Delphinidin-3-glucoside Research Articles

Identification of Anthocyanins Isolated from Black Bean Canning Wastewater by Macroporous Resin Using Optimized Conditions

Anthocyanins from black bean canning wastewater were isolated and purified on a laboratory scale by column chromatography, and then identified by high performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Dynamic adsorption and desorption were performed in glass columns packed with Sepabead Sp700 to optimize the purification process. Different temperatures during adsorption and desorption (25℃and 35℃) did not significantly affect the adsorption and desorption ratio. The adsorption ratio was significantly reduced when the flow rate increased from 1.5 mL/min to 2.5 mL/min. However, desorption ratio was not affected by flow rate (from 1.5 mL/min to 0.3 mL/min). Ethanol concentration (from 30% to 60%) was not a significant factor for desorption ratio. Four kinds of anthocyanins were identified in black bean canning wastewater. The major anthocyanins were delphinidin 3-glucoside, petunidin 3glucoside and maldvidin 3-glucoside, with a small amount of petunidin 3, 5-diglucoside also present.

The Effect of LED light combination on the anthocyanin expression of lettuce

Abstract This study conducted twice the growing of lettuce in DFT system and aeroponics method with different light combinations. (1) Deep flow technique system(DFT) : The lettuce was grown in DFT system and taken image. Then image analysis and absorbance was analyzed to know the correlation. (2) Aeroponics system : From the image of grown lettuce and HPLC, the contents of the major functional elements of anthocyanin - cyanidin-3-glucoside(C3G), peonidin-3-glucoside(P3G), and delphinidin-3-glucoside(D3G) - were measured. As a result, it turned out that in the light combination of red 53: blue 47, red 58: blue 42, the content of D3G was the highest. Through the twice experiments, the content of anthocyanin may be estimated based on the imaging data to some extent. This study shows that blue light has significant effects on the development of anthocyanin.

Anthocyanins block ischemia-induced apoptosis in the perfused heart and support mitochondrial respiration potentially by reducing cytosolic cytochrome c

Anthocynanins, found in fruits and vegetables, have a variety of protective properties, which have generally been attributed to their antioxidant capacity. However, antioxidants are generally strong reductants, and some reductants have been found to block apoptosis by reducing cytosolic cytochrome c, which prevents caspase activation. We tested the ability of various anthocyanins: to reduce cytochrome c, to support cytochrome c-induced mitochondrial respiration and to inhibit apoptosis induced by heart ischemia. Anthocyanins such as delphinidin-3-glucoside (Dp3G) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy3G) were able to reduce cytochrome c directly and rapidly, whereas pelargonidin-3-glucoside (Pg3G), malvinidin-3-glucoside (Mv3G) and peonidin-3-glucoside (Pn3G) had relatively low cytochrome c reducing activities. Dp3G and Cy3G but not Pg3G supported mitochondrial state 4 respiration in the presence of exogenous cytochrome c. Pre-perfusion of hearts with 20μM Cy3G but not Pg3G prevented ischemia-induced caspase activation. This suggests that the ability of anthocyanins to block caspase activation may be due to their ability to reduce cytosolic cytochrome c. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Bioenergetic dysfunction, adaptation and therapy.

Jaboticaba peel: Antioxidant compounds, antiproliferative and antimutagenic activities

This paper reports on the anthocyanin and antioxidant contents, an the ‘in vitro’ antiproliferative and ‘in vivo’ mutagenic/antimutagenic activities of freeze-dried jaboticaba peel (JP). According to the proximate composition, JP showed a high dietary fiber content. The identification and quantification of the JP anthocyanins was carried out by HPLC-PDA and LC–MS/MS, which revealed the presence of two compounds: delphinidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside (634.75 and 1963.57mg 100g−1 d. w., respectively). JP showed a strong antioxidant potential: 25,514.24±3037μM TEg−1, 45.38±0.50μgmL−1 and 9458±97μM TEACg−1, for ORAC, DPPH and ABTS, respectively. The polar JP extract demonstrated antiproliferative effects against leukemia (K-562), and the non-polar extract was the most active against prostate cancer cell (PC-3), according to the antiproliferative assay. The micronucleus test in mice demonstrated that the polar JP extract induced no DNA damage and hence it showed no cytotoxic properties on mice bone marrow cells and caused no mutagenic effects.

Biochemical, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of pomegranate fruits growing in Southern Italy (Salento, Apulia)

Four ecotypes of pomegranate fruits growing in the Salento area were characterized for their content in terms of total phenols, sugars, organic acids, anthocyanins, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The results showed that in the fruit juice the amount of phenols ranged between 0.8–1.7 g l−1; the content in terms of simple sugars was about 140 g l−1, while the amount of citric and malic acids ranged between 1.4–13.3 and 0.8–7.7 g l−1, respectively. Seven anthocyanin pigments were found; these were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively by HPLC-DAD-MS and identified as delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-arabinoside. The antioxidant activity, determined as DPPH scavenger and TEAC, ranged between 17.2 and 39.1% and between 9 and 19 μmol Trolox per ml of juice, respectively. All the pomegranate juices showed an anti-inflammatory activity (measured by COX inhibit...

EVALUATION OF BERRY QUALITY TRAITS IN F1 PROGENY DERIVED FROM THE CROSS 'MUSCAT HAMBURG' × 'SUGRAONE SEEDLESS' (VITIS VINIFERA)

The common objective of most grape breeding programs is to produce locally adapted, high yielding cultivars with a quality that is suited for the intended use, with special emphasis on the time of ripening, colour, sugar and acid content, special aromas, as well as loose clusters and big berries. In this paper, the berries from a population of 93 plants derived from controlled crosses between the cultivars 'Muscat Hamburg' (MH, female progenitor) and 'Sugraone' (SS, male progenitor) are characterised. MH berries are dark violet, small and soft, with seeds and an intense muscat taste. On the other hand, SS is a very early maturing seedless cultivar with yellow crispy berries. For the table grape progeny, 93 hybrids were established under production and three replications of each hybrid were collected and evaluated during the 2005 and 2006 seasons. The parameters considered were: total and individual anthocyanin monoglucosides (delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside and malvidin 3-glucoside), sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) and organic acids (tartaric and malic acids). The results were analysed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test in order to determine the type of distribution. The parametric Student test and non-parametric Wilconson test were applied to detect the year effect on metabolite concentrations. Spearman and Pearson tests were used for correlation analysis. Glucose, fructose, tartaric and malic acids followed a normal distribution, while total and individual anthocyanins and sucrose followed a non-normal distribution during the two years of study. Significant inter-annual differences were found between the values for the two years for cyanidin-3-glucoside, glucose, fructose, sucrose and malic acid. Finally, statistically significant correlation (p<0.001) between both years was observed for all the parameters, except glucose and fructose concentration.

Physico-chemical characteristics of juice extracted by blender and mechanical press from pomegranate cultivars grown in Georgia

Pomegranate juice is consumed widely for its possible health benefits. The aril juice from 15 pomegranate cultivars grown in Georgia were analysed for juice yield based on fresh weight (FW) and physico-chemical properties, using blender and mechanical press extraction. Blender had a higher juice yield (42.04% FW) compared to mechanical press (38.05% FW). Total phenolics and antioxidant capacity was determined by Folin–Ciocalteau method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays, respectively. Total monomeric anthocyanins were determined by pH differential method and RP-HPLC. The major anthocyanin was delphinidin 3-glucoside. High negative and significant (p ⩽ 0.05) correlations were found between pH and titratable acidity (TA). The total soluble solids content (TSS) averaged 15.59 in blender and 14.94 °Brix in mechanical press. Chemical analysis of juice showed significant differences among cultivars and extraction methods. Overall, blender was more efficient than mechanical press juice extraction.

Influence of Delphinidin-3-glucoside on Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Cultured Endothelial Cells

Increased oxidative stress and apoptosis were detected in atherosclerotic lesions. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oLDL) may induce oxidative stress and apoptosis via multiple pathways in vascular endothelial cells (EC). Delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G), an anthocyanidin glycan enriched in dark-skin berries, may neutralize those effects of oLDL in EC. The present study demonstrated that oLDL increased the generation of intracellular NADPH-dependent superoxide and impaired redox status in cultured porcine aortic EC (PAEC). The activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I-IV and the contents of NADH dehydrogenase (ND)1, ND6 (complex I enzyme subunits), or cytochrome b (complex III enzyme subunit) were significantly reduced in PAEC treated with oLDL compared to controls. Treatment with oLDL significantly increased the abundances of NADPH oxidase (NOX)2, NOX4, and p22phox in PAEC. oLDL reduced cell viability and the protein content of B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, but increased the content of caspase 3 in PAEC. Co-treatment with D3G prevented oLDL-induced increases in intracellular superoxide or in the protein content of NOX2, NOX4, p22phox, or caspase 3, inhibited the impairment of redox statues or cell viability, and prevented the attenuation of mitochondrial enzyme activities and the reductions of Bcl-2, ND1, or cytochrome b contents in PAEC. The findings suggest that oLDL induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in EC, which was associated with the activation of NOX, the impairment of mitochondrial respiration chain enzymes, and the disorder of key regulators for apoptosis. D3G neutralized the harmful effects of oLDL on oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in cultured vascular EC.

Characterization of Antioxidant Capacity from Fruits with Distinct Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathways

The antioxidant capacity of individual anthocyanins is well established. Less information is available however, about the relative contribution to which specific anthocyanins in a complex mixture affect total antioxidant capacity in different soft fruit sources; especially those that share a similar pathway for anthocyanin synthesis. The objectives of this work were to compare the antioxidant capacity of two different soft fruits, blackcurrant and grape, which share similarities in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways but are composed of distinctly different anthocyanin profiles. Anthocyanin composition profiles of grape and blackcurrant were characterized by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HPLC). ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) and ABTS (2,2’-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) assays were used for antioxidant activity quantification. An anthocyanin antioxidant capacity index (AACI) was derived from the product of antioxidant (ORAC) activity for each of major anthocyanins present in blackcurrant and grape, and the sum of anthocyanins recovered from purified fruit extracts to determine the extent that the total antioxidant activity derived from different anthocyanin combinations. Blackcurrant contained four predominant anthocyanins, cyanidin3-glucoside (Cy3G), delphinidin3-glucoside (Dp3G), cyanidin3-rutinoside (Cy3R), and delphinidin3- rutinoside (Dp3R). Major anthocyanins found in grape were malvidin3-glucoside (Mv3G), Dp3G, Cy3G, petunidin3-glucoside (Pt3G), and peonidin3-glucoside (Pn3G). A greater (p<0.05) total antioxidant capacity existed for blackcurrant compared to grape when measured by ORAC and ABTS methods. An antioxidant synergy was confirmed for blackcurrant and wind grape thus indicating that this phenomenon is a factor for characterizing total antioxidant activity in both blackcurrant and wine grape.

Genetic mechanisms underlying the methylation level of anthocyanins in grape (Vitis vinifera L.).

BackgroundPlant color variation is due not only to the global pigment concentration but also to the proportion of different types of pigment. Variation in the color spectrum may arise from secondary modifications, such as hydroxylation and methylation, affecting the chromatic properties of pigments. In grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), the level of methylation modifies the stability and reactivity of anthocyanin, which directly influence the color of the berry. Anthocyanin methylation, as a complex trait, is controlled by multiple molecular factors likely to involve multiple regulatory steps.ResultsIn a Syrah × Grenache progeny, two QTLs were detected for variation in level of anthocyanin methylation. The first one, explaining up to 27% of variance, colocalized with a cluster of Myb-type transcription factor genes. The second one, explaining up to 20% of variance, colocalized with a cluster of O-methyltransferase coding genes (AOMT). In a collection of 32 unrelated cultivars, MybA and AOMT expression profiles correlated with the level of methylated anthocyanin. In addition, the newly characterized AOMT2 gene presented two SNPs associated with methylation level. These mutations, probably leading to a structural change of the AOMT2 protein significantly affected the enzyme specific catalytic efficiency for the 3'-O-methylation of delphinidin 3-glucoside.ConclusionWe demonstrated that variation in methylated anthocyanin accumulation is susceptible to involve both transcriptional regulation and structural variation. We report here the identification of novel AOMT variants likely to cause methylated anthocyanin variation. The integration of QTL mapping and molecular approaches enabled a better understanding of how variation in gene expression and catalytic efficiency of the resulting enzyme may influence the grape anthocyanin profile.

Anthocyanins, pigment stability and antioxidant activity in jabuticaba [Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg

Different solvents were evaluated for the extraction of jabuticaba anthocyanin pigments, identifying, quantifying and verifying the stability of the anthocyanins, as well as the conduction of three antioxidant activity assays and determination of the vitamin C levels. The maceration with ethanol acidified with HCl 1.5 mol L-1 (85:15) provides better pigment extraction and stability. The skin is anthocyanin rich, presenting 1.59 and 2.06 g 100 g-1 of dry matter in the Paulista and Sabará varieties, respectively. Cyanidin 3-glucoside is the majority pigment of the skins, followed by delphinidin 3-glucoside. The highest level of vitamin C was found in the skins and seeds of both varieties. It was verified that the skins, presented more antioxidant activity, in free radical capture, as well as in retarding the lipid oxidation process.

Effect of frozen storage on the anthocyanins and phenolic components of pomegranate juice

Pomegranate juice's valuable nutritional components may be reduced during its processing or storage. This work examined the effect of frozen storage at -25°C on some chemical characteristics of pomegranate juice. Total anthocyanin content of pomegranate juice, which was measured using the pH differential method, decreased by 11% after 20days of frozen storage. Phenolic components, measured using a Folin and Ciocalteu assay by means of a UV-vis spectrophotometer, decreased by 29% after 20days of frozen storage. Antioxidant activity, measured based on the radical scavenging properties of the juice using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method, decreased by 50% after 20days of frozen storage. Pomegranate juice has 5 major anthocyanins, including Cyanidin 3-glucoside, Cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, Delphinidin 3-glucoside, Pelargonidin 3-glucoside and Pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside are 5 major anthocyanins of pomegranate juice. They were measured using the LC-MS method and results showed that Pelargonidin 3,5- diglucoside had the greatest decrease. Also, the LC-MS method showed that ellagic acid decreased by 15%.

Exceptionally Fast Uptake and Metabolism of Cyanidin 3-Glucoside by Rat Kidneys and Liver

To asses the hypothesis that anthocyanins are rapidly taken up from the blood into tissues, where they accumulate up to their bioactivity threshold, an intravenous dose of cyanidin 3-glucoside (1) was administered to anaesthetized rats. Cyanidin 3-glucoside (1) and its metabolites were analyzed in the plasma, kidneys, liver, urine, and bile, using last-generation mass spectrometry. Compound 1 was found to rapidly disappear from plasma (t/2=0.36 min). As soon as 15 s after its administration, both 1 and its methylation product, peonidin 3-glucoside (2), were detected in the plasma, kidneys, and liver. At 1 min, both 1 and 2 had almost disappeared from the plasma, but attained their peak concentrations in the kidneys and in the liver. Compound 2 was rapidly excreted both in the bile and in the urine. Three additional methylated metabolites were detected in traces, namely, delphinidin 3-glucoside (3), petunidin 3-glucoside (4), and malvidin 3-glucoside (5). These data contribute to solving the paradox of the high bioactivity of anthocyanins in spite of their apparent low bioavailability.

Characterization and Quantification of Polyphenols in Amazon Grape (Pourouma cecropiifolia Martius)

The phenolic profile of Amazon grape fruit (Pourouma cecropiifolia Martius) was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). For this purpose, suitable extraction and liquid chromatographic methods were developed. Anthocyanins, flavonols and chlorogenic acids were found mainly in the peel. Besides the main anthocyanins, i.e. delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-(6"-malonyl)glucoside, several minor anthocyanins were identified in the peel. Among these, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-(3"-malonyl)glucoside, malvidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside and petunidin 3-glucoside were characterized on the basis of their fragmentation patterns in MS/MS experiments. The total anthocyanin content in the peel was 420.26±3.07 mg kg(-1) fresh weight. The pulp contained mainly 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (210.39±3.43 mg kg(-1) fresh weight). Rutin was the predominant flavonol found in Amazon grape (peel 155.45 ± 2.06 mg kg(-1) fresh weight and pulp 2.64±1.21 mg kg(-1) fresh weight). Total polyphenols content was higher in the peel than in the pulp.

Characterization and Quantification of Polyphenols in Amazon Grape (Pourouma cecropiifolia Martius)

The phenolic profile of Amazon grape fruit (Pourouma cecropiifolia Martius) was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). For this purpose, suitable extraction and liquid chromatographic methods were developed. Anthocyanins, flavonols and chlorogenic acids were found mainly in the peel. Besides the main anthocyanins, i.e. delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-(6”-malonyl)glucoside, several minor anthocyanins were identified in the peel. Among these, cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-(3”-malonyl)glucoside, malvidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside and petunidin 3-glucoside were characterized on the basis of their fragmentation patterns in MS/MS experiments. The total anthocyanin content in the peel was 420.26 ± 3.07 mg kg-1 fresh weight. The pulp contained mainly 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (210.39 ± 3.43 mg kg-1 fresh weight). Rutin was the predominant flavonol found in Amazon grape (peel 155.45 ± 2.06 mg kg-1 fresh weight and pulp 2.64 ± 1.21 mg kg-1 fresh weight). Total polyphenols content was higher in the peel than in the pulp.

Evolution of anthocyanin profile from grape to wine

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims&lt;/strong&gt;: This study aimed at acquiring knowledge of the evolution of anthocyanins from grape to wine and the possibility of deducing the varietal origin of a wine from its anthocyanin profile.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods and results&lt;/strong&gt;: The anthocyanin « fingerprint », or profile, of a series of autochthonous Sicilian accessions and their respective young wines was determined by HPLC-DAD in 2008. Data were evaluated by taking into account the evolution of the percentages of side-ring dioxygenated and tri-oxygenated anthocyanins, the ratio between acetylated and p-coumaroylated derivatives, and the principal component analysis (PCA) results. From grape to the end of alcoholic fermentation, the percentages of 3-glucosides of cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin and p-coumaroylglucosides decreased, whereas those of malvidin-3-glucoside, acetylated derivatives and, in some cases, petunidin-3-glucoside increased. In many but not all wines, after malolactic fermentation, the percentages of p-coumaroylated derivatives decreased further and those of cyanidin- 3-glucoside and acetylated derivatives increased ; less variation was observed in malvidin-3-glucoside values.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;: From grapes to young wines, the anthocyanin profiles varied mainly because of the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), yeasts and lactic acid bacteria. However, they were substantially retained in wines from varieties in which tri-oxygenated side-ring anthocyanins prevailed, but were dramatically different from the respective grapes in wines from varieties rich in di-oxygenated anthocyanins, or in which the di-oxygenated forms prevailed over the tri-oxygenated ones. PCA analysis confirmed these findings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Significance and impact of the study&lt;/strong&gt;: Only in varieties in which the anthocyanin profile of grapes is characterized by low percentages of dioxygenated side-ring forms is it possible to gain information about the varietal origin of a young wine by comparing the profiles of both grape and wine. However, great care is required.&lt;/p&gt;

The biological activity of the wine anthocyanins delphinidin and petunidin is mediated through Msn2 and Msn4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Polyphenols are considered to be responsible for some of the health benefits derived from the consumption of red wine. These protective effects might probably be explained in the context of the xenohormesis theory that considers plant metabolites as interspecific chemical signals. However, the complexity of the polyphenolic constituents of different wines makes it difficult to clarify the specific contribution of polyphenols to such effects. In the present work, we fractionated the polyphenols of a red wine and evaluated the effect of each polyphenolic fraction on the growth pattern of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We observed a different contribution of the phenolic fractions to the xenohormetic response of S. cerevisiae, the fractions that were enriched with red pigments being the most protective against oxidative insults. Moreover, we found that red wine phenolic fractions exert their biological activity through the activation of the Yap1 and Msn2 stress-responsive regulators. Above all, the anthocyanins delphinidin 3-glucoside and petunidin 3-glucoside were found to improve significantly the growth rate of S. cerevisiae in an Msn2-, Msn4-dependent manner, indicating that the stress regulators Msn2 and Msn4 participate in the xenohormetic activity of the wine polyphenols delphinidin and petunidin.

위도가 다른 재배지역에서 생육한 검정콩의 안토시아닌 및 이소플라본 함량 변이

This experiment was conducted to investigate the variation of anthocyanin, and isoflavone contents in five cultivars and two lines of Korean domestic black soybeans grown at different latitudinal locations, a high latitude, Suwon (16'N) and a low latitude, Milyang (30'N). Delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G) contents of anthocyanin in Geomjeongkong # 3 and Ilpumgeomjeongkong, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) content in Milyang # 113, petunidin-3-glucoside (Pt3G) contents in Milyang # 113, and Ilpumgeomjeongkong, and total anthocyanins in Milyang # 113 were highest among the seven black soybean cultivars and lines. D3G, C3G, and total anthocyanins in Geomjeongkong # 3, C3G, and total anthocyanins in Ilpumgeomjeongkong grown at high latitude were higher compared to low latitude. Daidzein, glycitein, genistein, and total isoflavone contents in Geomjeongkong # 4 were highest among the seven cultivars and lines. Daidzein contents of isoflavone in Geomjeongkong # 3, Milyang # 112, and Milyang # 113 grown at high latitude were higher compared to low latitude. Glycitein contents in Geomjeongkong # 3, and # 4 grown at high latitude were higher compared to low latitude, while it in Milyang # 113 grown at low latitude was higher compared to high latitude. Genistein contents in most black soybeans except Milyang # 113, and total isoflavone contents in Geomjeongkong # 4 and Cheongjakong grown at low latitude were higher compared to high latitude. The variations of anthocyanin except Pt3G and isoflavone contents seemed to be affected by environmental conditions like different latitude than the genotype because they showed the significant interaction between cultivars and locations.

Antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity of Peruvian camu camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh) fruit at different maturity stages

Abstract The antioxidant capacities of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds present in camu camu fruit were screened during ripening. Ascorbic acid decreased, and anthocyanin, flavonol and flavanol contents, and DPPH antioxidant capacity increased during ripening. Antioxidant compounds from camu camu were fractionated in two fractions: an ascorbic acid-rich fraction (F-I) and a phenolics-rich fraction (F-II). F-I was the major contributor to the DPPH antioxidant capacity (67.5–79.3%) and F-II played a minor role (20.7–32.5%). A total of 30 different phenolic compounds were detected by HPLC-PAD. The presence of catechin, delphinidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, ellagic acid and rutin was elucidated. Other phenolic compounds, such as flavan-3-ol, flavonol, flavanone and ellagic acid derivatives, were also present. For the three ripening stages the flavan-3-ols and ellagic acid group were the most representative phenolic compounds in this fruit. Acid hydrolysis of F-II revealed the presence mainly of gallic and ellagic acids, suggesting that camu camu fruit possesses important quantities of hydrolysed tannins (gallo- and/or ellagitannins). These results confirm that camu camu fruit is a promising source of antioxidant phenolics.

Chemical Studies on Different Color Development in Blue- and Red-Colored Sepal Cells ofHydrangea macrophylla

To clarify the cause of the difference in blue and red color development of hydrangea sepals, Hydrangea macrophylla, we analyzed the organic and inorganic components in the colored cells. To obtain colored protoplasts, each blue and red sepal tissue was treated with a combination of cellulase and pectinase, and then from the suspension of the olored and colorless protoplast mixture colored cells of the same hue were collected with a micro-pipette. The content of organic components (delphinidin 3-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid and 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid) and Al(3+) in each colored cell was quantified respectively by semimicro-HPLC and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). In the blue cells 13 eq. of 5-O-acylquinic acids and 1.2 eq. of Al(3+) to anthocyanin were contained. Contrary to this result, in the red cells, only 3.6 eq. of 5-O-acylquinic acids and 0.03 eq. of Al(3+) were detected. A reproduction experiment of each blue and red sepal color by mixing those components concluded that, for blue coloration, both 5-O-acylquinic acids and Al(3+) were essential.