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed protocol, named as BAMR, attempts to discover paths with sufficient bandwidth and less link failures. The performance comparison of BAMR routing protocol is done with AOMDV and BAOMDV, an another bandwidth aware on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol for MANETs. Simulation results exhibit that proposed protocol BAMR significantly improves the performance of other two routing protocols and can be used more effectively for data transmissions in MANETs.

Energy Efficient Multipath Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Using the Fitness Function

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically form a temporary network without the reliance of any infrastructure or central administration. Energy consumption is considered as one of the major limitations in MANET, as the mobile nodes do not possess permanent power supply and have to rely on batteries, thus reducing network lifetime as batteries get exhausted very quickly as nodes move and change their positions rapidly across MANET. This paper highlights the energy consumption in MANET by applying the fitness function technique to optimize the energy consumption in ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol. The proposed protocol is called AOMDV with the fitness function (FF-AOMDV). The fitness function is used to find the optimal path from source node to destination node to reduce the energy consumption in multipath routing. The performance of the proposed FF-AOMDV protocol has been evaluated by using network simulator version 2, where the performance was compared with AOMDV and ad hoc on demand multipath routing with life maximization (AOMR-LM) protocols, the two most popular protocols proposed in this area. The comparison was evaluated based on energy consumption, throughput, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, network lifetime and routing overhead ratio performance metrics, varying the node speed, packet size, and simulation time. The results clearly demonstrate that the proposed FF-AOMDV outperformed AOMDV and AOMR-LM under majority of the network performance metrics and parameters.

Detection And Isolation Of Attacks In MANET Using TS- AOMDV

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless nodes, which works well only if those mobile nodes are good and behave cooperatively. The lack of infrastructure support and resource constraint is the key issue that causes dishonest and non-co-operative nodes. Therefore, MANET is vulnerable to serious attacks. To reduce the hazards from such nodes and enhance the security of the network, this paper extends an Ad hoc On- Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) Routing protocol, named as Trust-based Secured Adhoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (TS-AOMDV), which is based on the nodes’ routing behavior. The proposed TSAOMDV aims at identifying and isolating the attacks such as flooding, black hole, and gray hole attacks in MANET. With the help of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and trust-based routing, attack identification and isolation are carried out in two phases ofrouting such as route discovery and data forwarding phase. IDS facilitates complete routing security by observing both control packets and data packets that are involved in the route identification and the data forwarding phases. To improve the routing performance, the IDS integrates the measured statistics into the AOMDV routing protocol for the detection of attackers. This facilitates the TS-AOMDV to provide better routing performance and security in MANET. Finally, the Trust based Secured AOMDV, TS-AOMDV is compared with the existing AOMDV through the NS2 based simulation model. The performance evaluation reveals that the proposed TS-AOMDV improves the performance in terms of throughput by 57.1% more thanthat of an AOMDV under adversary scenario. The simulated results show that the TS-AOMDV outperforms the AOMDV routing protocol.

A Novel Link Reliable Multipath Routing Protocol for MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc networks (MANETs) are self configurable wherein mobile nodes communicate with each other via wireless links. Due to ever-changing topology, frequent link failure and lack of fixed infrastructure, it is difficult to develop and maintain an optimal route between source and destination nodes in MANET. In such a network, it is highly required to construct a link reliable route in order to provide an uninterrupted communication. This paper proposes an ant colony optimization (ACO) based link reliable (LR) ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing (ACO-LR-AOMDV) which is inspired from swarm intelligence especially using collective behavior of natural ants. It establishes and maintains multiple routes between a pair of mobile nodes using simulated pheromone deposited by artificial ants. The optimal path is selected based on hop count and minimum value of the Path-Link Quality Estimator (P-LQE) which have been integrated into the pheromone computation of the path. The efficiency of the proposed protocol is examined using the network simulator NS2.34 and the experimental results show the better performance over the well-known multipath routing protocol AOMDV and ACO-AOMDV in terms of end-to-end delay, routing overhead and packet delivery ratio.

Optimization of Value of Parameters in Ad-hoc on Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Using Magnetic Optimization Algorithm

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks is one of the emerging research areas of Mobile adhoc network. One of the key problems of VANET is changing topology of vehicles which leads to frequent disconnections. Therefore, for communication among the running vehicles, routing of the message becomes a challenging problem. Although, many routing protocols have been proposed in the literatures, but the performance of these protocols, in different scenarios, depends on the value of parameters used in. The objective of our work is to find best fitness function value for Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol, in real scenario map by obtaining an optimal value of parameters using Magnetic Optimization Algorithm. Therefore, in this paper, we have proposed an algorithm based on Magnetic Optimization Algorithm which finds the optimal value of parameters for Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol in a given scenario. The fitness function guides Magnetic Optimization Algorithm to achieve the best fitness value. The experimental results, using the optimal value of parameters obtained by Magnetic Optimization Algorithm, show 81.41% drop in average end-to-end delay, 39.24 % drop in Normalized Routing Loads, and slight rise (0.77%) in the packet delivery ratio as compared to using default value of parameters in Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol.

Optimization of Value of Parameters in Ad-hoc on Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Using Teaching-Learning Based Optimization

Abstract The performance of Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) depends on many factors. One of the factors is routing protocol and the performance of routing protocol in given scenario depends on the value of parameters used in. The combinations of such values are very large. Therefore, we have used Teaching-Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) technique to find optimal value of parameters for Ad-hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) in given real scenario. The Experimental results show drastic improvements in Average End-to-End delay (90.50% drop), Network Routing Load (41.68% drop) and Packet Delivery Ratio (0.39% rise) using value of parameters obtained through TLBO.

Parameter Value Optimization of Ad-hoc on Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Using Particle Swarm Optimization

The performance of routing protocol in Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) depends on value of parameters used in. Being very large combination of these values, it is difficult to find an optimal combination for better QoS in VANET. Therefore, we have proposed an algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to find an optimal combination in Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing (AOMDV) in real scenario. The experimental results show 80.65% drop in Average End-to-End delay (AE2ED), 37.07% drop in Network Routing Load (NRL) and slight drop (1.96%) in Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) using optimal combination of value of parameters.

AODV with Dynamic Power Enhancement: Performance Evaluation in MANETs

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) pose challenges in terms of power control, due to their fixed transmission power, the mobility of nodes and a constantly changing topology. High levels of power are needed in wireless networks, particularly for routing. In order to address this problem, power aware routing protocols have been proposed, with the aim of maximising the lifetime of the network. This paper presents an enhancement to the Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol, by reducing transmission power, when a large number of other radios are within range. This protocol, called DP-AODV (Dynamic Power AODV) combines the hello packet mechanism and the power control mechanism in order to reduce interference between nodes and increase the throughput in the network, thus reducing the overall power consumption. A performance evaluation of this enhanced protocol is carried out in comparison with three standard routing protocols, Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Ad Hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), using network simulator 2 (NS2). Keywords-MANET; Dynamic Power; Density; Mobility; Interference.

Implementing Security algorithm to worm hole attack using AOMDV protocol & comparison using NS2 simulator

In present era, where every person has become addicted to wireless networks, MANET’S has fulfilled the demand of the people by removing the dependency of fixed network. Mobile ad-hoc networks have extended the range of mobile nodes beyond their level. Now when we talk about wireless communication, routing is the backbone of any communication. Ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing algorithm (AOMDV) is a very reactive protocol in MANET’s. We have selected AOMDV algorithm for routing purpose as there have already been done several work with AODV. Also, in AOMDV the end to end delay is reduced by utilising several parallel paths. Various routing attacks have been identified in single path routing but here we have introduced worm hole attack in multi path routing i.e. AOMDV routing algorithm. In this paper, we have studied the performance of AOMDV algorithm under worm hole attack. Also, we have provided security and authentication to each and every node by the use of public key and private key. Different metrics of the proposed protocol has been evaluated from simulation on NS2 on different scenarios i.e. with worm hole attack and without worm hole attack and there has been a noticeable improvement in the throughput and energy consumption is also reduced.

Improved Video Transmission over Mobile Ad-hoc Networks using AOMDV and MDC with Path Diversity

Mobile Ad-hoc Network is capable of clearing lots of challenges involved in the real-world communication. They are used in emergency response schemes, military field operation, oil drilling and mining operations. Transmitting video over MANET is an active research area due to their potential wide spread applications. In the last decade, both mobile and multimedia communications have experienced unequal rapid growth and commercial success. However, transmitting multimedia flows over wireless Ad hoc network remains an extremely challenging issue due to the limited battery lifetime of the wireless nodes. Providing good quality end-to-end video communications over mobile ad-hoc networks is more challenging due to the dynamically changing topology of the ad-hoc networks and the unreliable wireless channels. Multiple Description Coding (MDC) is an effective coding approach to enhance the error resilience of video transmission over any lossy networks. When MDC is combined with multipath transmission, MDC enables traffic dispersion and it alleviates the error propagation caused by the packet losses and hence reduces the network congestion. The error prone nature of the adhoc network always causes the frame to get corrupted. When MDC is used with such a network, it uses these corrupted frames as a reference frame and through motion compensation it compares the current frame with the reference frame and leads to error propagation throughout the network which results in video quality degradation. So, in this work, routing messages of AOMDV is used as the feedback messages after estimating the packet loss in the network and video coding is adapted accordingly with respect to the feedback messages and thus the quality of the received video is improved. AOMDV also saves the energy of the nodes by multipath routing. This work deals with comparing video quality using MDC, MDC with feedback based SMR (Split Multipath Routing) and MDC with feedback based AOMDV (Ad-hoc On demand Multipath Distance Vector routing). The experiment has been conducted using NS2 simulator along with EvalVid for evaluating the video quality. The results demonstrate that MDC with feedback based AOMDV gives good PSNR value under different packet loss rate and guarantees good video quality for large number of users in the network and at the same time the PSNR is examined by varying the number of nodes in the network resulting in decreased PSNR while trying to increase the number of nodes involved in the network.

Multi-Path Routing Protocol with Unavailable Areas Identification in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, some areas often become unavailable due to the exhaustion of nodes' energy, congestion, or disaster. In this paper, we propose a new micro sensor multi-path routing protocol (MSMRP) to avoid the unavailable areas when constructing the routes. A neighbor node table exchanging mechanism in MSMRP is used to avoid the multiple paths intersect and to build a new route around the unavailable areas. We have implemented the proposed protocol in a network with real sensor nodes and conducted experiments to demonstrate the operation and the capability of the MSMRP. Furthermore, we illustrate the performance of MSMRP comparing to ad hoc on demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol with NS-2 simulations.