Demand Gap Research Articles

Proposed optimized energy plan for the largest island of South Korea based on full renewable energy resources

The current study's objective is to evaluate wind and solar energy and select the finest kind of energy systems having minimum levelized of energy systems by using Home Pro software for Jeju Island, the largest island in South Korea. Using Weibull and mean wind speed diagrams, the wind conditions in the initial section of this study are explained. To assess the wind potential of every area, size and form criteria are offered. It was found that two main wind directions were southeast or southwest, with southwest being more common. Finally, based on the wind conditions at each site and IEC recommendations, a set of five wind turbines that were best suited for each location were shortlisted. Each wind turbine's performance was assessed using technical criteria, that is, monthly energy production, annual energy production, and capacity factors. Similar to this, economic considerations such as the levelized cost of electricity, internal rate of return, payback period, and net present value were also made. A Hanjin model HJWT 87/2000 is best suitable for Jeju Island in the event of an off-shore wind farm, according to the findings. To explore the implications of modifying the hub height of the turbines on the economics of wind generating, a thorough economic sensitivity analysis is also included. The second section explains the solar potential of the Island. The average solar energy potential of Jeju Island is estimated to be 13.775 Mj·m2·day−1. To cover the energy demand and supply gap for Jaju Island, various types of local electricity generators and batteries have been studied for finding the optimal energy system for the island.

Evaluation of Future-Integrated Urban Water Management Using a Risk and Decision Analysis Framework: A Case Study in Denver–Colorado Metro Area (DCMA)

This study examines the DCMA concerning the future risk of the water security status. We considered three risk factors: population growth, economic growth, and natural water supply–demand differences. In the risk analysis part, we consulted with experts from several sectors including academia, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and industry, to predict that the probability of future water stresses in high-, medium-, and low-risk scenarios are 0.73, 0.24, and 0.03, respectively. In the decision analysis part, we adopted two multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approaches that include multiple attribute value theory (MAVT) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methods to evaluate the best alternative decision to alleviate future water stresses in the DCMA. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that, although expanding existing water reservation might be a solution to tackle the challenge, the best option really closely connects to the weighting scheme of the criteria considered in the framework. This study provides a valuable risk and decision analysis framework to analyze the water security status associated with the future water supply and demand gap decrease caused by three risk factors: population growth, climate change, and natural water supply.

Climate change concerns and mortgage lending

We examine whether beliefs about climate change affect loan officers’ mortgage lending decisions. We show that abnormally high local temperature leads to elevated attention to and belief in climate change in a region. Loan officers approve fewer mortgage applications and originate lower amounts of loans in abnormally warm weather. This effect is stronger among counties heavily exposed to the risk of sea-level rise, during periods of heightened public attention to climate change, and for loans originated by small lenders. Additional tests suggest that the negative relation between temperature and approval rate is not fully explained by changes in local economic conditions and demand for mortgage credit, or deteriorating quality of loan applicants. By contrast, Fintech lenders partially fill the gap in demand left by traditional lenders when local temperature is abnormally high.

Demand and supply gap analysis of Chinese new energy vehicle charging infrastructure: Based on CNN-LSTM prediction model

The sales of new energy vehicles (NEVs) and the construction of charging infrastructure promote and constrain each other. It is crucial for the development of the new energy vehicle industry to understand the gap clearly and accurately between the supply and demand of NEV charging infrastructure. In this paper, a neural network combined model based on convolutional neural network (CNN) and long and short-term memory (LSTM) is introduced for accurate prediction of NEVS sales and charging infrastructure ownership. Compared with other traditional and combined models, the CNN-LSTM combined model performs best in multiple evaluation metrics while using less computing power. The RMSE, MAE, MAPE, and R2 of the CNN-LSTM combined model were 52.80, 42.67, 17 %, and 0.78, respectively. Accordingly, it is sufficient to demonstrate the excellent prediction performance of the CNN-LSTM combined model constructed in this paper. The forecast results show that in 2025, the ratio of NEVs to public charging piles will rise to 10.2:1 and the ratio to private charging piles will fall to 2.5:1. The overall ratio shows a downward trend and is expected to reach 2:1. There is a gap in the demand for NEV charging infrastructure. Finally, this paper makes suggestions for narrowing the gap between the supply and demand of NEV charging infrastructure and the sustainable development of the NEV industry.

Climate-associated risks for reliability, resilience, vulnerability and sustainability of irrigation reservoirs in small ungauged watersheds

Climate change poses an existential threat to the functional integrity of the network of agricultural reservoirs responsible for sustaining rice production in South Korea. Anthropogenic interventions have triggered a cycle of droughts and floods by magnifying the already existing supply–demand gap, which is seriously hampering reservoir performance. The watersheds of most agricultural reservoirs in South Korea are ungauged, and inflow and outflow data are not measured. In this study, recorded volumetric water storage data from five reservoirs were used to derive observed inflow data based on the hydrological reasoning and reservoir operation rule curves. These data were then used to evaluate the performance of a lumped rainfall-runoff model in simulating the runoff generated in upstream ungauged watersheds. A water balance analysis was conducted for 400 major agricultural reservoirs spread throughout the country during 1973–2017. Performance indices were estimated based on inflow availability in the reservoirs and downstream irrigation demands. Empirical relationships were derived to predict performance indices by using the reservoirs’ physical characteristics as input variables. Generally, reservoirs received substantially higher inflows compared to irrigation demands, suggesting sufficient water availability during the rice growing season (Apr−Sep). An out-of-phase cycle of peak inflow generation and water demand periods induced frequent failure events during the rice nursery transplanting period (May−Jun), and reservoir sustainability was minimal in these months. Southern and southwestern major agricultural regions with a higher density of small- to medium-sized reservoirs would be at higher risk of climate-induced water scarcity. Upsizing storage capacity could alleviate the water deficit in reservoirs associated with watersheds featuring higher means and lower standard deviations of runoff. A watershed-to-irrigated area ratio > 5 indicated acceptable reservoir sustainability.

Machine learning in drug supply chain management during disease outbreaks: a systematic review

<span lang="EN-US">The drug supply chain is inherently complex. The challenge is not only the number of stakeholders and the supply chain from producers to users but also production and demand gaps. Downstream, drug demand is related to the type of disease outbreak. This study identifies the correlation between drug supply chain management and the use of predictive parameters in research on the spread of disease, especially with machine learning methods in the last five years. Using the Publish or Perish 8 application, there are 71 articles that meet the inclusion criteria and keyword search requirements according to Kitchenham's systematic review methodology. The findings can be grouped into three broad groupings of disease outbreaks, each of which uses machine learning algorithms to predict the spread of disease outbreaks. The use of parameters for prediction with machine learning has a correlation with drug supply management in the coronavirus disease case. The area of drug supply risk management has not been heavily involved in the prediction of disease outbreaks.</span>

Evaluate and identify the competencies of the future workforce for digital technologies implementation in higher education

In recent years, both information technology (IT) labor demand and IT job characteristics have been significantly influenced by the advent of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and the digital age. The higher education sector is expected to upgrade itself with such progress and train graduates capable of meeting the new industry requirements. However, due to the present demand gap, universities are seeking to identify the skills new digital workers are expected to have. As we live in the digital age, the literature has failed to address the questions of the consequences for individual workers adequately. Considerable scientific efforts should be made to design certain curricula and training programs that could nurture digital competencies (DC). There is a need to construct an inclusive framework of the term. In addition, different options exist for studying the DC of the workforce in relation to human resources management (HRM). The current paper attempts to fill the gap by developing an integrated decision-making framework. The paper aims to introduce an innovative discrimination measure and discuss its elegant properties. A Measurement of Alternatives and Ranking according to the COmpromise Solution (MARCOS) framework for evaluating the MCDM problem on a fuzzy set has been developed based on it. On the other hand, the new methodology of the PF-entropy-RS weight technique is used to compute the criteria weights or significance degrees of criteria. Then, the MARCOS method is a new elegant approach to handle the MCDM problems. Thus, in this study, we have developed a new approach to the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method using the PF-entropy-RS and PF-MARCOS methods and further implemented for the evaluation of the competencies of the future workforce for digital technologies implementation in higher education. It helps to calculate the objective/subjective weights of criteria to evaluate the competencies of the future workforce for digital technologies implementation in higher education; then, the approach is used to assess the preferences of higher education institutes over different competencies of the future workforce for digital technologies implementation in higher education. An empirical case study is carried out in this paper for the evaluation of the most important competencies of the future workforce for digital technologies implementation in higher education. In addition, to evaluate the performance quality of the proposed framework, this study also involves some comparison and sensitivity analyses. This study found that data and information processing has emerged as the most important competencies of the future workforce for digital technologies implementation in higher education. The ability to interact with modern interfaces is the second most important competency of the future workforce for digital technologies implementation in higher education. In conclusion, the workforce responsible for implementing digital technologies in higher education will significantly impact students’ learning experiences. As technological advancements continue, higher education institutions will require skilled professionals with diverse digital expertise to manage and integrate these technologies successfully.

Recent advances in upstream process development for production of recombinant adeno-associated virus.

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is rapidly emerging as the preferred delivery vehicle for gene therapies, with promising advantages in safety and efficacy. Key challenges in systemic in-vivo rAAV gene therapy applications are the gap in production capabilities versus potential market demand and complex production process. This review summarizes currentavailable information on rAAV upstream manufacturing processes and proposed optimizations for production. The advancements in rAAV production media were reviewed with proposals to speed up the cell culture process development. Furthermore, major methods for genetic element delivery to host cells were summarized with their advantages, limitations, and future directions for optimization. In addition, culture vessel selection criteria were listed based on production cell system, scale, and development stage. Process control at the production step was also outlined with an in-depth understanding of production kinetics and quality control.

Household demand and supply projections of major edible oils in Tamil Nadu State, India

This paper analysed the household demand, projected the supply and assessed the domestic demand-supply gap of edible oils consumed in Tamil Nadu State, India. The primary data were collected from randomly selected 1000 sample households at Tamil Nadu collected during the year 2009-10. The growth rate, AIDS model and supply projection techniques were employed to derive appropriate conclusions. The area under groundnut and sesame crop was found declining over years in Tamil Nadu. The sunflower area was also declining, but, the yield showed increasing trend implying the production growth mainly driven by yield. Unlike other oilseed crops, the coconut production was driven by area rather than productivity. The results of demand estimation revealed that about 66% increase in demand is expected by 2020 for groundnut oil whereasthe demand forsesame, coconut and other edible oils would increase by 67%, 66% and 78%, respectively in Tamil Nadu. Among all major edible oils,sunflower oil's demand was the highest followed by groundnut, palm, sesame and coconut oil. It is projected that there will be leapfrog jump in sunflower oil demand in the coming years, mainly due to increased awareness about low-saturated fat content in this oil. The total edible oil demand would increase from 6.38 lakh tonnes to 10.75 lakh tonnes by 2020. The resultsfrom thisstudy also revealed that, the groundnut oil and sesame oilsupply available from the state sources would decline and widen the production-household demand gap. Hence, urgent policy measures have to be initiated to increase the current level of production in these crops.

Importance of Zinc and Molybdenum for Sustainable Pulse Production in India

Pulses are of paramount importance in Indian agriculture next to cereals and oilseeds in terms of acreage, production and economic value. Pulses are important sources of protein in a vegetarian diet, especially in India, where a large part of population is vegetarian and protein malnutrition is rampant and has not yet received adequate attention for micronutrient fertilization. To reduce the demand and supply gap, government of India launched various programs in pulses. Still, prime attention is required to meet the food security challenges, especially in case of pulse sector. In order to increase the pulse productivity while sustaining at high levels, greater attention on nutrient managements including micronutrients are among the promising technologies in pulse production. Among those micronutrients, zinc (zn) and molybdenum (Mo) are of major concerns. Mo acts as a cofactor for the enzymes namely nitrogenase and nitrate reductase, which take lead roles in bio-logical fixation and subsequent assimilation of nitrogen in legumes. Thus, Mo plays an important role in metabolism and biosynthesis of nitrogen into protein. Besides this, it facilitates the various physiological and biochemical process in pulses. Application of Mo enhances the bioavailability of other essential nutrients to crops. Plants subjected to zinc deficiency display alterations in the activity of many enzymes and decreased protein synthesis. Foliar spray of nutrient fertilizers at the critical stages of rainfed condition, application of micronutrients and secondary nutrients has been great focus in boosting up pulses productivity in India. Thus, this article represents critical review on constraints of low pulse productivity, role of Zn and Mo fertilization to gear up the present pulses productivity to larger extent while sustaining the productivity of pulses in India.

Future Dietary Transformation and Its Impacts on the Environment in China

Meeting China’s future food consumption needs without increasing the environmental burden is one of the largest sustainability challenges in the ensuing decades. China is a typical urban–rural binary society, and there is a certain gap in the diets of urban and rural residents. With the advancement of urbanization, the future trend of Chinese urban and rural residents’ diets and its impact on the environment is a topic worth exploring. This study intends to examine the future changes in dietary intake of urban and rural residents in China as well as their impact on carbon emissions, virtual water, and arable land. These results indicate that the trend of decreasing grain consumption and increasing animal food consumption in China over the next 30 years will continue. However, the gap in per capita consumption of ruminant meat, aquatic products, and eggs between urban and rural residents will not be narrowed in the future. The combination of structural demand trends and population urbanization will likely impose stress on domestic food supplies over the long term. In addition, the burden of the dietary environment in China will further increase in the future, especially in urban areas, but rural areas will significantly decrease with a decrease in population size. In theory, if three alternative dietary scenarios are adopted, the environmental impact of Chinese residents’ diets can be significantly reduced in the future. More specifically, the demand gap for carbon emissions, virtual water, and arable land for urban residents’ diets in the future will exhibit heterogeneity under three alternative dietary scenarios. To achieve the long-term goals of ensuring food safety and sustainable environmental development in China in the future, it is necessary to take multiple measures, such as consuming a reasonable and balanced diet, reducing food waste, increasing agricultural technology investment, and increasing the import of resource-intensive food.

A Systematic Review on Bio-Based Phase Change Materials

Global warming and energy depletion are the main problems faced in recent years due to energy consumption by industries and the global population. Phase change materials (PCMs) with significant properties tend to store and release energy and fill the demand and supply gap. Most organic and inorganic PCMs are not considered environmentally eco-friendly when used for thermal energy storage (TES). Because they are formed from non-conventional energy resources, their carbon footmark and environmental effect are not ignored. To reduce problems, an urgent need for eco-friendly materials is required. Green substitute bio-based phase change materials (BPCMs) have gained extensive attention and are considered the best suitable replacement for organic and inorganic PCMs because BPCMs exhibit significant properties that are cost-effective, eco-friendly, renewable and convenient for thermal energy storage. However, the thermal conductivity of BPCMs is too low, which delays TES and heat transfer rates. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the reduction of low thermal conductivity problems with the help of highly conductive nanoparticles dispersed into the BPCMs and the fabrication methods of BPCMs composites. This article also provides information for futuristic researchers about the methods of fabrication and factors for enhancing the thermal conductivity of an eco-friendly BPCM composite and draws an important conclusion from the literature.

Determinan Prioritas Pembelian Perumahan Subsidi di Kota Langsa Menggunakan Metode Analytical Hierarchy Process

The construction of subsidized housing in Langsa City has increased, yet it fails to bridge the gap between housing demand and supply, especially in metropolitan areas. To ensure the development of subsidized housing benefits the community, careful attention is required. This study aimed to identify the most suitable area for subsidized housing and its requirements in Langsa City. Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the study assessed five criteria: accessibility, facilities and infrastructure, environmental conditions, buildings, and subsidized house prices. The AHP findings achieved a consistent index of 7%, meeting the required threshold. Results revealed that accessibility holds the highest weight (0.33), followed by facilities and infrastructure (0.20), environmental conditions (0.19), building conditions (0.17), and house prices (0.11). This highlights accessibility as a significant factor in purchasing subsidized housing in Langsa City. Langsa Barat District emerged as the best-fitted location for subsidized housing, with a weight value of 4.09. Despite increased construction efforts, addressing the housing demand and supply gap remains a challenging task in Langsa City's metropolitan areas.

BEHAVIORAL DUALISM OF ENDOPHYTES IN PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTION AND THEIR DIVERSE APPLICATIONS - A REVIEW

Microbes are harmful as well as beneficial for the human, plants and environment. Plant-microbe interaction array depicts both mutualism and pathogenesis. This dual nature of microbes depends on their surrounding abiotic and biotic factors. Endophytes are plant symbionts, beneficial for plant health. Some microbes are harmful for plants and they also live inside the plants, are called pathogens. The interactions that exist between the endophytic communities have hardly been investigated. The microbes associated with the plants act mostly according to environmental factors. These factors have the ability to alter the nature of microbes from endophytes to pathogens and vice-versa. Thus, by modulating such environmental factors, these microbes can be designed to produce important secondary metabolites or desired products, either within the plants or under laboratory conditions. The plant-microbe interactions have immense research orientation in the near future. The international demand for medicinal plant-based resources has increased due to their augmented exploitation for research and development. Studies of such plants species having parallel phytochemical constituents or microbes producing similar constituents could be an effective way of circumventing this global demand gap. The present review gives a detailed description of the dual behavior that exists in plant endophytes. In addition, it details a state of coherence in their vivid mannerisms and various applications of microbes in different aspects, environmental safety, agriculture, and pollution control.

Quantifying irrigation water demand and supply gap using remote sensing and GIS in Multan, Pakistan.

Human interventions and rapid changes in land use adversely affect the adequate distribution of water resources. A research study was conducted to quantify the gap between demand and supply for irrigation water in Multan, Pakistan, which may lead to sustainable water management. Two remotely sensed images (Landsat 8 OLI and Landsat 5 TM) were downloaded for the years 2010 and 2020, and supervised classification method was performed for the selected land use land cover (LULC) classes and basic framework. During the evaluation, the kappa coefficient was found in the ranges of 0.83-0.85, and overall accuracy was found to be more than 80% which indicated a substantial agreement between the classified maps and the ground truth data for both years and seasons. The LULC maps showed that urbanization has increased by 49% during the last decade (2010-2020). Reduction in planting areas for wheat (9%), cotton (24%), and orchards (46%) was observed. An increase in planting areas for rice (92%) and sugarcane (63%) was observed. The changing LULC pattern may be related to variation in water demand and supply for irrigation. The irrigation water demand has decreased by 370.2 Mm3 from 2010 to 2020, due to the reduction in agricultural land and an increase in urbanization. Available irrigation water supply (canals/rainfall) was estimated as 2432 Mm3 for the year 2020 which was 26% less than that of total irrigation water demand (3281 Mm3). The findings also provide the database for sustainable water management and equitable distribution of water in the region.

Non-communicable disease prevention through social entrepreneurship approaches

Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) accounts approx 74 % global deaths and approx 66 % deaths in India are estimated due to NCDs. NCDs like- Cancers, Diabetes, and Chronic respiratory diseases not only causes health challenges but pushes population in into poverty due high cost of treatment through out of pocket expenditures. The study mainly aimed to analyze ongoing situation and to find key challenges of NCD services. We aimed how Social enterprises can contribute to fill these gaps through innovative and affordable approaches especially to remote rural area.The Study is based on secondary sources. National Health Policy 2017, Digital Health Mission, WHO data and Similar study reports were consulted to find the field level implementation by Social Enterprise and their analysis on the subject.There are supply side and demand gaps of services through Public health system and highly costing private providers. Rural India is suffering the most, as Health facilities to cater 70 % Indian are still a big challenge. Social Enterprises has created evidences for affordable solutions. Role of technology for Social Enterprises to serves the masses for NCD prevention and treatments has been seen as future demand.

Global Gas and LNG Markets: Demand, Supply Dynamics, and Implications for the Future

This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the global gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) markets, discussing increasing demand, market volatility, supply and demand dynamics, and the implications of the Paris Agreement on natural gas demand. It emphasizes the potential impacts of decarbonization policies on the LNG market, including changes in energy composition, reduced LNG demand, increased costs, and the need for industry adaptation. The article also examines the future outlook, investment needs, and implications for global gas and LNG markets, highlighting the continued uptake of gas in heavy-duty transport and the importance of investment to avoid supply–demand gaps. Overall, the analysis provides insights into the complex dynamics and challenges facing the global gas and LNG markets in the context of energy transition and climate change mitigation efforts.

Metal-Based Nanoparticles in Food Packaging and Coating Technologies: A Review.

Food security has continued to be a topic of interest in our world due to the increasing demand for food. Many technologies have been adopted to enhance food supply and narrow the demand gap. Thus, the attempt to use nanotechnology to improve food security and increase supply has emerged due to the severe shortcomings of conventional technologies, which have made them insufficient to cater to the continuous demand for food products. Hence, nanoparticles have been identified to play a major role in areas involving food production, protection, and shelf-life extensions. Specifically, metal-based nanoparticles have been singled out to play an important role in manufacturing materials with outstanding properties, which can help increase the shelf-life of different food materials. The physicochemical and biological properties of metal-based nanoparticles, such as the large surface area and antimicrobial properties, have made them suitable and adequately useful, not just as a regular packaging material but as a functional material upon incorporation into biopolymer matrices. These, amongst many other reasons, have led to their wide synthesis and applications, even though their methods of preparation and risk evaluation remain a topic of concern. This review, therefore, briefly explores the available synthetic methods, physicochemical properties, roles, and biological properties of metal-based nanoparticles for food packaging. Furthermore, the associated limitations, alongside quality and safety considerations, of these materials were summarily explored. Although this area of research continues to garner attention, this review showed that metal-based nanoparticles possess great potential to be a leading material for food packaging if the problem of migration and toxicity can be effectively modulated.

Tracing the material flows of dysprosium in China from 2010 to 2020: An investigation of the partition characteristics of different rare earth mining areas

Dysprosium, a critical rare earth element, is widely used in industries such as electric vehicles, wind power generation and electronic products. China leads dysprosium mining. However, the dysprosium supply cannot satisfy the demand due to mining restrictions. This study traced dysprosium flows and stocks in China from 2011 to 2020 by adopting a dynamic material flow approach. Compared to existing studies, dysprosium mining was divided into nine provincial mining areas, revealing the dysprosium mining characteristics and facilitating more realistic supply and demand balance value estimation. Moreover, the typically overlooked issue of dysprosium final product recycling was addressed. The results showed that (1) the dysprosium supply mainly results from mining, with the largest mining contribution in Jiangxi Province, accounting for 46% of the total mining amount; (2) from 2011 to 2020, the total dysprosium demand was 132828 tons, of which 25% was exported; (3) the dysprosium supply–demand gap was mainly due to dysprosium mining, with the supply gap accounting for approximately 46% of the total supply from 2011 to 2020; and (4) with increasing dysprosium in-use stocks, China exhibited a vast dysprosium recycling potential.

Developing Approaches to Supply the Potable Water in Water Scarce Area: Case of Karwi (Chitrakoot Dham) Chitrakoot up, Bundelkhand, India

Chitrakoot Dham, is a city in Chitrakoot district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located in the Bundelkhand region and is culturally, historically, religiously, and archaeologically significant. Chitrakoot is Lord Rama's Karma Bhoomi. Lord Rama was exiled in Chitrakoot for 11 years. Chitrakoot is a holy city with many temples. It is linked to Chitrakoot, a town in Madhya Pradesh's Satna district. I researched Karwi's water supply system to determine water consumption, supply, and gaps. Investigate the various parameters of the potable water supply system and make planning proposals to build an effective water supply system and close the water supply demand gap in Karwi (Chitrakoot Dham).