Project Delays Research Articles

Accurate Prediction of Compression Index of Normally Consolidated Soils Using Artificial Neural Networks

The compression index (Cc) serves as a crucial parameter in predicting consolidation settlement in fine-grained soils, representing the slope of the void ratio logarithmic effective stress curve obtained from oedometer tests. However, traditional consolidation testing methods are notably time-consuming, typically spanning a 15-day period for preparation, execution, and parameter calculation, leading to significant delays in civil engineering projects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for effective methodologies to determine consolidation parameters within a shorter timeframe. Although various empirical formulas have been proposed over the years to correlate compressibility with soil parameters, none have reliably predicted the Cc across different datasets. In this study, to overcome this challenge, an alternative approach using artificial neural network (ANN) methodology to predict the compression index of fine-grained soils based on index properties is proposed. For this purpose, an ANN was trained and validated using a dataset consisting of 560 high and low- plasticity soil samples obtained from construction sites in various regions of Turkey over the last forty years, as well as soil borings in Istanbul. The modeling of artificial neural networks was performed using the Regression Learner program, which integrates with the Matlab 2023a software package and offers a user-friendly graphical interface for AI model development without coding. The data set, which was structured as a matrix with dimensions of 458 × 6, included input parameters such as the natural water content, liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index and initial void ratio, as well as information on the compression index, which was the output variable. The developed ANN model showed an outstanding predictive performance when predicting the output of the test data, achieving an outstanding R2 score of 0.81. This underlines the potential of ANN methodologies to efficiently extract important data with fewer experiments and in less time, and offers promising applications in the field of geotechnical engineering.

A Comprehensive Review of the Factors and Strategies to Mitigate Construction Projects Delays in Saudi Arabia

Background The construction industry in Saudi Arabia faces numerous challenges that hinder its progress due to frequent and prolonged project delays. Objective The specific objectives of this study are (1) (1) To analyze the factors contributing to construction project delays in Saudi Arabia, (2) To identify the risk of factors contributing to construction project delays, and (3) To propose strategies to mitigate construction project delays in Saudi Arabia. Methods The study reviewed 16 articles to identify and suggest solutions for construction project delays in Saudi Arabia. Results There are 140 factors of delay found and seven pose unacceptable risks including delays due to material delivery, delays in approval of submittals, design drawings, shop drawings, and sample materials (making decisions), delays related to subcontractors work, inflation and escalation of material prices (changes in price), lack of coordination with contractors, shortage of construction materials (non-availability of material), and equipment shortages. The risk assessment can be conducted using the Bowtie diagram, scenario analysis, MRM, and MCS separately or collectively to get a new and improved model. Conclusion This review will contribute to the development of strategies to enhance the performance of ongoing and future construction projects in the region. Additionally, decision-makers can utilize the outcomes to strategically allocate resources and improve construction project success.

Valuation of Project Managers to Enhance Project Performance in Nigeria’s Construction Industry

Construction project management is critical to the success of construction projects, with the performance of project managers (PMRs) playing a central role. Despite its importance, previous studies have highlighted the poor performance of construction organizations in Nigeria, such as project delays and cost overruns and the need for proper project management practices. However, the specific performance of PMRs in the Nigerian construction industry (NCI) has not been extensively studied. To address this issue, this study aims to identify the causes of underperformance among PMRs in the NCI by examining the tasks where PMRs underperform and the extent of this underperformance and its effect on motivational support from organizations. Data were collected through 206 questionnaires and 36 semi-structured interviews with organizations and project managers. Descriptive analysis was conducted to evaluate project management (PM) practices as well as the level of motivational support provided to PMRs. The analysis revealed that PMRs underperform in more than 60% of tasks but outperform in 20%. Underperformance refers to the tasks in which PMRs performed less than the expected contributions set by the organization, while outperformance describes tasks where PMRs exceeded the organization’s expectations. The analysis also revealed low motivational support of PMR. Correlation analysis was conducted to investigate whether motivational support influences PMR performance, and the results indicated a two-way causal relationship between underperformance and low motivational support. This study integrated a game theory model with regression analysis to show that (stay, support) is the dominant solution for project managers and organizations, provided the net contribution of support is positive. In this context, “stay” refers to PMRs continuing working with their current organization, while “support” refers to the motivational support provided by the organization to enhance the commitment and performance of the PMRs. However, current support levels may not be enough to cause PMRs to begin to outperform. In addition, regression analysis was conducted between the degree of underperformance and motivational factors, and we conducted a preliminary simulation by increasing these values of regression coefficients. The results indicated that while motivational support from organizations can improve PMRs performance, its effectiveness is limited. Factors such as corruption, political pressures, and organizational culture have a greater impact on performance. Addressing these factors may be more crucial for enhancing performance and project outcomes than focusing only on motivational support. Therefore, the Nigerian construction industry needs to implement institutional changes alongside motivational strategies to improve PMRs performance and project success.

Assessing The Impact of Rising Cost of Materials On Construction Activities in Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria

This study focused on assessing the impact of rising cost of building materials on construction activities in Enugu, Enugu state, Nigeria. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of rising cost of materials on construction activities in Enugu, Nigeria in order to proffer a solution to the rise in the cost of these materials used in everyday construction in Enugu state. With the following objectives; to identify the factors that lead to increasing cost of material in Enugu State, Nigeria; to assess the impact of rising cost of materials on construction activities in Enugu; to proffer solutions to the rise in the cost of building materials. The research design employed was primary and secondary which encompasses descriptions and quantitative analysis on a randomly selected sample of receipt of building materials from the suppliers over the years. The population of the study is 223 professionals in the field and sample size of 143 which was gotten using Taro Yamane formula. The findings of the study reveals that the factors that lead to increasing cost on the building construction activities in Enugu State are; fluctuations in material costs, design changes and scope creep, regulatory compliance and permitting, project delays, weather and environmental factors, technology and innovation costs, interest rates and financing costs, and others. Finally, the study recommends that there will be need for relevant authorities in the building industry to re-examine and educate the people on its existence and equally generate the possible ways of reducing the increasing cost of building materials so as to enhance the building construction industry in Nigeria.

Modelling and analysis of long floating hose string at different working states during the pumping ashore process

ABSTRACT During the pumping ashore process, a long floating hose string connects with the shoreline and the other end either free-floating or linking a Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD), which suffered both motions of the TSHD and itself under the wind, wave and currents. It is necessary to evaluate the dynamics of the floating hose string to ensure its reliability because their deformation in waves matter the inside slurry flow transportation and may suffer unexpected damaged during the operation and even cause the project delay. Although the composite structure of the dredging hoses can refer to the floating hoses in offshore oil transportation, the bending stiffness, long-distance behaviour and coupling with the motions of the ship and the hose string bring new challenges for modelling and solving. In order to solve the problems, in this study, a numerical model of kilometres-long floating hose string with mechanical properties of the composite hose materials is established with single hose segment bending test data, macro model with lumped mass theory, dynamics of the hose string and coupling analysis with the ship motions. The dynamic performance of kilometres-long floating hoses during the free-floating state and connected TSHD for pumping state with different angles of wind, current, and wave are investigated. The analyses indicate that axial tensions and bending moments of the first 100 m and last 200 m of floating hose string should be noticed, and the amplitude of the tensions remain low and relatively stable when the 60° incoming wave to the ship, which is a better choice in practical operation. Finally, the effects of different sea conditions and lengths of hose string are carried out. The nonlinear geometry and forces of different lengths’ floating hoses during the pumping ashore process were obtained for practical operation reference. Results can help to evaluate long-distance floating hose motions under different sea conditions and provide practical operation suggestions for the working process.

Analyzing the critical delay factors for construction projects in the public sector using relative importance index and machine learning techniques

This study aims to identify the causes of delays in public construction projects in Thailand, a developing country. Increasing construction durations lead to higher costs, making it essential to pinpoint the causes of these delays. The research analyzed 30 public construction projects that encountered delays. Delay causes were categorized into four groups: contractor-related, client-related, supervisor-related, and external factors. A questionnaire was used to survey these causes, and the Relative Importance Index (RII) method was employed to prioritize them. The findings revealed that the primary cause of delays was contractor-related financial issues, such as cash flow problems, with an RII of 0.777 and a weighted value of 84.44%. The second most significant cause was labor issues, such as a shortage of workers during the harvest season or festivals, with an RII of 0.773. Additionally, various algorithms were used to compare the Relative Importance Index (RII) and four machine learning methods: Decision Tree (DT), Deep Learning, Neural Network, and Naïve Bayes. The Deep Learning model proved to be the most effective baseline model, achieving a 90.79% accuracy rate in identifying contractor-related financial issues as a cause of construction delays. This was followed by the Neural Network model, which had an accuracy rate of 90.26%. The Decision Tree model had an accuracy rate of 85.26%. The RII values ranged from 68.68% for the Naïve Bayes model to 77.70% for the highest RII model. The research results indicate that contractor financial liquidity and costs significantly impact construction operations, which public agencies must consider. Additionally, the availability of contractor labor is crucial for the continuity of projects. The accuracy and reliability of the data obtained using advanced data mining techniques demonstrate the effectiveness of these results. This can be efficiently utilized by stakeholders involved in construction projects in Thailand to enhance construction project management.

PetroSahand International Group: the dilemma of outsourcing for EPC activities

Learning outcomes After reading the case and answering the case assignments, students will be able to understand and explain the challenges and opportunities for engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contractors and their subcontractors; understand and critically analyse the advantages and disadvantages of insourcing and outsourcing of engineering, procurement and construction in EPC projects; determine which situations merit insourcing or outsourcing within each of engineering, procurement and construction in EPC projects; understand and identify the competencies and qualifications that a subcontractor must possess if any EPC activity is outsourced to them; and develop a decision-making framework to determine which EPC activities must be kept in-house or outsourced in EPC projects. Case overview/synopsis In mid-March 2021, PetroSahand International Group, a leading EPC contractor specializing in the oil, gas and petrochemicals industries in Iran, encountered significant challenges with its subcontractors in engineering and construction. These issues resulted in widespread repercussions for the company, including project delays and mounting debts. At the peak of these crises, PetroSahand’s senior management embarked on a thorough examination of whether to insource or outsource various aspects of their operations, such as engineering, procurement and construction. Their objective was twofold: to prevent similar setbacks in future projects and to navigate existing projects with minimal disruption to the company’s reputation. To address this critical dilemma, PetroSahand enlisted the expertise of a consulting team from Sharif University of Technology. Comprising esteemed professors, graduates and students from one of Iran’s most respected institutions, this team undertook an exhaustive analysis of the insourcing versus outsourcing debate across EPC domains. Subsequently, they presented their comprehensive findings, thereby confronting PetroSahand’s senior management with a pivotal choice regarding the optimal approach for each activity. Complexity academic level The audience of this work is undergraduate and graduate students who are enrolled in project management courses, both fundamentals and advanced. In addition, this case helps senior managers of EPC contractors gain a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of insourcing or outsourcing different project activities. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 7: Management science.

Perception of contractors and sub-contractors towards the factors causing delays in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) construction projects

Purpose This study aims to determine and investigate the main causes of construction project delays. Construction projects are more intricate and associated with significant levels of risk owing to cost overruns. These overruns frequently lead to delays, incomplete work or other related challenges. Building delays are a prevalent problem in the building sector of developing nations. These delays prolong the duration of projects and result in increased costs and conflicts among stakeholders. A conceptual model consisting of the factors causing the delays in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) projects was developed and tested in this study. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive data collection process was undertaken. A meticulously designed survey was distributed to a diverse cohort of 294 participants, including contractors and sub-contractors from Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The data was collected using stratified sampling, ensuring a representative sample. The data was then analysed using ordinary least squares multiple regression. Findings The findings of this study have significant implications for the construction industry. They indicate that factors related to sales, clients, design, procurement, finance and labour all contribute to delays in HVAC projects. Understanding these factors can help stakeholders in the industry to better manage and mitigate project delays. Originality/value This study is unique because it is a perceptual study of stakeholders. It provides valuable information for analysing and assessing project performance by identifying the primary causes of HVAC project delays. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the study conducted on HVAC projects is the first of its kind and hence makes a pivotal contribution to the literature on construction projects. Additionally, the study will assist policymakers and consultants in taking necessary steps to minimize delays.

Critical Risk Factors Associated with Schedule Delays in Gas Processing Facility Projects: Case Study in Indonesia

Critical Risk Factors Associated with Schedule Delays in Gas Processing Facility Projects: Case Study in Indonesia

Solving Construction Project Delays as SDGS: Evidence from Indonesia

Objectives: For the service provider, the contract will be terminated by the Government, and it will be noted that they cannot participate in project tenders in the coming year. This study analyzes Service Providers who need resource readiness to complete the Project Schedule to Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation as SDGs Theoretical Framework: The theory used is project management by Kerzner (2013), cost management stages by expert Gunn (2017), and risk management to be effective by Santosa (2009). Methods: The method is descriptive qualitative. Data analysis by conducting interactive analysis, data reduction steps, data presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification. Results and Discussion: This study indicates that the project work schedule must be completed according to the mutually agreed agreement letter. The Regional Government must coordinate and communicate with service providers so that they can complete the project by the Agreement, especially on blocklist sanctions against service providers and the Implementation of statutory provisions on construction services, risk management, and project financing management. Conclusions: Applying the provisions of laws and regulations regarding Construction Services by implementing the terms of the agreement, apply risk management to the ad hoc project selection committee and the Public Works Department so that the risks of slow projects can be anticipated, and Implementing Funding and Time Management with resource planning with careful project cost estimation, cost budgeting, and cost control of changes to the project budget and Implement the project schedule according to the plan.

Bridging the information gap using targeted digital transformation: process mapping large-scale concrete activity

ABSTRACT An information gap exists in the construction industry, where stakeholders possess information that is not effectively shared or sufficiently detailed. The information gap increases uncertainty in decision-making processes, leading to design conservatism, project delays and errors. Reducing over-design and waste in concrete practice is critical to achieving greater sustainability. Bridging the information gap, therefore, supports sustainable change and can be reinforced by digital transformation that aids information availability. Nevertheless, the complexity and current ambiguity in the information requirements of stakeholders in the supply chain pose a substantive challenge to effective implementation. To this end, this study develops a process flow model for the concrete sector constructed using a mixed method approach of a questionnaire, interviews, and an industry workshop. The information requirements and actions of all stakeholders in the system are collectively mapped for the first time. By developing process understanding, the model demonstrates that the current document-centric approach adopted by the sector contributes to the information gap. Furthermore, the developed process understanding aids in targeted digital transformation to tackle the information gap in practice.

Analisis Faktor Penyebab Keterlambatan Terhadap Pelaksanaan Proyek Konstruksi

In general, the implementation of construction projects can be interpreted as a temporary activity that lasts for a limited period of time. During the implementation of construction project work, construction project delays are very often found. Construction project delays are a common problem in the construction industry. Construction projects often involve many parties, including the project owner, contractors, subcontractors, and material providers. Delays can occur for various reasons. This research will be carried out to determine the factors of delays in high school building construction projects in Gorontalo Province. The data collected is in the form of a questionnaire. The data processing method uses SPSS analysis and the help of Microsoft Excel. The results obtained from this research are that the most dominant factor is Variable (X1) Labor Factor with a mean value of 3.21, Material Factor (X2) with a mean value of 3.12 and equipment factor (X3) 2.94.

Selecting Resilient Strategies for Cost Optimization in Prefabricated Building Supply Chains Based on the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-Ⅱ: Facing Diverse Disruption Scenarios

As a new sustainable building production mode, prefabricated building supply chains can realize energy saving, environmental protection and full cycle value maximization of building products. Prefabricated building supply chains often experience disruptions due to supply instability, transportation delay and force majeure, resulting in project delays and cost escalations and posing challenges to the sustainable development objectives of enterprises. Therefore, it is important and essential to study the strategy of enhancing the resiliency of prefabricated building supply chains, which has not been comprehensively explored in previous papers. This paper constructs decision-making models for supply chain cost resilience strategies under varying scenarios of supply disruptions, incorporating both redundant inventory and back-up supplier strategy. It considers the total cost and resilience of the supply chain as dual objective functions. Parameter-tuned non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-П (NSGA-П) algorithms were used innovatively to solve the project case, and the impacts of the redundant inventory coefficient and back-up supplier supply price coefficient on the model result were analyzed. The results indicate that the supply chain with resilience construction has a superior capability to cope with disruption. The results show that when there is a mild supply disruption, the general contractor uses the capacity within the supply chain and chooses a redundant inventory strategy to restore resilience. In the event of moderate disruption, both the easy inventory strategy and back-up supplier strategy are selected to maintain supply chain stability. In the event of a severe disruption, only the back-up supplier strategy is selected to cover the losses and maintain the project schedule. In addition, the choice of resilience strategy is impacted by the inventory levels and component prices of back-up suppliers. It further verifies the effectiveness of the model and the impacts of uncertain parameters in the model on the results. This study contributes to enhancing the resilience management of the prefabricated building supply chain by the general contractor, thereby elevating the overall efficiency and competitiveness of the supply chain and furthering the sustainable development of prefabricated buildings.

Evaluation and Assessment of Software Security Risks and Vulnerabilities Within the Realm of Secure DevOps.

Security plays a vital role in successful software development and consistency, especially in a modern, fast-expanding world dominated by technologies. It guarantees that all privacy, integrity, and accessibility of information, coding, and services are protected. Achieving such requires a consistent consideration of security throughout all developmental stages of software. Although several methods for improving the quality of software have been created, there is still no clear method for effectively integrating security throughout each stage of the software developmental process. The inability to give adequate attention to security has been identified as the main cause of common flaws. Many forward-thinking businesses frequently employ a "patch and infiltrate” technique, taking security into consideration only after the execution of the task. Higher costs, project delays, neglect of verification and integration during the development life cycle of the project, reliance on external tools and parts, and ignorance among all factors contribute to the disregard of security during the SDLC. Nevertheless, Secure-DevOps is indispensable for the survival of companies in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) landscape. Consequently, applying an effective approach that deals with security within every level of the SDLC is crucial. To bridge this gap, a comprehensive examination of effective techniques for developing secure software was presented, taking into account the financial and time constraints of a project. A framework for ensuring security built upon Secure-DevOps practices, which seamlessly integrates the best security measures into different stages of the SDLC, was identified. To validate this framework, a mathematical model has been employed. The study concludes that effectively incorporating Secure-DevOps practices throughout the Software developmental process, minimizes security risks and vulnerabilities.

Multi objective optimization and evaluation approach of prefabricated component combination solutions using NSGA-II and simulated annealing optimized projection pursuit method

As a main carrier mode for the sustainable development of the construction industry in China, prefabricated building may lead to problems such as cost overruns, project delays, and waste of resources due to unreasonable selection of prefabricated components. Therefore, we quantitatively analyze the contribution rate of quality optimization of prefabricated components using QFD-SEM. Under the constraints of prefabrication rate, quality optimization contribution rate, and expected values of various sub-goals, we propose a multi-objective optimization method for prefabricated component combinations based on cost, duration, and carbon emissions. By using NSGA-II to solve the model, we can obtain a set of optimal Pareto solutions for prefabricated component combinations. Based on the optimal Pareto solution set, we establish a multi-objective evaluation model using simulated annealing optimization projection tracing method, and select the optimal prefabricated component combination solution according to the projected eigenvalues of the solutions. An empirical study is conducted using an eleven-story framed building in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China as a case study. The results show that: (1) Using this method, optimal solutions can be obtained in an unbounded solution space, with the optimal solution having advantages over both fully cast-in-place and fully prefabricated solutions. Compared to the fully cast-in-place solution, the duration and carbon emissions are reduced by 36.62% and 12.74% respectively, while compared to the fully prefabricated solution, costs are reduced by 4.15%. (2) There is a certain negative correlation between the cost of prefabricated component combinations and duration, carbon emissions, and quality optimization, while there is a certain positive correlation with the prefabrication rate. (3) The size of the optimal projection direction vector based on the optimization objectives indicates that carbon emissions have the greatest impact on the evaluation results of the solutions.

The influence of professional engineering certifications on offshore industry standards and practices

The offshore engineering industry plays a critical role in global energy production and infrastructure development. Ensuring quality, safety, and efficiency in offshore operations is paramount to the success and sustainability of these projects. This paper explores the significant impact of professional engineering certifications on offshore industry standards and practices, specifically focusing on how certifications contribute to enhancing quality, safety, and efficiency. Professional engineering certifications validate the skills and expertise of individuals working in the offshore sector, providing assurance to stakeholders that industry standards are being met. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and case studies, this paper examines the role of certifications in maintaining quality assurance, ensuring safety protocols, and enhancing operational efficiency. Certified professionals play a crucial role in implementing and adhering to stringent quality standards throughout offshore projects, ultimately reducing the risk of costly errors and project delays. Moreover, certifications equip professionals with the necessary knowledge and training to identify and mitigate safety hazards, thereby minimizing the likelihood of accidents and environmental disasters. In addition to quality and safety considerations, certifications also contribute to improving efficiency in offshore operations. Certified professionals are equipped with the latest industry best practices and technologies, enabling them to streamline processes, optimize resource utilization, and deliver projects on time and within budget. While professional certifications are instrumental in raising industry standards and practices, challenges such as access to training, certification maintenance, and evolving regulatory requirements remain. Addressing these challenges and promoting the adoption of certification programs are essential steps towards further enhancing the quality, safety, and efficiency of offshore engineering operations. Overall, this paper underscores the critical role of professional engineering certifications in shaping the future of the offshore industry, providing a roadmap for stakeholders to leverage certifications effectively to achieve their operational objectives. Keywords: Professional Engineering Certifications, Offshore Industry Standards, Quality, Safety, Efficiency, Offshore engineering operations.

Predicting Blast-Induced Damage and Dynamic Response of Drill-and-Blast Tunnel Using Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

The significance of predicting the dynamic response and damage of an existing concrete tunnel during underground blasting has increased owing to the close proximity between the newly built and existing tunnels. Peak particle velocity (PPV) is a commonly used criterion in the assessment of blast-induced structural damage. However, such structural damage is also associated with the frequency content of the blast wave. Nevertheless, the recommended threshold PPVs, which are based on empirical criteria, predict conservative estimations. Using stringent and regulated blasting methods often results in project delays and escalates the total project expenditure. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model of an underground tunnel has been developed in LS-DYNA to analyze damage to the concrete tunnels under blast loading. A suite of analyses was performed to examine the potential damage induced in the underground tunnel. A lower frequency load was found to have a greater potential for producing damage compared with a high frequency blast load. The results showed that the location of the cracking within the tunnel, such as the arch foot or tunnel wall, was also influenced by the frequency of the blast wave. The maximum allowable PPV for the concrete tunnel was determined for a range of frequencies based on predicted free field PPV and additional factors of safety of 1.2 and 1.5 were established, depending on the safety needs and importance of the tunnel construction. Thus, our findings provide useful information for improving the evaluation of tunnel damage and guaranteeing the safety of underground tunnels.

Analisis Faktor Keterlambatan Pekerjaan Konstruksi Drainase dengan Menggunakan Metode Kaiser Mayer Oklin (KMO)

This research aims to identify factors that cause delays in implementing the Urban Drainage project in Kepatihan Village, Bojonegoro Regency, using Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) funds. The research method used a population involved in drainage construction, using a saturated sampling technique with 39 respondents. Data collection used questionnaires for primary data and secondary data obtained from project schedules, cost budget plans and workforce data. Data analysis uses factor analysis, descriptive analysis, and cross tabulation analysis. Factor analysis uses the Kaiser Mayer Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO-MSA) method. The KMO test was carried out with a significance value from the Bartlett Sphericity Test of less than 0.05 to determine the suitability of the variables. The KMO-MSA process is carried out by calculating the Kaiser Mayer Olkin (KMO) value. The KMO value ranges between 0 and 1, where a higher value indicates a better match. Apart from that, Bartlett's Test of Sphericity was also carried out to test the significance of the relationship between variables. If the test results are significant (p < 0.05), then these variables are suitable for proceeding to further factor analysis. The results of the cross-tabulation analysis show that the labor variable (X2) is the main factor influencing delays in drainage construction projects, with a significance value (sig) < 0.05. Based on the results of the descriptive analysis, the labor factor indicator (X2) which is the factor that has the most significant influence on construction project delays, is the variable X2.1 in the form of labor availability with a mean of 5.67 and a percentage value of 5.12%. This suggests that a lack of labor can cause delays in project implementation, potentially affecting overall project progress and quality.

STRATEGIC OVERTIME IMPLEMENTATION: ASSESSING CRASH TIME, CRASH COST, AND COST SLOPE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF KADIRI UNIVERSITY'S 4-STORY BUILDING

The lecture building is an important building which is the center of academic activities where educational activities are carried out. Currently, the construction of a four-story lecture building at Kadiri University is experiencing significant project delays with a deviation of 5.64% from the plan. Crash analysis can be carried out to speed up the duration of the project so that it can be completed on time with additional working hours. This research aims to determine crash time, crash costs, and cost slope for the application of overtime on the 4-story building construction project at Kadiri University. A quantitative and case study approach was used with data collected through observation, interviews, and analysis of project documents. Critical Path Method (CPM) analysis is carried out using Microsoft Project software to identify work that is on the critical path. Crashing is done by calculating crash time, crash cost, and cost slope. The research results show that applying 1 hour of overtime can speed up the project by 12 working days, with an additional cost of IDR 24,488,758. Cost slope analysis shows additional overtime costs of IDR 12,244,379. This research shows that the application of measurable overtime and crashing analysis can effectively overcome project delays in the context of building educational facilities.

Faktor Utama Penyebab Keterlambatan Proyek Konstruksi Gedung di Bojonegoro

Economic development in Bojonegoro is growing rapidly due to massive building construction. However, delays in building construction projects in Bojonegoro are a significant issue because they have a negative impact on costs, efficiency, and local economic stability. Identifying building project delay factors, especially in Bojonegoro, is important because project delay factors may differ from other areas. This research aims to identify and analyze factors influencing building project delays in Bojonegoro. The factors observed include materials, labor, equipment, finance, environment, and design changes. The research uses a quantitative approach and a questionnaire survey method, which has undergone instrument testing on 35 respondents involved in building construction projects in Bojonegoro. The data was tested on classical assumptions and analyzed using hypothesis testing (F and T tests) to determine the effect of each variable on project delays and ranking based on the coefficient values. The research results show that all variables studied significantly influence project delays, with labor as the most dominant factor, followed by environment and finance. Changes in design, equipment, and materials also contribute, although with a smaller impact. This research provides a strong empirical basis for project managers and related parties to develop more effective strategies for managing construction projects, reducing delays, and increasing project efficiency in Bojonegoro.