Message Delivery Research Articles

TBMOR: A lightweight trust-based model for secure routing of opportunistic networks

Opportunistic networks are self-organizing dynamic networks that use the communication opportunities presented by node movement to enable data delivery. Due to the indirect nature of inter-node connections and dynamic topology, opportunistic networks are vulnerable to malicious attacks, which poses a great challenge to their security. In this paper, we first propose a trust-based model for the secure routing of opportunistic networks (TBMOR), which incorporates forwarding positive degree (FP) and node activity degree (NA) into the calculation of trust value, evaluates nodes in the network by a dynamic combination of direct trust and indirect trust, and then optimizes the next node list using trust values and pruning strategies. Secondly, this paper extends the network life cycle by dynamically setting up energy thresholds to reduce network redundancy by dynamically partitioning the number of replicas using trust values.Simulation results show that compared to other routers, TBMOR can effectively resist malicious attacks, has a higher message delivery rate and lower transmission latency than other routers.

Strategi Kesantunan Berbahasa dalam Film Gara-Gara Warisan

A movie, as a literary work in the form of an audio-visual medium, is a dialogue-driven depiction of everyday life. In a movie, dialogue consists of utterances with a function, allowing characters to express themselves and convey a message. The purpose of the politeness strategy in the language is to facilitate the delivery of messages without harming the speaking partner's face. Therefore, the objective of this study is to discover and describe language politeness strategies in the Gara-Gara Warisan movie. This study employs a descriptive-qualitative methodology. While the approach in this study is the listening method and the advanced techniques, namely The Free Conversation Listening Technique (SBLC). Furthermore, the techniques used are transcript techniques and note-taking techniques. This study indicated that the most prevalent politeness approach is a positive politeness strategy and without utilizing any strategy (bald-on-record strategy), as opposed to a negative politeness strategy and an off-record politeness strategy.

Public health messaging during disasters: A qualitative study of emergency department key informants

BackgroundPatient education is a professional obligation for all nurses. Public health messaging in emergency departments during disasters can help prevent further risk or illness for affected communities. In this study, Australian emergency nurse Key Informants share their perceptions and experiences of preventative messaging provided in their departments during disasters and the governance and processes in place to support this practice. MethodsThe qualitative phase of a mixed methods study, where semi structured interviews were utilised, and data analysed using a six step Thematic analysis. ResultsThree themes were identified: (1) Part of the Job; (2) It’s all in the delivery; and (3) Preparation is the key. These themes include concepts involving the confidence and competence of nurses providing messages, what, when and how messages are being given and how prepared both the department and staff are regarding patient education during disaster events. ConclusionsNurse confidence is a key factor in the delivery of preventative messages during disasters, potentially resulting from a lack of exposure, a junior workforce and minimal training. Leaders agree that departments are not preparing or supporting messaging practice, with an absence of specific training, formal guidelines, and patient education resources; and that improvement is needed.

FiFo: Fishbone Forwarding in Massive IoT Networks

Massive Internet of Things (IoT) networks have a wide range of applications, including but not limited to the rapid delivery of emergency and disaster messages. Although various benchmark algorithms have been developed to date for message delivery in such applications, they pose several practical challenges, such as insufficient network coverage and/or highly redundant transmissions to expand the coverage area, resulting in considerable energy consumption for each IoT device. To overcome this problem, we first characterize a new performance metric, forwarding efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of the coverage probability to the average number of transmissions per device, to evaluate the data dissemination performance more appropriately. Then, we propose a novel and effective forwarding method, fishbone forwarding (FiFo), which aims to improve the forwarding efficiency with acceptable computational complexity. Our <monospace xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FiFo</monospace> method completes two tasks: 1) it clusters devices based on the unweighed pair group method with the arithmetic average and 2) it creates the main axis and subaxes of each cluster using both the expectation-maximization algorithm for the Gaussian mixture model and principal component analysis. We demonstrate the superiority of <monospace xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FiFo</monospace> by using a real-world data set. Through intensive and comprehensive simulations, we show that the proposed <monospace xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FiFo</monospace> method outperforms benchmark algorithms in terms of the forwarding efficiency.

Community Health Worker Use of Smart Devices for Health Promotion: Scoping Review

Community health workers (CHWs) have become essential to the promotion of healthy behaviors, yet their work is complicated by challenges both within and beyond their control. These challenges include resistance to the change of existing behaviors, disbelief of health messages, limited community health literacy, insufficient CHW communication skills and knowledge, lack of community interest and respect for CHWs, and CHWs' lack of adequate supplies. The rising penetration of "smart" technology (eg, smartphones and tablets) in low- and middle-income countries facilitates the use of portable electronic devices in the field. This scoping review examines to what extent mobile health in the form of smart devices may enhance the delivery of public health messages in CHW-client interactions, thereby addressing the aforementioned challenges and inducing client behavior change. We conducted a structured search of the PubMed and LILACS databases using subject heading terms in 4 categories: technology user, technology device, use of technology, and outcome. Eligibility criteria included publication since January 2007, CHWs delivering a health message aided by a smart device, and face-to-face communication between CHWs and clients. Eligible studies were analyzed qualitatively using a modified version of the Partners in Health conceptual framework. We identified 12 eligible studies, 10 (83%) of which used qualitative or mixed methods approaches. We found that smart devices mitigate challenges encountered by CHWs by improving their knowledge, motivation, and creativity (eg, through self-made videos); their status within the community; and the credibility of their health messages. The technology stimulated interest in both CHWs and clients-and sometimes even in bystanders and neighbors. Media content produced locally or reflecting local customs was strongly embraced. Yet, the effect of smart devices on the quality of CHW-client interactions was inconclusive. Interactions suffered as CHWs were tempted to replace educational conversations with clients by passively watching video content. Furthermore, a series of technical difficulties experienced especially by older and less educated CHWs compromised some of the advantages brought about by mobile devices. Adequate CHW training ameliorated these difficulties. Only 1 study (8%) considered client health behavior change as an end point, thus revealing a major research gap. Smart mobile devices may augment CHWs' field performance and enhance face-to-face interactions with clients, yet they also generate new challenges. The available evidence is scarce, mostly qualitative, and focused on a limited range of health outcomes. Future research should include larger-scale interventions across a wide range of health outcomes and feature client health behavior change as an end point.

An Improved DTN Scheme for Large-Scale LEO Satellite Networks

A large-scale low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite network has the characteristics of a complex link environment, a large number of satellites, and the limited resources of a single satellite. Applying traditional routing algorithms has disadvantages such as high overhead, high end-to-end latency, and low message delivery rate. This paper proposes an improved delay tolerant (DTN) scheme for large-scale LEO satellite networks (LIDTN) to improve transmission efficiency and reduce the resource overhead and end-to-end latency of large-scale satellite networks. This scheme improves the network performance in three aspects: next hop selection, congestion control mechanism, and acknowledgment mechanism. For the next hop selection, we propose an equivalent distance and priori knowledge-based forwarding strategy (EPFS), which has the advantages of low overhead, loop avoidance, and fast convergence. For congestion control, we put forward an emergency function-based bundle drop algorithm (EBDA). For acknowledging, we propose the virtual acknowledgment algorithm (VAA) by combining the characteristics of many path hops and high link disruption rates in large-scale constellations. Finally, we simulate and verify the LIDTN scheme on the OneWeb constellation. The results show that the LIDTN scheme is suitable for large-scale constellations, the EPFS algorithm can reduce the network overhead during data transmission, EBDA can reduce the bundle drop rate, and VAA can reduce the end-to-end latency. LIDTN provides a new solution for large-scale constellation communication.

Komunikasi yang Terjadi Dalam Konteks Ruang dan Waktu

&#x0D; The purpose of this study is to find out about communication that occurs in the context of space and time. In this study the method used was in the form of a qualitative research method, namely by using a literature review and also a literature study. Communication is a message delivery mechanism, in conveying the message, what is there is an expression of language. Communication in the context of space and time means that the information conveyed by the communicator can be adjusted through the context of space or place and time and means where the communication process is carried out or under what conditions.&#x0D; Keywords: Communication, Space and Time

Outdoor Advertising in Yogyakarta During Post-Pandemic Covid-19 in Socio–Design Study

This study aims to identify and critically analyze Outdoor Advertising in Yogyakarta using a socio-design approach. Outdoor Advertising, such as banners, banners, posters, billboards, and other media installed in every corner of Yogyakarta, is a dilemma. According to the view of a person or institution/industry, existence of Outdoor Advertising is an effective medium for conveying promotional messages to the public. Meanwhile, for regulators, especially for local governments, this can provide regional income through relatively high taxes. Nevertheless, on the other hand, the rise of Outdoor Advertising raises aesthetic, security, and environmental management issues in Yogyakarta City. This study uses a qualitative method with a socio-design approach (social aesthetics). The social-aesthetic process appreciates design work in a socio-environmental context, both the human environment, the natural environment, and the social environment. The design work in this study is the design of Outdoor Advertising is an essential variable because the delivery of messages through Outdoor Advertising will determine the content, shape, and type, as well as the location or installation. When viewed from a functional context, advertising is to help market products and services persuasively. From the aesthetic context, outdoor advertising displays must focus on Yogyakarta's social, economic, cultural, and environmental aspects. The results of this study indicate that Outdoor Advertising is needed for communicators to convey messages on products/services. As an essential regulator, the local government makes public spatial planning policies related to ad placement. Therefore, Outdoor Advertising can help increase the positive perception of the correlated people to form the image of the Yogyakarta city planning, which is unique and has a comfortable heart.

Contract-Theory-Based Incentive Design Mechanism for Opportunistic IoT Networks

Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) and Industry 4.0 enable interconnection among various devices. An opportunistic IoT network is an ad hoc network that is formed by the nodes (e.g., smart vehicles and mobile phones) by utilizing various short radio range techniques. In this kind of network, information forwarding and dissemination among other smart devices is based upon the opportunistic contact nature mainly due to network dynamics and user mobility. Routing plays an important part in these kinds of networks since there does not exist a pre-established route (Tyagi and Kumar, 2013). Nodes are often selected dynamically based upon many parameters such that messages can be delivered successfully to the destination devices or sinks. However, these intermediate nodes are often selfish because routing these packets costs energy. In the case of incomplete cooperation and asymmetric information, message delivery can be severely degraded, which increases the network delay affecting the overall network performance. Therefore, this work proposes an incentive design mechanism based on the contract theory to reward intermediate nodes appropriately to forward the messages. The contract theory is used to model the forwarding-forwarder node interaction as a labor market with private information. First, the users are classified into a finite number of types according to their ability of forwarding the message, and the service trading between the forwarding and forwarder nodes is properly modeled. Furthermore, the necessary and sufficient conditions are derived to provide the incentives to the nodes involved in the message forwarding. Extensive simulations show that the proposed mechanism is effective in providing incentives and outperforms other benchmark schemes in terms of delivery probability, average latency, and overhead ratio.

Enhance Security and Privacy in VANET Based Sensor Monitoring and Emergency Services

VANET performs analysis of patient records and sends security warnings to the carer through VANET so that they may provide urgent assistance while keeping patient data safe. Threat actors might potentially access data packets that go between biological sensors and smart ambulances in the vehicular network. When healthcare professionals use a VANET, they run the risk of receiving inaccurate or delayed data as a result of assaults like the Sybil attack, denial of service attacks, and impersonation attacks. As a result, protecting people’s personal information and data has become an important task for academics. In this research, we propose the use of an Urbanized Block Chain Key Agreement Protocol (UB-KAP) based on a one-way hash chain model to increase protections for individual privacy and data integrity in VANET-based healthcare networks. The messages include timestamps in case the messages that have already expired cause excessive delays. The beacons’ packet classification mechanism separates them into benign and harmful emergency signals to speed up response times. The suggested model is tested by road traffic simulation using SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility). Data collection per user, message delivery ratio, total data gathered, delay, and energy usage are all included in the model’s overall evaluation.

Using publish/subscribe for message routing in mobile environments

Publish/subscribe is a mature communication paradigm to route and deliver events from publishers to interested subscribers. Initially conceived for large scale systems, e.g., the Internet, it has been used more recently in new scenarios, e.g., wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), where mobility and dynamicity are the norm. The loose-coupling and asynchronicity of publish/subscribe makes it an interesting choice for IoT scenarios, i.e., each node in an IoT network can choose a different role depending on its location, capabilities, etc. This paper presents MFT-PubSub, a fully mobile and fault tolerant content-based publish/subscribe protocol. Our proposal is a purely reactive solution for mobility in a publish/subscribe system without any kind of limits on the mobility patterns of the nodes. A wireless ad hoc network is created without the need of any previous connections or knowledge on the nodes. Handling the mobility, be it physical or logical, of both clients and brokers. We prove the validity of our solution by experimentation, and compare it with AODV, a routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networking. The simulations show an improvement on message delivery rate over previously used protocols.

DisastDrone: A Disaster Aware Consumer Internet of Drone Things System in Ultra-Low Latent 6G Network

Internet of Things application in disaster responses and management is a predominant research domain. The introduction of the consumer drones, flying ad-hoc networks, low latency 5G, and beyond 5G produce significant acceleration of this research. The work proposed the implementation of the Consumer Internet of Drone Things (CIoDT) framework for emergency message transfer among smart grid systems and other power sources and enables stable network connectivity in a disaster scenario. A real-life mobility model has been engineered, and the edge-enabled opportunistic MQTT message transfer mechanism is implemented. Also, a dedicated network slice is devised to examine routing performance. A real-life prototype test-bed emulator has been designed to evaluate mobility, message delivery, and flight attitude performance. The results show a message delivery probability of nearly 0.99 in Quality of Service 2(QoS2), and 1.19 seconds of end-to-end latency in Quality of Service level 1(QoS1). An experiment also shows a 94% of coverage ratio in a network slice for QoS2, 84% of bandwidth utilization per network slice, and a minimum of 100ms latency per network slice. The proposed system is highly suitable for mass production of light weight drone network for disaster management.

SeVNoC: Security Validation of System-on-Chip Designs With NoC Fabrics

Modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs include a variety of Network-on-Chip (NoC) fabrics to implement coordination and communication of integrated hardware intellectual property (IP) blocks. An important class of security vulnerabilities involves a rogue hardware IP interfering with this communication to compromise the integrity of the system. Such interference includes message mutation, misdirection, delivery prevention, or IP masquerading, among others. In this article, we propose a scalable RTL-level SoC validation scheme, SeVNoC, for the systematic detection of security violations in inter-IP communications for SoC designs with NoC fabrics. Given a target security property to be validated, SeVNoC entails extraction of the control-flow graph of the relevant SoC, which is analyzed through a security property-based model comparison, without incurring state-space explosion. Our experiments on full-scale realistic SoC designs with multiple IPs and NoC architecture indicate that SeVNoC detects security violations in NoC communications with near-perfect accuracy, within only a few minutes.

On the Age of Status Updates in Unreliable Multi-Source M/G/1 Queueing Systems

The timeliness of status message delivery in communications networks is subjective to time-varying wireless channel transmissions. In this letter, we investigate the age of information (AoI) of each source in a multi-source M/G/1 queueing update system with active server failures. In particular, we adopt the method of supplementary variables to derive a closed-form expression for the average AoI in terms of system parameters, where the server repair time follows a general distribution and the service time of packets generated by independent sources is a general random variable. Numerical results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed packet serving policy under different parametric settings.

Deep Neural Certificate less Hessian Heap Sign cryption for Secure Data Transmission in Wireless Network

Systematic and well grounded data transmission over wireless networks has been substance of uninterrupted research over the last few years. The paramount is scrutinizing the amount of security provisioning owing to the security challenges during transmission over wireless network. In fact, it is moderate to eavesdrop and alter data packets. Accessing the personal computer and public network possess the potentiality to apprehend the network traffic possibly compromising the privacy. Therefore for wireless applications, it is essential to ensure data integrity during data transmission. To efficiently address the above issues, a Deep Neural Certificate less Hessian Curve Heap Sign cryption (DNC-HCHS) method for secured data transmission in wireless network is proposed. Compared with the conventional, Certificate less Sign cryption DNC-HCHS method improves the data confidentiality and data integrity by generating smaller keys employing the Hessian Curve Heap function. Additionally with the assistance of the access point or the aggregator, the sensitivity of heaped sign crypted cipher text can improve the security of data transmission and reduce the message delivery time. Aimed at reducing the delay in data transmission, application of Certificate less Hessian Curve Heap Sign cryption in Deep Learning (i.e., Deep Neural Network) performs the overall process in a swift manner and performs a much better encryption. Simulation is performed to validate the viability and efficiency of the proposed method. The results show that the data confidentiality and data integrity rate are strongly improved, while the delay is minimized.

Southbound Message Delivery With Virtual Network Topology Awareness in Clouds

Southbound message delivery from the control plane to the data plane is one of the essential issues in multi-tenant clouds. A natural method of southbound message delivery is that the control plane directly communicates with compute nodes in the data plane. However, due to the large number of compute nodes, this method may result in massive control overhead. The Message Queue (MQ) model can solve this challenge by aggregating and distributing messages to queues. Existing MQ-based solutions often perform message aggregation based on the physical network topology, which do not align with the fundamental requirements of southbound message delivery, leading to high message redundancy on compute nodes. To address this issue, we design and implement VITA, the first-of-its-kind work on virtual network topology-aware southbound message delivery. However, it is intractable to optimally deliver southbound messages according to the virtual attributes of messages. Thus, we design two algorithms, submodular-based approximation algorithm and simulated annealing-based algorithm, to solve different scenarios of the problem. Both experiment and simulation results show that VITA can reduce the total traffic amount of redundant messages by 45%-75% and reduce the control overhead by 33%-80% compared with state-of-the-art solutions.

Performance Assessment of a Wireless Mesh Network for Post-harvest Food Quality Traceability of Fruit Products: A Case Study

This paper presents the performance evaluation of a wireless sensor mesh network, for monitoring temperature and humidity in horticultural products when transported in truck galleys. For this purpose a software solution was proposed using ESP8266 devices powered by batteries. The mesh network was managed by the painlessMesh library. The proposed solution aims to minimize the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. The validation of the solution was performed in an area simulating a galley of a truck, where five sensor nodes and a root node were distributed. The tests were developed considering four different models involving variations in messages delivery confirmation, number of attempts until successful delivery and duty cycle duration of the nodes. The performance evaluation of the solution aimed to determine, connectivity rate, sending rate after connection and delivery rates of the first and second attempts. The results obtained show that the message delivery confirmation does not bring added value to the solution, contributing only to increase energy consumption. The use of synchronous duty cycles also showed worse results than the asynchronous use. These results allow the creation of a knowledge base for the use of this solution in a real context.

PENERAPAN SISTEM NOTIFIKASI CHAT DAN PAYMENT GATEWAY PADA SISTEM INFORMASI PEMBAYARAN SPP BERBASIS WEBSITE

Along with today's rapid technological developments, the application of information systems to support business processes will be beneficial in operational activities within an institution. To be able to manage payment transactions for Education Development Contributions (SPP) better, it is necessary to build an Information System that can help manage data and transactions to be optimal. Therefore we need a payment information system that can facilitate SMA Negeri 1 Palangka Raya in dealing with the payment of tuition fees that are not yet optimal. In this study, a tuition payment information system was created that could be used for recording tuition data, cash, and non-cash payments, as well as informing parents/guardians of students about tuition payments and invoices. This study uses the Waterfall software development method which has stages of analysis, design, program code generation, testing, and maintenance. Non-cash payments and Whatsapp message delivery on applications use features on Midtrans and Whatsapp API. Unit testing is carried out using the Blackbox method. Based on the results of the research, it was found that this tuition payment information system could facilitate the school and students. The SPP Payment Information System is used as a means of managing SPP payment data for schools, non-cash SPP payments for parents, and information on SPP payments for both.

Engaging in Dialogues: The Impact of Comment Valence and Influencer-Viewer Interaction on the Effectiveness of YouTube Influencer Marketing

YouTube is a popular social marketing platform. Marketers or advertisers can collaborate with a YouTube influencer to present marketing messages. However, negative user-generated comments may affect the effectiveness of message delivery. Thus, one pretest and two main studies were conducted to investigate the influence of negative comments on consumers and the strategy to combat the negativity. The first study examined the influence of comment valence on product attitude and perceived trustworthiness of influencer. The second study examined how the increased frequency of influencer–viewer interaction mitigated the damage inflicted by negative comments. The findings of the studies reveal that negative comments have a strong influence on consumers. However, if an influencer is actively replying to negative comments, the negative influence is likely to be mitigated. Theoretical and practical contributions of the studies were discussed.

POLA KOMUNIKASI ORGANISASI KESATUAN AKSI MAHASISWA MUSLIM INDONESIA (KAMMI) DALAM MENINGKATKAN EKSISTENSINYA DI KOTA BEKASI

Organizational communication is the delivery of messages or information from one party to another within an organization to achieve certain goals. An organizational communication pattern is a method of communicating that involves conveying a message from the sender to the recipient in such a way that it can be understood. This research is motivated by thoughts related to communication phenomena that occur within the Indonesian Muslim Student Action Unit (KAMMI) organization and the researcher's desire to find out how the communication pattern used by KAMMI explains its existence in Bekasi City. The research method used in this study is a qualitative research method using an interpretive paradigm. Data collection was obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study are the communication pattern used by KAMMI Bekasi City, namely the organizational communication pattern run by KAMMI Bekasi City in accordance with Joseph A. Devito's theory, and several organizational activities that are able to support the existence of the Bekasi City KAMMI organization.