Deltamethrin Research Articles

Implications of deltamethrin on hematology, cardiac pathology, and gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its possible amelioration with Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus).

Deltamethrin (DM) is one of the extensively used pyrethroids for controlling ectoparasites. Unfortunately, DM is highly toxic to fish as it primarily targets the sodium channels of the plasma membrane thereby affecting their cardiac and nervous systems. The present study investigated the protective efficacy of Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) against DM-induced cardiotoxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The fish were segregated into nine groups having 36 fish/group maintained in triplicates exposed to DM (1µg/L) and fed with a diet containing three different concentrations (10g, 20g, and 30g/kg feed) of aqueous extract of A. racemosus (ARE) for 21 days. DM caused significant alterations in the blood and serum parameters, and expression of cardiac and apoptotic genes compared to the control group. The ARE cotreatment significantly reduced the increase in serum transaminases, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels induced by DM. ARE facilitated the regain of electrolyte (sodium, potassium, chloride) homeostasis and antioxidants such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione in DM-exposed fish. The cardiac histology exhibited loose separation of the cardiomyocytes and myofibrillar loss in the DM group which was ameliorated in the DM-ARE cotreatment group. Significant modulations were observed in the expression of cardiac-specific genes (gata4, myh6, tnT, cox1) and apoptosis signaling genes and proteins (HSP70, bax, bcl-2, caspase3), in the cotreatment group compared to the DM-exposed group. The current study suggests that ARE possesses potential cardioprotective properties that are effective in mitigating the toxic effects induced by DM via ameliorating oxidative stress, electrolyte imbalance, and apoptosis in tilapia.

Effect of hesperidin on deltamethrin toxicity in rat periodontal membrane

Aim: Deltamethrin (DM), a hydrophobic and lipophilic substance used for insect control, easily accumulates in the body, increasing ROS production and causing mucosal inflammation and damage. The aim of this study was to explore the prophylactic effects of hesperidin on DM toxicity in periodontal membrane. Methods: The study was conducted for 14 days on 21 male Wistar albino rats. The experimental animals were divided into three groups (n=7): The Sham group received 0.9% NaCl (1 mL). The deltamethrin group received 0.5 mg/kg DM (1 mL, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide). The deltamethrin + hesperidin group received DM (0.5 mg/kg) + hesperidin (100 mg/kg) (both drugs dissolved in 1 mL dimethyl sulfoxide). All treatments were administered daily via the orogastric route for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized by cervical dislocation, and biochemical and histological analyses were performed. Results: The biochemical tests showed significantly higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the deltamethrin group than in the Sham group. Combined application of hesperidin and deltamethrin resulted in significantly lower MDA levels in the deltamethrin + hesperidin group than in the deltamethrin group. Histopathological examination of the periodontal tissues of the deltamethrin group revealed cell degeneration at the alveolar bone-tooth junction, including atypical cells, irregularity in collagen fibers, dilatation and congestion of the blood vessels, and inflammatory cell infiltrates distributed in aggregate and solitary forms. The deltamethrin + hesperidin group showed substantially less cell degeneration. Conclusion: Hesperidin application helped alleviate deltamethrin toxicity by preventing oxidative stress and reducing cell degeneration. How to cite this article: İpek F, Deveci E, İpek P. Effect of hesperidin on deltamethrin toxicity in rat periodontal membrane. J Med Dent Invest 2023;4:e230332. https://doi.org/10.5577/jomdi.e230332 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Chronic exposure to low-dose deltamethrin can lead to colon tissue injury through PRDX1 inactivation-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress injury and gut microbial dysbiosis

ObjectiveTo date, it is unclear whether deltamethrin (DLM) intake causes damage to colon tissue. Hence, in this study, we aimed to clarify the effect of long-term exposure to low-dose DLM on colon tissues, and its potential mechanisms. MethodsMice were treated with DLM (0.2 mg/kg/day) or DLM combined with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) (50 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. Human colon cancer cells (HCT-116) were treated with DLM (0, 25, 50, or 100 µM), NAC (2 mM), or overexpression plasmids targeting peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) for 48 h. DLM was detected using a DLM rapid detection card. Colon injury was evaluated using haematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis was determined using immunofluorescence staining (IF), western blotting (WB) and flow cytometry (FC) assays. MitoTracker, JC-1, and glutathione (GSH) detection were used to detect mitochondrial oxidative stress. Intestinal flora were identified by 16 S rDNA sequencing. ResultsDLM accumulation was detected in the colon tissue and faeces of mice following long-term intragastric administration. Interestingly, our results showed that, even at a low dose, long-term intake of DLM resulted in severe weight loss and decreased the disease activity index scores and colon length. The results of IF, WB, and FC showed that DLM induced apoptosis in the colon tissue and cells. MitoTracker, JC-1, and GSH assays showed that DLM increased mitochondrial stress in colonic epithelial cells. Mechanistic studies have shown that increased mitochondrial stress and apoptosis are mediated by PRDX1 inhibition. Further experiments showed that PRDX1 overexpression significantly reduced DLM-induced oxidative stress injury and apoptosis. In addition, we observed that chronic exposure to DLM altered the composition of the intestinal flora in mice, including an increase in Odoribacter and Bacteroides and a decrease in Lactobacillus. The gut microbial richness decreased after DLM exposure in mice. Supplementation with NAC both in vivo and in vitro alleviated DLM-induced oxidative stress injury, colonic epithelial cell apoptosis, and gut microbial dysbiosis. ConclusionChronic exposure to DLM, even at small doses, can cause damage to the colon tissue, which cannot be ignored. The production and use of pesticides such as DLM should be strictly regulated during agricultural production.

Conventional Anthelmintic Concentration of Deltamethrin Immersion Disorder in the Gill Immune Responses of Crucian Carp.

Current treatment strategies for parasitic infectious diseases in crucian carp primarily rely on chemotherapy. As a commonly used antiparasitic agent, deltamethrin (DEL) may have the potential adverse effects on external mucosa of fish such as gills. In this study, 180 healthy juvenile crucian carp (Carassius auratus) (average weight: 8.8 ± 1.0 g) were randomly divided into three groups for 28 days, which were immersed in 0 μg/L, 0.3 μg/L, and 0.6 μg/L of DEL, respectively. The results of histological analysis revealed that severe hyperplasia in the secondary lamellae of gills was observed, and the number of goblet (mucus-secreting) cells increased significantly after DEL immersion. TUNEL staining indicated that the number of apoptotic cells increased in crucian carp gill. At the molecular level, the mRNA expression analysis revealed significant upregulation of apoptosis (caspase 3, caspase 8, and bax), autophagy (atg5 and beclin-1), and immune response (lzm, muc5, il-6, il-8, il-10, tnfα, ifnγ, tgfβ, tlr4, myd88, and nf-kb), whereas tight junction-related genes (occludin and claudin12) were downregulated after DEL immersion, suggesting that DEL immersion altered innate immunity responses and promoted mucus secretion. Moreover, tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics revealed that a total of 428 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) contained 341 upregulated DEPs and 87 downregulated DEPs with function annotation were identified between the control and DEL groups. Functional analyses revealed that the DEPs were enriched in apoptotic process, phagosome, and lysosome pathways. Additionally, DEL immersion also drove gill microbiota to dysbiosis and an increase in potentially harmful bacteria such as Flavobacterium. Overall, this study showed that DEL elicited shifts in the immune response and changes in the surface microbiota of fish. These results provide new perspectives on the conventional anthelmintic concentration of DEL immersion disorder of the gill immune microenvironment in crucian carp and theoretical support for future optimization of their practical application.

High-Dose Deltamethrin Induces Developmental Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans via IRE-1.

Deltamethrin (DM), a Type II pyrethroid, is widely used worldwide in agriculture, household applications, and medicine. Recent studies have shown that DM exerts a variety of toxic effects on organs such as the kidney, heart muscle, and nerves in animals. However, little is known about the effects of high-dose DM on growth and development, and the mechanism of toxicity remains unclear. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans model, we found that high-dose DM caused a delay in nematode development. Our results showed that high-dose DM reduced the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPRER). Further studies revealed that high-dose DM-induced developmental toxicity and reduced capacity for UPRER activation were associated with the IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway. Our results provide new evidence for the developmental toxicity of DM and new insights into the mechanism of DM toxicity.

Efficient Removal of Deltamethrin from Aqueous Solutions Using a Novel Lanthanum Metal-Organic Framework: Adsorption Models and Optimization via Box-Behnken Design.

Eliminating pesticides is essential for lowering the dangers to our environment. To do this effectively, it is crucial to find adsorbents with remarkable adsorption capacities, easy retrieval, and separation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively recognized for their exceptional ability to absorb pollutants. Therefore, we used novel lanthanum metal-organic frameworks (La-MOFs) to eliminate deltamethrin (DEL) from aqueous solutions. We proved through experimentation that the La-MOF is an efficient adsorbent for DEL from water. A study of the material revealed that the adsorbent had a surface area of 952.96 m2 per gram and a pore volume of 1.038 cm3/g. These outcomes show how this substance can absorb particles. Utilizing kinetic models and conforming to the pseudo-second-order model, a thorough analysis of the efficiency of DEL adsorption onto La-MOF was conducted. To create a perfectly tailored approach, we utilized many parameters. The synthetic La-MOF adsorbent may undergo up to five steps of adsorption-desorption and has exceptional cyclability and reusability. To confirm purifying wastewater samples in the laboratory, the presentation of the established adsorbent was evaluated. For the management of industrial effluent and water filtration, the La-MOF adsorbent offered a simple and effective solution. Our investigation suggests that the method we describe for removing DEL from wastewater samples using the La-MOF adsorbent is unique.

Acaricides resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus and expression profile of ABC-transporter genes in the sampled populations

Currently, livestock owners manage tick infestations using chemicals, but the method is increasingly losing effectiveness as resistant tick populations have established in the field conditions. Thus, to develop effective tick management strategies, monitoring of resistance in most predominant tick species, Rhipicephalus microplus was targeted. The ticks were collected from eleven districts of Madhya Pradesh and one district of Punjab and tested against deltamethrin (DLM), cypermethrin (CYP), coumaphos (CMP), ivermectin (IVM) and fipronil (FIP), through adult immersion and larval packet tests. The field isolates were highly resistant to DLM [Resistance factor (RF) = 3.98–38.84]. Against CYP, resistance was observed in BWN (Barwani; RF = 2.81) and MND (Mandsaur; RF = 3.23) isolates. Surprisingly, most of the isolates were susceptible to CMP (0.34–1.58). Emerging level of resistance against IVM (1.05–4.98) and FIP (0.40–2.18) was also observed in all the isolates. Significantly elevated production of esterases (p < 0.01) was 90% correlated with RF of DLM while no positive correlation between production of monooxygenase and Glutathione S-transferase with RF to DLM was noted. Multiple sequence analysis of S4-5 linker region of the sodium channel gene of all the isolates revealed a point mutation at 190th position (C190A) which is associated with DLM resistance. Treatment of resistant LDH (Ludhiana) isolate with IVM resulted in upregulation of RmABCC2 gene and insignificant upregulation of RmABCC1 and RmABCB10 genes indicating the probability of linking IVM resistance with over-expression of RmABCC2 gene. The possible tick management strategies are discussed.

Toxicological effect of endocrine disrupting insecticide (deltamethrin) on enzymatical, haematological and histopathological changes in the freshwater iridescent shark, Pangasius hypothalamus

This study investigated the deltamethrin (DMN) induced harmful effects on Pangasius hypophthalmus using enzymatic activity, haematological, and histopathological changes. LC50 value was 0.021 mg/L at 96 h, and sublethal toxicity was tested for 45 days at two `concentrations (i.e., 1/5th and 1/10th of LC50). Haematological parameters and enzymatic activities significantly changed between DMN-exposed and control groups (p < 0.05). Histopathologically, both DMN doses induced liver hyperemia, hepatic cell rupture, necrosis, hypertrepheoid bile duct, shifting nuclei, vascular haemorrhage, and hepatocyte degeneration, while in gill, secondary lamellae destruction, a fusion of adjacent gill lamellae, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, adhesion, and fusion were noticed. Kidney developed melanomacrophages, increased periglomerular and peritubular space, vacuolation, decreased glomerulus, hyaline droplets in tubular cells, loss of tubular epithelium, distal convoluted segment hypertrophy, and granular layer in brain pyramid and Purkinje cell nucleus. But, limiting pesticide impacts on freshwater fish and their habitat requires a holistic, cradle-to-grave approach and toxicological studies.

Kinetics of uptake and depuration of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides in manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum).

Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (SPIs) are frequently detected in water bodies and sediments, and they show high toxicity to aquatic organisms, but their toxicity kinetics remain unknown. In this work, the kinetics of uptake and depuration of three SPIs, fenpropathrin (FP), cypermethrin (CM) and deltamethrin (DM) were evaluated in manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) for the first time through a bioconcentration-semi-static test. Clams were exposed to three SPIs of different concentrations (2 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL) for 4 days, followed by a 10-day depuration stage. The results indicated that adult manila clams could absorb SPIs rapidly, and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of SPIs were different at high and low concentrations of contaminants. The depuration rate constants (k2) of SPIs in adult manila clams ranged from 0.024 h-1 to 0.037 h-1. The bioaccumulation factors ranged from 319.41 to 574.38. And the half-lives (t1/2) were in the range of 18.49 to 29.22 h. These results showed that manila clams have a high bioconcentration capacity, and SPIs have a high cumulative risk for bivalves. Moreover, after 10 days of elimination, SPIs can still be detected in manila clams at all concentrations, indicating that the complete elimination of SPIs required a longer time.

Systematic evaluation of the toxicological effects of deltamethrin exposure in zebrafish larvae

Deltamethrin (DM) is a widely used pesticide and has been generally detected in aquatic systems. To systematically investigate the toxic effects, zebrafish embryos were treated with various concentrations of DM for 120 h. The LC50 was determined to be 102 μg L−1. Lethal concentrations of DM induced severe morphological defects in the surviving individuals. Under non-lethal concentrations, DM suppressed the development of neurons in the larvae, which was associated with the reduction in locomotor activity. DM exposure induced cardiovascular toxicity, including suppressed growth of blood vessels and enhanced heart rates. DM also disrupted the development of bones in the larvae. Moreover, liver degeneration, apoptosis and oxidative stress were observed in the larvae treated with DM. Correspondingly, the transcriptional levels of the genes related to the toxic effects were altered by DM. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study provided evidence that DM showed multiple toxic effects on aquatic organisms.

Rosmarinic Acid Ameliorates Deltamethrin Induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity

Aim: Deltamethrin (DM) is an insecticide and is widely used around the world. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is found in herbs and spices in the Lamiaceae (mint) family and has antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. We objective to examine the protecting efficacy of Rosmarinic acid in preventing the toxic effects of Deltamethrin. Material and Methods: In ours study we used 28 male rats. Group 1: Control group, Group 2: RA group, RA was given 20 mg/kg peroral (p.o.) for 7 days, Group 3: DM group, 35 mg/kg/dose of DM was given 24 hours before sacrification as a single dose by gavage, Group 4: RA+ DM group. Results: BUN, creatinine, AST and ALT values of the RA+DM group were lower than the DM group. TAS and TOS grades were higher in the DM group matched to the RA+DM group. The damage scores of the DM group were higher aacording as those of the RA+DM group. Conclusion: RA has been shown to have predicative influence in the therapy of deltamethrin-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.

Early-Life Exposure to Commercial Formulation Containing Deltamethrin and Cypermethrin Insecticides Impacts Redox System and Induces Unexpected Regional Effects in Rat Offspring Brain.

Several studies have shown that the oxidative impact of pesticides is most prevalent in rural environments where they are intensively used. At different levels, pyrethroids are reported to promote neurodegeneration; they share the ability to promote oxidative stress, and to induce mitochondrial impairments, α-synuclein overexpression and neuronal cell loss. The present study evaluates the impact of early-life exposure to a commercial formulation containing deltamethrin (DM) and cypermethrin (CYP) at a dose of 1/100 LD50 (1.28 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively). Rats aged 30 days old, treated from the 6th to the 21st day of life, were tested for brain antioxidant activity and α-synuclein levels. Four regions of the brain were analyzed: the striatum, cerebellum, cortex and hippocampus. Our data demonstrated a significant increase in catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) antioxidant levels in the brain regions compared to the controls. Pups exhibited no significant changes in protein carbonyl levels and lipid peroxidation. Striatal α-synuclein expression was significantly reduced in the rats exposed to DM + CYP, while the treatment resulted in a non-significant increase in the other brain areas. These findings indicate unexpected effects of postnatal treatment with the commercial formulation containing DM and CYP on brain redox state and α-synuclein expression, suggesting an adaptive response.

In vitro study of deltamethrin-induced extracellular traps in hemocytes of Ruditapes philippinarum

Deltamethrin (DLM), a broad-spectrum pesticide, has been proven to have toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Here, we detected the formation of extracellular traps (ETosis) formation in Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) hemocytes stimulated by three concentrations of DLM (0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg/mL) in vitro, and explored the underlying mechanisms induced by this pesticide. Extracellular DNA structure observation and quantitative results indicated that DLM exposure could obviously induce hemocytes ETosis, especially under high concentration of DLM induction. Moreover, DLM increased the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a dose-dependent manner, and enhanced the mRNA expression of several ROS-related genes. DPI (NADPH oxidase inhibitor) and ABAH (MPO inhibitor) could substantially inhibit DLM-induced extracellular traps (ETs), suggesting that the induced ETs release was caused by the induction of the ROS burst and MPO production. In addition, three concentrations of DLM-induced ETs were also accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, such as increasing the production of mitochondrial ROS, leading to a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and activation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Taken together, these results will shed new light on the immunotoxicity of DLM in clams and perhaps lays the foundation for health assessment in bivalves.

Development of insecticide-impregnated polyester/cotton blend fabric and assessment of their repellent characteristics against Cimex lectularius and dengue vectors Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti

BackgroundPersonal protection measures using insecticide-treated fabric is one of the most effective strategies to prevent the bites of hematophagous insects. Many countries have had success treating fabrics with pyrethroids on an individual level.MethodsIn the current study, a new combination of insecticides, alpha-cypermethrin (ACP) and deltamethrin (DET), has been impregnated on fabric composed of a 50:50 blend of polyester and cotton. Residual and morphological analysis was performed along with the evaluation of physical parameters. Biological evaluations were performed to check the repellency, knockdown, and mortality of insecticide-impregnated fabric (IIF) against bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) using Petri plate assay and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) using cone bioassay.ResultsThe results showed the repellency of IIF to be 56.6% for C. lectularius and a knockdown percentage of 53.3% and 63.3% for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, respectively. A > 80% mortality was found for both species of mosquitoes up to 20 cycles of washing with no significant difference (P > 0.05). From high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the reduction in the contents of ACP and DET after subsequent washes can be correlated with the overall decrease in bioefficacy. ACP and DET remaining in unit gram of fabric after 20 wash cycles were found to be 5.4 mg and 3.1 mg, respectively. By examining the fabric’s surface morphology using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and utilizing energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis, it was possible to identify the presence of insecticides that were adhered to the fabric. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed distinctive endothermic peak of insecticide at 98.3 ºC, whereas no change in thermal behavior was observed from thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the physical attributes of IIF provide conclusive evidence for its firmness.ConclusionAll experimental findings were consistent with the potential use of IIF as a bed bug- and mosquito-repellent fabric to be used against hematophagous infestations. This fabric can serve as a potential strategy to control vector-borne diseases like dengue, malaria, trench fever, etc.Graphical

Chitosan nanoparticles modified TLC-densitometry for determination of imidacloprid and deltamethrin residues in plants: greenness assessment

Two thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods have been developed for the determination of pesticides residues of imidacloprid (IMD) and deltamethrin (DLM) in thyme and guava leaves. In the two methods, the used stationary phase was silica gel 60 F254 plates impregnated in chitosan nanoparticles (ChTNPs) 0.5% to improve separation using a green developing system consists of isopropyl alcohol for IMD and n-hexane-toluene-ethylacetate for DLM. The two pesticides were determined quantitatively, after TLC separation, at wavelengths 270.0 nm for IMD and 230.0 nm for DLM. Validation of both approaches was carried out in agreement with the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and found to be selective, reliable and reproducible. Limits of detection of IMD and DLM were 0.002 and 0.00116 μg/spot, respectively. The newly developed TLC methods were used to monitor the pre-harvest interval estimation. Analytical eco-scaling depending on penalty points for IMD was calculated and showed that this method was eco-friendlier than the reported one.Graphical

Analytical assessment of modulated electric flux triggered degradation of chlorfenapyr and deltamethrin pesticides in guava fruits

The purpose of this study was to explore the new effective method and investigate the dissipation of chlorfenapyr and deltamethrin (DM) pesticides used in the treatment of guava fruit from tropical and sub-tropical areas of Pakistan. Five different solutions of varying concentrations of pesticides were prepared. This study involved the in-vitro and in-vivo analysis of modulated electric flux-triggered degradation as an efficient method for the safer degradation of selected pesticides. The Taser gun was used as a tool for providing different numbers of electrical shocks of million voltages to the pesticides present in guava fruit at different temperatures. The degraded pesticides were extracted and analyzed by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC chromatograms verified that significant dissipation of pesticides took place when these were exposed to 9 shocks at 37 °C, which proved the efficiency of this degradation method. More than 50% of the total spray of both pesticides was dissipated. Thus, modulated electrical flux-triggered degradation is one of the effective methods for pesticide degradation.

Effects of prenatal pesticide exposure on the fetal brain and placenta transcriptomes in a rodent model

Organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides are among the most extensively used insecticides worldwide. Prenatal exposures to both classes of pesticides have been linked to a wide range of neurobehavioral deficits in the offspring. The placenta is a neuroendocrine organ and the crucial regulator of the intrauterine environment; early-life toxicant exposures could impact neurobehavior by disrupting placental processes. Female C57BL/6 J mice were exposed via oral gavage to an organophosphate, chlorpyrifos (CPF) at 5 mg/kg, a pyrethroid, deltamethrin (DM), at 3 mg/kg, or vehicle only control (CTL). Exposure began two weeks before breeding and continued every three days until euthanasia at gestational day 17. The transcriptomes of fetal brain (CTL n = 18, CPF n = 6, DM n = 8) and placenta (CTL n = 19, CPF n = 16, DM n = 12) were obtained through RNA sequencing, and resulting data was evaluated using weighted gene co-expression networks, differential expression, and pathway analyses. Fourteen brain gene co-expression modules were identified; CPF exposure disrupted the module related to ribosome and oxidative phosphorylation, whereas DM disrupted the modules related to extracellular matrix and calcium signaling. In the placenta, network analyses revealed 12 gene co-expression modules. While CPF exposure disrupted modules related to endocytosis, Notch and Mapk signaling, DM exposure dysregulated modules linked to spliceosome, lysosome and Mapk signaling pathways. Overall, in both tissues, CPF exposure impacted oxidative phosphorylation, while DM was linked to genes involved in spliceosome and cell cycle. The transcription factor Max involved in cell proliferation was overexpressed by both pesticides in both tissues. In summary, gestational exposure to two different classes of pesticide can induce similar pathway-level transcriptome changes in the placenta and the brain; further studies should investigate if these changes are linked to neurobehavioral impairments.

Determination and analysis of pesticide residues in fieldgrown and greenhouse-grown tomatoes using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

The present study aimed to extract pesticide residues in the field and greenhouse-grown tomatoes and homemade paste based on the (QuEChERS) method before being determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The mean difference in percentage reduction of deltamethrin (DLM) and acetamiprid (ACT) in raw tomatoes of greenhouse-grown was obtained at 91.42 and 90.00%, respectively, which was insignificantly more than filed condition (84.91% and 86.34%). Maximum reduction percentages of the DLM in paste under greenhouse and field tomato conditions were achieved by more than 95.86% and 93.11%, respectively. The residual concentration of both DLM (91.42%) and ACT (90.00%) in the greenhouse decreased more than the field (84.91% and 86.34%), respectively. Abamectin(ABA) reached below the MRL in a shorter time after spraying (2 days). Considering the pre-harvest interval (PHI) period of deltamethrin and abamectin can reach their residual concentration to the MRL in both conditions, which were determined by LC-MS. According to the results of the current study, 7 and 5 days can be suggested as the PHI period of the acetamiprid for field and greenhouse-grown tomatoes, respectively. Therefore, using pesticides in the proper dosage, considering appropriate PHI, and harvesting can reduce their residues in agricultural products.

Processes involved in biochemical response to pesticides by lizard Podarcis siculus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810) – A field study

Although reptiles are non-target organisms of pesticide applications, their ecological niche and trophic role suggest that the use of these compounds in agriculture can have toxicological effects on them. Our recent field study on Italian wall lizard Podarcis siculus in hazelnut orchards evidenced that the use of pesticides-mixtures, consisting of thiophanate-methyl (TM), tebuconazole (TEB), deltamethrin (DM), lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT), besides copper sulphate, induced an increase of the total antioxidant capacity toward hydroxyl radicals and caused DNA damage; however, it did not cause neurotoxicity, and did not induce the glutathione-S-transferases' activities. These results raised some questions which were answered in this study by carrying out analyses on 4 biomarkers and 5 chemical substances in the tissues of non-target organisms coming from treated fields: cytochrome P450, catalase, total glutathione, and malondialdehyde, TM, TEB, DM, LCT and Cu. Our results highlighted a partial accumulation of different chemicals, the involvement of two important mechanisms of defence, and some cellular damages after exposure to the considered pesticides. In details, 1) LCT and DM were not accumulated in lizard muscle, copper remained at basal levels, whereas TM and TEB were uptaken with a partial metabolization of TM; 2) the cytochrome P450 and the catalase were involved in lizard biochemical responses to pesticides-mixtures used for “conventional” farming treatment; 3) “conventional” treatment with pesticides caused damage to lipids, besides DNA, probably related to the excess of hydroxyl radicals.

One pot chemical co-precipitation preparation of magnetic graphene oxide-deltamethrin nanoformulations for management of Aedes aegypti

Aedes-borne diseases are of worldwide concern due to the lack of effective medicine and vaccination. Frequent use of chemical intervention has developed insecticide resistance in mosquitoes and posed health risks to humans and the environment, necessitating an effective and safer intervention. Graphene Oxide (GO) is an efficient material that can absorb pesticide particles and release pesticide macromolecules in a controlled manner. With the proposition that magnetic graphene oxide (MGO)-based nanoformulations can be an eco-safe and effective material for pesticide conjugation, the present study synthesized these nanoformulations conjugated with a pyrethroid, deltamethrin (DL) through chemical co-precipitation method. The formulations were validated using biophysical techniques and investigated for their efficacy against Aedes aegypti. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of nanocomposites showed six intense diffraction peaks of Fe3O4 particles, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) displayed the C1s, O1s, and Fe2p photoelectron lines in the MGO nanocomposite's spectra, while Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) revealed the small size and uniformity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the GO surface. The individual MGO and DL, as well as MGO-DL binary combinations (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) imparted significant larval toxicity, demonstrating 30%, 50%, and 85% CTC (Co-toxicity coefficient), respectively. High corresponding Synergistic factor (SF) values indicated significant synergism increasing with the rise in deltamethrin proportion. The MGO-DL combinations also increased irritancy and flight response in adults, the notable synergistic effects imparted by the 1:3 combination. The effective actions of MGO-DL nanoformulations against mosquitoes suggest their possible use for mosquito management as a safer and more operative intervention.