Electric Power Delivery Research Articles

Comparison Between Maintenance of Distribution Substations Using the Mobile Substation Unit (UGB) Method and Maintenance of Blackout Distribution Substations regarding Energy Not Served (ENS) which is not distributed to PLN UP3 Serpong

Electricity has become an important part of human life along with technological developments in this modern era. Economic progress, quality of life and the business world are very dependent on the electricity supply supplied by PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Serpong. Electric power distribution is the final stage in the electric power delivery process. This is the process of distributing electric power from the electricity transmission system to electricity consumers. One of the main components in the electric power distribution system is the distribution substation. A distribution substation is an electrical installation device which contains disconnecting, connecting, safety and distribution transformer equipment to distribute electrical power according to consumer needs. Maintenance at distribution substations is carried out to support services to electricity consumers so that the substation equipment used is in reliable condition. and guaranteed continuity. Regular maintenance on distribution substations is important so that distribution substations do not experience damage and disruption while operating.

Temperature reduction of an HTS transformer under short circuit fault by modifying the cryostat structure: Impact of Perlator and valve location

High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) transformers are one of the potential technologies for power systems connected to offshore wind farms and stand-alone and bulk power grids. In such systems, proper fault performance of any electric device including HTS transformer is a vital factor to ensure a safe, and reliable delivery of electric power as well as power quality in electric grid. Short circuits can increase the risk of developing hot spots in superconducting tapes and as a consequence burning the windings in severe fault current cases. One important way to limit the temperature increase of the superconducting winding during short circuit is to increase the heat transfer of the liquid nitrogen (LN2) during fault. In this paper, the impact of increasing the turbulence of the inlet fluid on the Hot Spot Point (HSP) temperature of superconducting windings of a 120 kVA HTS transformer was investigated during a short circuit fault. To increase turbulence and consequently, heat transfer, a device known as Perlator was used. Then, the impact of the Perlator structure and the location and angle of inlet valves were investigated on the HSP temperature of an HTS transformer, under 65 K and 77 K operating temperatures. The results indicated that by using a Perlator and adjusting valve number and location in the cryostat structure, the HSP temperature of the HTS transformer under the fault current was significantly reduced by about 46.2 K which can be vital to save the transformer from failure.

Fault Detection on Power Transmission Line Based on Wavelet Transform and Scalogram Image Analysis

Given the massive increase in demand for electrical energy, particularly owing to global climate change and population expansion, as well as the development of complicated electrical systems due to the urgent need for a sophisticated component to enhance power delivery, it becomes important to adopt a smart and contemporary approach that is also appropriate for the aim of protecting transmission lines (TLs) and ensuring the continuous delivery of electric power to customers. Consequently, a unique and highly reliable approach for identifying faults in TLs is presented in this work, which employs Wavelet Transform and is evaluated using Matlab simulation. Wavelets of various kinds were utilized to demonstrate their dependability. Furthermore, utilizing this approach has shown itself to be highly successful and has yielded spectacular results even when it is used on a complicated electrical network. Moreover, many types of faults were presented and afterward evaluated and verified for the network in various settings, which also demonstrated their potential to recognize faults within a relatively short space of time. This innovation will alter the idea of fault detection by providing a complete and integrated model for detecting faults in a TL, and it may be regarded as a revolution in the renewal of core principles in TL protection.

SISTEM PROTEKSI DAN MONITORING KESEIMBANGAN BEBAN TIGA FASA PADA JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI TEGANGAN RENDAH MENGGUNAKAN MIKROKONTROLER BERBASIS IOT

Three-phase electrical systems are widely used by industrial consumers because of their large power requirements. The 3-phase system is more economical in the delivery of electrical power than the single-phase system because the conductor used is smaller for the same power. A 3-phase system is said to be balanced if the load used is also balanced between the three R-S-T phases. However, in practice the balance of the three phases is very difficult to achieve because the electrical load of each house or industry is not necessarily identical. As a result of this imbalance between the R-S-T phases can cause damage to electronic equipment that uses 3-phase electricity if used continuously.According to PUIL 2011 the unbalance distribution system includes an unbalanced current between phases with provisions up to a tolerance value of 10%. In a 3 phase electrical distribution system, there will often be load imbalances. This is due to the addition or use of electrical loads that do not pay attention to the imbalance in the system.For this reason, in this study, a tool that uses the PZEM-004T sensor, Wemos D1 mini module, and Android Studio was created which can allow for remote monitoring using electronic devices that have installed applications that have been created. when an error occurs, the "reset" button on the monitoring application is used to reset the protection to restore the device. The current difference in the avometer is 1.48A and the sensor is 1.46A and the current flowing to the load is written 1.88A. The contactor works when the relay receives a command from the Arduino nano with a fast time, namely: 1.60 seconds on the first try, 1.72 seconds on the second experiment, and 1.68 seconds on the third experiment.

Practical hardware for evolvable robots.

The evolutionary robotics field offers the possibility of autonomously generating robots that are adapted to desired tasks by iteratively optimising across successive generations of robots with varying configurations until a high-performing candidate is found. The prohibitive time and cost of actually building this many robots means that most evolutionary robotics work is conducted in simulation, but to apply evolved robots to real-world problems, they must be implemented in hardware, which brings new challenges. This paper explores in detail the design of an example system for realising diverse evolved robot bodies, and specifically how this interacts with the evolutionary process. We discover that every aspect of the hardware implementation introduces constraints that change the evolutionary space, and exploring this interplay between hardware constraints and evolution is the key contribution of this paper. In simulation, any robot that can be defined by a suitable genetic representation can be implemented and evaluated, but in hardware, real-world limitations like manufacturing/assembly constraints and electrical power delivery mean that many of these robots cannot be built, or will malfunction in operation. This presents the novel challenge of how to constrain an evolutionary process within the space of evolvable phenotypes to only those regions that are practically feasible: the viable phenotype space. Methods of phenotype filtering and repair were introduced to address this, and found to degrade the diversity of the robot population and impede traversal of the exploration space. Furthermore, the degrees of freedom permitted by the hardware constraints were found to be poorly matched to the types of morphological variation that would be the most useful in the target environment. Consequently, the ability of the evolutionary process to generate robots with effective adaptations was greatly reduced. The conclusions from this are twofold. 1) Designing a hardware platform for evolving robots requires different thinking, in which all design decisions should be made with reference to their impact on the viable phenotype space. 2) It is insufficient to just evolve robots in simulation without detailed consideration of how they will be implemented in hardware, because the hardware constraints have a profound impact on the evolutionary space.

Business Competition and Innovation: Business and Ethical Issues in Engineering Discussed Via Narrative Films

This paper addresses ethical issues related to competitive product design and innovation in engineering. It provides a multidisciplinary approach to engineering and business management proposing the benefit of using narrative films in engineering education. Either based on real events or completely fictional, narrative films combining ethical issues and aesthetic experiencing can stimulate important discussions relevant for contemporary engineering production, management, and behavioral approach. Narrative films can serve as simulators for identification with filmic characters and for anticipating one’s own approach to ethical dilemmas. In discussing ethical concerns as relevant to engineering competition and innovation, the paper presents cases such as Robert Kearns versus Ford and Chrysler dated 1978-1992, and Preston Tucker against Big Three Automakers from 1940s. We discuss related narrative films: Flash of Genius from 2008 adapting Kearns’ case and a fictionalized story of Preston Tucker and his innovative automobile, adapted in the film Tucker: The Man and His Dream in 1988. The paper expands on the work presented in the book Professional and Business Ethics through Film: The Allure of Cinematic Presentation and Critical Thinking from 2019. In addition, we discuss the 2019 film The Current War about 1880s competition between Edison and Westinghouse and Tesla over which electric power delivery system would be used in the United States.

Passive electrochemical hydrogen recombiner for hydrogen safety systems: prospects

This paper presents the concept of a passive electrochemical hydrogen recombiner (PEHR). The reaction energy of the recombination of hydrogen and oxygen is used as a source of electrical energy according to the operating principle for hydrogen fuel cells to establish forced circulation of the hydrogen mixture as an alternative to natural circulation (as is not utilized in conventional passive autocatalytic hydrogen recombiners currently used in nuclear power plants (NPPs)). The proposed concept of applying the physical operation principles of a PEHR based on a fuel cell simultaneously increases both productivity in terms of recombined hydrogen and the concentration threshold of flameless operation (the ‘ignition’ limit). Thus, it is possible to reliably ensure the hydrogen explosion safety of NPPs under all conditions, including beyond-design accidents. An experimental setup was assembled to test a laboratory sample of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) at various hydrogen concentrations near the catalytic surfaces of the electrodes, and the corresponding current–voltage characteristics were recorded. The simplest MEA based on the Advent P1100W PBI membrane demonstrated stable performance (delivery of electrical power) over a wide range of hydrogen concentrations.

Market Mechanisms and Trading in Microgrid Local Electricity Markets: A Comprehensive Review

Electricity generation using distributed renewable energy systems is becoming increasingly common due to the significant increase in energy demand and the high operation of conventional power systems with fossil fuels. The introduction of distributed renewable energy systems in the electric grid is crucial for delivering future zero-emissions energy systems and is cost-effective for promoting and facilitating large-scale generation for prosumers. However, these deployments are forcing changes in traditional energy markets, with growing attention given to transactive energy networks that enable energy trading between prosumers and consumers for more significant benefits in the cluster mode. This change raises operational and market challenges. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on developing different local energy market models that enable energy trading and provide the opportunity to minimize the operational costs of the distributed energy resources by promoting localized market management. Local energy markets provide a stepping stone toward fully transactive energy systems that bring adequate flexibility by reducing users’ demand and reflecting the energy price in the grid. Designing a stable regulatory framework for local electricity markets is one of the major concerns in the electricity market regulation policies for the efficient and reliable delivery of electric power, maximizing social welfare, and decreasing electric infrastructure expenditure. This depends on the changing needs of the power system, objectives, and constraints. Generally, the optimal design of the local market requires both short-term efficiencies in the optimal operation of the distributed energy resources and long-term efficiency investment for high quality. In this paper, a comprehensive literature review of the main layers of microgrids is introduced, highlighting the role of the market layer. Critical aspects of the energy market are systematically presented and discussed, including market design, market mechanism, market player, and pricing mechanism. We also intend to investigate the role and application of distributed ledger technologies in energy trading. In the end, we illuminate the mathematical foundation of objective functions, optimization approaches, and constraints in the energy market, along with a brief overview of the solver tools to formulate and solve the optimization problem.

Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generation for Power Loss Minimization in Distribution Network using Particle Swarm Optimization Technique

Electrical power distribution network is the final stage in the delivery of electric power to consumers. It suffers from high power losses along its radial lines, and there is a need to minimize these losses. One of the technologies used in reducing losses is the application of Distributed Generation (DG). However, inappropriate sizing or placement of DG could inadvertently increase losses in the network. Therefore, this study carries out Optimal Placement and Sizing of DG (OPSDG) in the distribution system using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) in reducing the total power loss of the distribution network. A mathematical model of distribution system without and with DG was developed from one voltage source representation to generate a set of equations using Bus Injection to Branch Current (BIBC) and Branch Current to Bus Voltage (BCBV) load flow technique. The model was optimized using PSO and implemented with MATLAB. In each case, the Loss Reduction Index (LRI) was computed. The approach was used on a Nigeria Distribution network 11 kV 34-bus Ayepe feeder of the Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company (IBEDC). The total LRI obtained using analytical technique for sizing and placement of DG is 0.1808 p.u. With the incorporation of DG using PSO, the total LRI is 0.2636 p.u. The best location and size of the DG unit in the network after optimization is at bus 14 with an active power of 5.00 MW. The results established that using PSO for DG placement and sizing significantly reduced the distribution network total power loss.

Electro Fenton's reaction coupled Zn-air battery for in situ pollutant degradation

A metal air battery chemistry wherein the delivery of electric power is coupled with in situ pollutant degradation via Fenton's reaction which degrades the pollutant to value added products.

A spontaneous hydrogen fuel purifier under truly ambient weather conditions

Spontaneous purification of impure hydrogen fuel streams during electric power delivery by harvesting the energy of water formation.

복합 고장 유형을 가지는 변압기에 대한 수명추정

Purpose: Because transformers are the primary component for the delivery of electric power, failures but also small irregularities can lead to expensive damage. Wear-out failure, in particular, can be minimized using lifetime analysis. This study focuses on the lifetime estimation of transformers and considers multiple failure-modes. In this way, the reliability of aging equipment can be analyzed individually.BRMethods: We propose a change-point model for the Weibull distribution for multiple failure-modes. By defining the function for a generalized likelihood ratio, the change-point for wear-out failure as well as the parameters for multiple lifetime-distributions can be estimated.BRResults: The proposed approach is applied to real-life data of electric transformers. As a result of the lifetime analysis, the lifetime distribution, including multiple failure-modes and their cutoff points (in time) can be determined.BRConclusion: Using the investigated change-point analysis, both the lifetime and maintenance schedule of transformers with respect to multiple failure-modes can be estimated, and the chance for expensive equipment failure is reduced significantly.

APPLICATION OF CASE BASED REASONING (CBR) METHOD IN DISTRIBUTION TRAFO DAMAGE EXPERT SYSTEM AT PLN UP3 BINJAI

In the world of electricity, transformers are widely used, both in the field of electric power and electronics. The use of transformers in the electric power system is used for each of its needs, for example the need for high voltage in the delivery of electrical power over long distances. Electrical equipment transformers are expensive and are very vital equipment. If the transformer is disturbed or in an abnormal condition, there may be an unexpected temporary cessation of electricity distribution and will cause losses for PLN and consumers who use electricity by disrupting the activities carried out. The Case Based Reasoning (CBR) method is a case-based reasoning system that uses previous experiences or cases so that they can solve new problems or cases. There are several stages in the case based reasoning method, including retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain. Case-based Reasoning (CBR) collects previous cases that are similar to the new problem and tries to modify the solution to fit the new case. The basic idea of ​​Case-Based reasoning is the assumption that similar problems have similar solutions. While this assumption is not always true, it does depend on many practical domains. Where the previous case experienced an overvoltage transformer damage, using the CBR method will look for similarities to the previous case with existing characteristics, the CBR method will look for the same case on the existing Knowladge so that the damage is quickly detected. From the characteristics of the damage that is on the transformer, it is easy to diagnose transformer damage using the CBR method and the results of the CBR method will find a ranking that is almost similar to the existing case.

The Landscape of Flywheel Energy Technology in the Philippines

A 20-year Philippine energy roadmap was released by the Department of Energy that covers national renewable energy program, and a framework of energy storage systems. The energy plan entails increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the power mix and the use of energy storage systems to further increase efficiency and effectiveness of electric power delivery in the country. A flywheel-based energy storage system is emerging in the country and in this paper, the landscape of flywheel energy technology is discussed which includes the components of the flywheel system, other energy storage systems, development, and innovations in the local energy sector, as well as the opportunities and impact of flywheel energy technology in the Philippine economy. Moreover, flywheel technology implementation poses challenges in terms of research and development towards reaching its full potential and growth in fabrication, manufacturability, deployment, quality assurance, data analytics, and systems integration.

Wireless Electrical Power Delivery Using Light through Soft Skin Tissues under Misalignment and Deformation

AbstractProviding sustainable electrical power to medical electronic implants is key to enabling the diverse functions of implants and to avoiding repetitive replacement surgeries of depleted batteries. Subcutaneous photovoltaic energy harvesting with an external light source patch can be a reliable approach that provides sufficient power using light. However, from a practical perspective, aligning the external light source patch over opaque skin by patients may affect the amount of delivered electrical power. The amount of delivered power may also be affected by the deformation of the light source and receiver patches in accordance with thin skin layers. In this paper, an experimental and analytical study on the performance of a power implant under an animal skin depending on the implantation depth, lateral misalignment with the external light patch, and bending radius and direction is presented. The experimental results indicate that the transferred power by the patches in misalignment (about 20% of the transmitter length) or in bending (≈30 mm radius) is maintained at least 90% power of the aligned and flat ones. The results provide important characteristic data that are required in designing reliable wireless power transfer systems for various types of implantable medical devices.

Energy management optimization of integrated energy system with electric hydrogen hybrid energy storage

Abstract Integrated energy system (IES) has attracted wide attention as an efficient solution to a comprehensive utilization of hybrid energy system including electricity, heat, and hydrogen in recent years. This paper investigates the stochastic optimal operation for the micro integrated electric power, heat, and hydrogen delivery system. Firstly, the mathematical model of the micro integrated energy system for residential communities and other similar scenarios is discussed, including the energy interface, power microgrid, micro-heat system and micro-hydrogen system with considerations of distributed energy supply, energy storage, load, upstream energy network interface and their mathematical models. Secondly, the correlated uncertainty, such as wind power, solar power, and loads, are considered and handled in micro integrated energy system. Finally, a scenario-based approach is proposed for the stochastic operation of micro integrated energy system. The objective function is formulated to minimize the expected total operation and environmental costs, the hourly schedule of controllable components in micro integrated energy system. Numerical results demonstrated that the effectiveness of the proposed method. The correlated uncertainty and the corresponding impacts are accurately presented in the optimization model.

Early Warning Weather Hazard System for Power System Control

Power systems and their primary components, mostly the transmission and distribution of overhead lines, substations, and other power facilities, are distributed in space and are exposed to various atmospheric and meteorological conditions. These conditions carry a certain level of risk for reliable electrical power delivery. Various atmospheric hazards endanger the operation of power systems, where the most significant are thunderstorms, wildfire events, and floods which can cause various ranges of disturbances, faults, and damages to the power grid, or even negatively affect the quality of life. By utilizing a weather monitoring and early warning system, it is possible to ensure a faster reaction against different weather-caused fault detections and elimination, to ensure a faster and more adequate preparation for fighting extreme weather events, while maintaining overhead line protection and fault elimination. Moreso, it is possible to bypass overhead lines that have the highest risk of unfavorable meteorological events and hazards, and reroute the energy, thus providing electricity to endangered areas in times of need while minimizing blackouts, and consequently, improving the quality of human life. This paper will present an analysis of the various risks of atmospheric phenomena, in the meteorological and climate context, and discuss various power system components, the power system control, operations, planning, and power quality. A concept with the main functionalities and data sources needed for the establishment of an early warning weather hazard system will be proposed. The proposed solution can be used as a utility function in power system control to mitigate risks to the power system due to atmospheric influences and ongoing climate change.

A linear input dependence model for interdependent networks

We consider a linear relaxation of a generalized minimum-cost network flow problem with binary input dependencies. In this model the flows through certain arcs are bounded by linear (or more generally, piecewise linear concave) functions of the flows through other arcs. This formulation can be used to model interrelated systems in which the components of one system require the delivery of material from another system in order to function (for example, components of a subway system may require delivery of electrical power from a separate system). We propose and study randomized rounding schemes for how this model can be used to approximate solutions to a related mixed integer linear program for modeling binary input dependencies. The introduction of side constraints prevents this problem from being solved using the well-known network simplex algorithm, however by characterizing its basis structure we develop a generalization of network simplex algorithm that can be used for its computationally efficient solution.

A Hybrid–Electric Driveline for Agricultural Tractors Based on an e-CVT Power-Split Transmission

This paper proposes a full-hybrid driveline based on an electric continuously variable transmission (e-CVT), which is inspired by the car industry’s most successful solution. The paper describes the operating principle, the system architecture, and the control scheme of the proposed driveline. An analysis of four possible operating modes shows that the e-CVT driveline leads to a performance similar to that of conventional tractors, as well as unusual features such as power boost, full-electric mode, optimized auxiliary drive and electric power delivery capability. The compact layout proposed for the e-CVT also makes it possible to simplify the overall layout of the tractor, particularly during the installation of both the thermal engine and the cooling system.

Machine Learning-Based Condition Monitoring for PV Systems: State of the Art and Future Prospects

To ensure the continuity of electric power generation for photovoltaic systems, condition monitoring frameworks are subject to major enhancements. The continuous uniform delivery of electric power depends entirely on a well-designed condition maintenance program. A just-in-time task to deal with several naturally occurring faults can be correctly undertaken via the cooperation of effective detection, diagnosis, and prognostic analyses. Therefore, the present review first outlines different failure modes to which all photovoltaic systems are subjected, in addition to the essential integrated detection methods and technologies. Then, data-driven paradigms, and their contribution to solving this prediction problem, are also explored. Accordingly, this review primarily investigates the different learning architectures used (i.e., ordinary, hybrid, and ensemble) in relation to their learning frameworks (i.e., traditional and deep learning). It also discusses the extension of machine learning to knowledge-driven approaches, including generative models such as adversarial networks and transfer learning. Finally, this review provides insights into different works to highlight various operating conditions and different numbers and types of failures, and provides links to some publicly available datasets in the field. The clear organization of the abundant information on this subject may result in rigorous guidelines for the trends adopted in the future.