Deltamethrin Research Articles

Deltamethrin (DMT), a toxic pyrethroid insecticide, contaminates soil and water, posing risks to humans and organisms. Phytoremediation using Plantago major was studied to remove DMT and its metabolites from polluted soil, enhanced by liquid silicon dioxide (SiO2, 750 mg L−1) and Bacillus subtilis AZFS3 (B. subtilis),107 CFU/mL) under greenhouse conditions. Our study assessed biochemical responses, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and detoxification gene expression in P. major roots and leaves subjected to DMT stress. SiO2 and B. subtilis desorbed DMT by 46.08 and 18.75 µg g−1, respectively. The longest half-life (t1/2) of DMT was 23.22 days in polluted soil alone, while the shortest (5.81 days) was observed in soil with P. major and B. subtilis. Soil with P. major plus SiO2 reduced DMT residues more effectively than B. subtilis and increased DMT accumulation in plant tissues. SOD and CAT activity peaked in roots and leaves treated with SiO2 and B. SUBTILIS, with lower H2O2 and MDA contents observed in SiO2 treatments. Additionally, DMT stress induced significant upregulation of cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases (GST), glycosyltransferases (GTs), and ABC transporter genes in P. major. SiO2 was more effective than B. subtilis in enhancing phytoremediation by promoting DMT degradation and metabolic detoxification pathways. This study highlights the potential of combining SiO2 and B. subtilis with phytoremediation to accelerate DMT removal and mitigate harmful pesticide residues in polluted soils and plants.

Mitigative effects of Vitamin C on deltamethrin-induced acute toxicity in crucian carp by modulating the AhR/Nrf2 signaling pathways.

Deltamethrin (DM) and cypermethrin (CM) are widely used pesticides belonging to the pyrethroid class. Antagonistic microorganisms are preferred as biocontrol agents to mitigate pesticide toxicity. Probiotic bacteria and yeasts are the primary biocontrol agents employed for this purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the single-strain probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 against DM- and CM-induced toxicity under in vitro conditions. Both pesticides were added to the yeast cell culture at three different concentrations (50, 100, and 200µg/L) and incubated for 72h. The results showed that both pesticides induced oxidative stress, leading to increased MDA (malondialdehyde) levels. In pesticide-exposed yeast cells, GSH (glutathione) levels and the activities of SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), and GST (glutathione s-transferase) increased (P < 0.05), along with a significant rise in ergosterol content (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the ratio of saturated fatty acids (ΣSaturated) increased, while the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (ΣUnsaturated) decreased (P < 0.05). Additionally, pesticide residues were quantified in the culture supernatant, revealing high detoxification rates (up to 80% detoxification). In conclusion, these findings suggest potential probiotic-based bioremediation strategies for pyrethroid-contaminated environments.

Deltamethrin (DM), a type II pyrethroid, is one of the most widely used insecticides around the world. The link between diseases including obesity, neurodevelopmental disorders, liver fibrosis and DM treatment has been elucidated in organisms that exposed DM. Also, in aquatic organisms, hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, impaired cellular development, and decreased mobility could be related to DM treatment for pond cleaning and fending off arthropods causing diseases such as Caligidosis. Apart from that, DM resistance in target organisms has been a staggering issue due to the prevalence of DM-resistant insects, which make challenging to overcome vector-borne diseases, agricultural corps' yield, and economic loss in aquaculture. Using omics analysis in organisms exposed to DM, systems biology tools have provided a detailed understanding of the interactions among genes, proteins, metabolites, and microbiota at molecular level. This review underscores the mechanisms of how DM leads to toxicity in model and nontarget organisms, and how target organisms evolve from being susceptible to resistant as a molecular response. Overall, an in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanisms behind DM exposure will provide a comprehensive understanding of the DM application for its risk assessment.

Deltamethrin (DLM), a type II synthetic pyrethroid is one of the most commonly used insecticide worldwide. It contaminates aquatic ecosystems via airborne dispersal, runoff, or groundwater percolation. This insecticide poses a significant threat to aquatic organisms, particularly fish. In the present study effects of synthetic pyrethroid DLM on common carp fish was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of scales and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of kidney after treatment with different sub lethal concentrations for 28 days period. Sub lethal concentrations were selected on the basis of 96hrs LC50 value of pesticide. SEM analysis of changes in surface ultra-structure of scales of common carp revealed damaged lepidonts, circuli, radii and focus irregular and broken circuli and widening of interspace between circuli after treatment with different sub lethal concentrations of DLM. TEM study revealed that DLM exposure led to changes like fragmented endoplasmic reticulum, dilated and swollen mitochondria, nuclei with condensed chromatin, deformed nucleus, degenerated nuclear membrane and severe vacuolization in kidney of common carp. The concentration of the toxicant and the length of exposure were directly related to the degree of damage observed in the kidney and scales of the fish. Higher pesticide concentrations and longer exposure periods were consistently associated with more severe scale and kidney damage.

In this research, the potential protective effect of Olea europaea L. (olive) leaf extract (OE) against the genotoxic effects of deltamethrin, a widely used insecticide, on Allium cepa L. root cells was revealed. Allium root tip cells assay were used to determine this effect. Deltamethrin (DM) treatments generally showed a significant decrease in mitotic index (MI) values (DM 2x group 48 hrs treatment about 96%) and a significant increase in chromosomal abnormality rates (DM 2x group 48 hrs treatment about 8 times) compared to the control group. OE treatments were observed to reduce abnormality rates (OE 2.0g/L 24 h treatment resulted in approximately 32% reduction) while keeping MI close to the control level (OE 0.5g 24 hrs treatment resulted in approximately 15% reduction). The most remarkable improvement was recorded in the DM 1x+OE 2.0g/L 48 hrs group. MI value was 7.33±0.4 and abnormality rate was 4.3±0.4, showing a significant improvement compared to the Deltamethrin-only groups. These results support the notion that OE extract as a herbal bioactive agent may have potential protective effect against insecticide-induced genotoxicity.

The presence of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems has become an increasing concern. Contamination of ground and surface water results from substances escaping wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and leaching from soil. Pesticides pose a significant threat to the aquatic environment, as even trace concentrations can damage the central nervous systems (CNS) of animals and humans. Rotenone (ROT), an electron transport chain inhibitor, causes selective dopaminergic (DA) degeneration, while deltamethrin (DM), a widely used type II pyrethroid insecticide, is known for its neurotoxic effect. We assessed the impact of chronic exposure to ROT (2 µg/L, 4 weeks) and DM (1 and 2.5 µg/L, 15 days) on the central nervous system of adult zebrafish. TUNEL assay analysis (n = 15 in total) revealed both pesticides triggered cell death in different brain regions of fish, including areas involved in sensory, motor, and cognitive processes. DM additionally affected regions associated with complex behaviors such as learning, memory, and decision-making. Immunohistological analyses (n = 12 in total) showed loss of DA neurons in the areas involved in the motor control of animals exposed to both pesticides. These neurotoxic effects were further supported by behavioral changes (n = 38 in total) in the Novel Tank Test (NTT), indicating alterations in movement and anxiety-like behavior. Our findings confirm that chronic sub-threshold exposure to chemicals present in environmental waters causes significant damage to cerebral tissue, leading to apoptosis and behavioral alterations.

MEK1 inhibition ameliorates mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis induced by deltamethrin in mouse hippocampal neuron HT22 cells.

Metallothionein as a biomarker of aquatic contamination in fish: An in silico and in vitro approach using zebrafish as experimental model organism.

Protective effects of resveratrol on honeybee health: Mitigating pesticide-induced oxidative stress and enhancing detoxification.

Deltamethrin (DM) is a widely used pyrethroid pesticide associated with childhood neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the specific impact of DM exposure during distinct early life stages remains unclear. Here, zebrafish embryos were exposed to DM at different stages: before (10-16 hpf), at the onset of (16-24 hpf), at the peak of (24-36 hpf) hypothalamic neurogenesis, and continuously from 10 to 120 hpf (subchronic exposure), using different dosages (1, 100, and 250 nM). Exposure to middle/high-dose DM at 24-36 and 10-120 hpf significantly reduced zebrafish locomotor activities and increased apoptotic cells in the spinal cord. As a pivotal factor in central nervous system disorder progression, altered lipid metabolism was investigated using nontargeted lipidomic analysis. DM exposure at 10-16 and 24-36 hpf led to the most significant lipidome reprogramming. Despite exhibiting a dose-dependent trend, even low-dose DM changed the lipidome. Cer 40:2;2 and PG 44:12 showed potential in identifying DM exposure effects. Significant changes in sphingolipid, cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, and glycerolipid pathways were linked to DM-induced developmental neurotoxicity, indicating impaired membrane function, mitochondrial damage, and disrupted energy metabolism. Our study sheds new light on assessing early neurodevelopmental disturbances and identifying intervention targets, emphasizing sensitivity to DM during the critical early phase of neurodevelopment.

Afzelechin alleviates deltamethrin induced hepatic dysfunction via regulating TLR4/MyD88, HMGB1/RAGE and NF-κB pathway.

Preparation of peptides against immunocomplex of deltamethrin and application in noncompetitive lateral flow immunoassay.

The use of different commercial products that involve one or multiple active substances with specific targeted-pests control has become a widespread practice. Because of this, a severe range of significant consequences has been often reported. Among the most used pesticides worldwide are deltamethrin (DM) and imidacloprid (IMI). With a significative effect on the insect's nervous system, DM acts on the voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, while IMI mimics the acetylcholine neurotransmitter by binding irreversibly to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This study investigates the neurotoxic effects of sub-chronic exposure to commercial formulations of deltamethrin (DM) and imidacloprid (IMI) in adult zebrafish, both individually and in combination. The formulations used in this study contain additional ingredients commonly found in commercial pesticide products, which may contribute to overall toxicity. Fish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of these pesticides for 21 days, individually or in combination. Behavioral, molecular, and histopathological analyses were conducted to assess the impact of these pesticides. Zebrafish exhibited dose-dependent behavioral alterations, particularly in the combined exposure groups, including increased erratic swimming and anxiety-like behavior. Gene expression analysis revealed significant changes in neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NGF, ntf-3, ntf-4/5, ntf-6/7) and their receptors (ntrk1, ntrk2a, ntrk2b, ntrk3a, ntrk3b, ngfra, ngfrb), indicating potential neurotoxic effects. Histopathological examination confirmed neuronal degeneration, gliosis, and vacuolization, with more severe impairments observed in pesticide mixture treatments. These findings highlight the neurotoxic potential of pesticide formulations in aquatic environments and emphasize the need for stricter regulations on pesticide mixtures and further research on pesticide interactions. Our findings emphasize that the combination of pesticides could trigger a synergistic effect by maximizing the toxicity of each compound. Thus, it is a well-known practice for pyrethroids and neonicotinoids to be used together in agriculture. Even so, its prevalence in agriculture and the need to investigate its actual impact on human health, biodiversity, and ecosystem mitigates the development of new strategies for assessing the risk and, at the same time, enhancing the effectiveness.

Gene × environment interaction between heterozygous deletion of the ADHD risk gene latrophilin-3 (adgrl3) and developmental deltamethrin exposure in Sprague Dawley rats.

Environmental exposure to common pesticide induces synaptic deficit and social memory impairment driven by neurodevelopmental vulnerability of hippocampal parvalbumin interneurons.

This study investigates the combined effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) and deltamethrin (DEL) on mice, focusing on their different impacts among organs. Mice were exposed to PS-NPs and/or DEL for 30 days. Results showed that PS-NPs alleviated DEL-induced oxidative damage in the liver and kidney by reducing its accumulation due to decreased bioaccessibility. Conversely, PS-NPs increased DEL accumulation in the intestine, leading to enhanced susceptibility to enteric infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites, as indicated by transcriptomic analysis. PS-NPs delayed DEL excretion by reducing gastrointestinal motility, as evidenced by altered neurotransmitter levels, thereby contributing to greater intestinal accumulation of DEL. Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that PS-NPs tended to decrease beneficial bacteria and increase pathogenic bacteria in the gut microbiota, further heightening susceptibility to enteric infections upon coexposure. The findings of this study shed new light on the complex health risks associated with coexposure to nanoplastics and pesticides.

BackgroundThe house fly, Musca domestica L., is a global insect pest that poses serious health risks by carrying pathogens to humans and animals. Pyrethroid (PYR) insecticides have been widely used to control agricultural pests and disease vectors. Multiple reports have documented house fly resistance to PYR insecticides.MethodsIn this study, we assessed the resistance levels of M. domestica populations collected from slaughterhouses in Riyadh, Jeddah, and Taif, Saudi Arabia, against the PYR insecticide deltamethrin (DM). We also examined the genetic mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) and P450 genes of the collected field flies and analyzed the correlation between these detected genetic mutations and the levels of DM resistance.ResultsThe house fly field populations showed very high levels of resistance to DM, with resistance ratio (RR) values of 625-, 256-, and 107-fold for Jeddah, Taif, and Riyadh, respectively. Three VSSC resistance alleles, kdr (T929 + 1014F), kdr-his (T929 + 1014H), and 1B (929I + 1014F), along with the susceptible allele (T929 + L1014) were identified in the Saudi house fly populations. The super-kdr allele (918 T + 1014F) and type N (D600N + M918T + L1014F) were not detected in Saudi house fly populations. Type 1B was the most dominant VSSC resistance allele, followed by kdr and kdr-his, in both field populations and the surviving flies exposed to DM. The resistance CYP6D1v1 allele of P450 was detected in slaughterhouse house fly populations of Riyadh, Jeddah, and Taif, with frequencies of 71%, 58%, and 60%, respectively. The VSSC resistance alleles exhibited a positive correlation with the resistance levels to DM; conversely, the CYP6D1v1 displayed a negative correlation with DM resistance levels.ConclusionsIn general, the Saudi house fly populations exhibited high genetic diversity, with three VSSC resistance alleles identified in slaughterhouse populations. The Vssc mutations appear to be the principal mechanism of DM resistance in Saudi house fly field populations. This study is the first report on the Vssc and CYP6D1 mutations associated with PYR resistance in M. domestica field populations from Saudi Arabia.Graphical

The increasing presence of antimicrobial agents and pesticides in aquatic environments raises concerns about their potential impacts on non-target organisms. Among these chemicals, deltamethrin (DM), a widely used pesticide, and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), an antimicrobial commonly detected in water bodies, pose significant ecological risks. This study investigates the acute toxicity, neurotoxic effects, oxidative stress responses, immune-related gene expression, and feeding behavior of adult zebrafish exposed to DM and SMX. The 96 h LC50 for DM was 4.84 µg/L, indicating significant acute toxicity, while the LC50 for the DM + SMX mixture was 11.32 µg/L, suggesting that SMX may mitigate the toxicity of DM. Neurotransmitter alterations, including reduced levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (γ-GABA), serotonin (5-HT), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were observed, with the combination of DM and SMX showing partial restoration of AChE activity. Oxidative stress markers revealed significant changes in antioxidant enzyme activities, with DM exposure increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, while decreasing catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities. Immune-related gene expression demonstrated suppressed IgM, IgD, and IgZ levels, along with altered inflammatory responses, with both DM and DM + SMX exposure inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, feeding behavior was significantly impaired in the DM group at the 3 min mark, while the DM + SMX group showed partial mitigation of this effect. These findings highlight the neurotoxic, immunotoxic, and behavioral effects of DM and SMX, and underscore the potential for chemical interactions to modulate toxicity in aquatic organisms.

Deltamethrin (DM) is a broad-spectrum insecticide that is widely used to control agricultural pests. Recently, DM has posed a potential threat to the health of infants and young children, and this is because of the environmental and food pollution that is caused by the extensive use of DM. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were used as experimental animals to quantify the behavioral changes of larvae induced by DM and explore the relationship between DM and acetylcholinesterase activity. The results showed that DM caused an increase in coiling movement, heart rate, and apoptosis in the brain in early zebrafish embryos or larvae. It also caused a decrease in the expression of acetylcholinesterase-associated genes and the activity of acetylcholinesterase, which also led to an increase in the acetylcholinesterase content. The transcriptome data also showed that low concentration DM induced acetylcholine-related gene signaling pathways. The above results suggest that low doses of DM may induce neurodegeneration because DM exposure inhibits acetylcholinesterase, leading to brain cell apoptosis and behavioral changes in the zebrafish embryos or larvae. Micro-injection of zebrafish embryos at the 2-4 cell stage knocked down or overexpressed the acetylcholinesterase gene showed that the behavior and enzyme activity of zebrafish had some effects. This study explored the relationship between acetylcholinesterase and the change in zebrafish behavior caused by DM exposure to provide a basis for the treatment of DM poisoning in the aquaculture.