Degree Of Dehydration Research Articles

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) is a clinical condition arising from complications of diabetes mellitus. This clinical condition was previously called a non-ketotic hyperglycemic coma; non-ketotic hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome, and non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma (KHONK). Current HHS diagnostic criteria include plasma glucose levels >600 mg/dL and an increase in effective plasma osmolality >320 mOsm/kg in the absence of ketoacidosis. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) usually occurs with lower insulinopenia levels compared to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), but its pathophysiology is considered the same. The mortality rate in Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) can be up to 20% which is about 10 times higher than the death seen in diabetic ketoacidosis. Clinical outcomes and prognosis in HHS are determined by several factors: age, degree of dehydration, and the absence or absence of other accompanying diseases.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: a comprehensive overview.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is characterized by the inability to concentrate urine that results in polyuria and polydipsia, despite having normal or elevated plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP). In this study, we review the clinical aspects and diagnosis of NDI, the various etiologies, current treatment options and potential future developments. NDI has different clinical manifestations and approaches according to the etiology. Hereditary forms of NDI are mainly caused by mutations in the genes that encode key proteins in the AVP signaling pathway, while acquired causes are normally associated with specific drug exposure, especially lithium, and hydroelectrolytic disorders. Clinical manifestations of the disease vary according to the degree of dehydration and hyperosmolality, being worse when renal water losses cannot be properly compensated by fluid intake. Regarding the diagnosis of NDI, it is important to consider the symptoms of the patient and the diagnostic tests, including the water deprivation test and the baseline plasma copeptin measurement, a stable surrogate biomarker of AVP release. Without proper treatment, patients may developcomplications leading to high morbidity and mortality, such as severe dehydration and hypernatremia. In that sense, the treatment of NDI consists in decreasing the urine output, while allowing appropriate fluid balance, normonatremia, and ensuring an acceptable quality of life. Therefore, therapeutic options include nonpharmacological interventions, including sufficient water intake and a low-sodium diet, and pharmacological treatment. The main medications used for NDI are thiazide diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and amiloride, used isolated or in combination.

Differential Fluid Activity in a Single Exhumed Continental Subduction Unit from Local P-T-M(H2O) Records of Zoned Amphiboles (North Muya, Eastern Siberia)

The behavior of the continental lithosphere in the Alpine-type subduction zones, which primarily depends on its thickness, thermal regime of subduction and availability of fluids/melts, remains an important issue for both metamorphic petrology and geochemistry as well as for resolving the thermomechanical properties of subduction paleo-interfaces. Rehydrated (amphibole- and zoisite-bearing) eclogites from the Neoproterozoic North Muya high-pressure complex (northern Central Asian Orogenic belt, eastern Siberia) were studied in order to assess their peak burial depths, degree of prograde dehydration, and further retrograde hydration extent within a subducted and exhumed continental unit. Three medium-grained eclogites from different localities of HP complex show similarly dry peak assemblages of pyrope-almandine-grossular garnet (XGrs up to 0.30, XPrp up to 0.25) + Na-rich omphacite (up to 44 mol % of jadeite) + rutile + quartz, which are variably replaced by secondary plagioclase + clinopyroxene ± amphibole symplectitic aggregate. The eclogites were subjected to burial at similar peak depths (up to ~17–21 kbar) but different peak temperatures (within ~600–730 °C) with or without notable heating and re-equilibration due to crustal thickening. Variable degrees of exhumation-induced pervasive rehydration led to growth of individual zoned porphyroblastic barroisite-hornblende amphibole ([B]Na = 0.03–0.45) ± zoisite over the primary eclogitic assemblage or after notable thermally-driven development of symplectitic aggregate after omphacite. Amphibole compositions together with the zoisite presence/absence in different samples reflect continuous rehydration by addition of ~0.5–1.5 wt.% at different exhumation conditions, from nearly peak eclogitic P–T (~17–21 kbar) to granulite- and amphibolite-facies depths within the plagioclase stability field (<14 kbar). This diversity most likely required irregular distribution of internally sourced, low-volume, hydrous metamorphic fluid (i.e., from host felsic rocks or metasediments) acting at different depths of the subduction interface. From the performed PTX calculations, I suggest that nearly isochemical (i.e., without any significant modification of the bulk-rock composition other than incorporation of additional H2O), retrograde hydration by only at lower- to middle-crust conditions did not significantly influence the density and the rheology of the subducted continental slices due to both (1) a limited abundance of dense metabasic rocks, which are commonly more fluid-rich (e.g., due to chlorite or amphibole alteration), and (2) the initially dry nature of mafic and felsic continental rocks. The limited dehydration and rehydration scales exemplified by the North Muya eclogites and therefore low availability of hydrous metamorphic fluids may have accounted for the high buoyancy of the eclogitic crust and explained the absence of contemporaneous suprasubduction magmatism in the regional context at ca. ~630 Ma.

The use of Pleth Variability Index (PVI) for the assessment of patients with dehydration in the pediatric emergency department

Objective: There is not a non-invasive, valid, and reliable criterion yet that can be used to determine the degree of dehydration and responsiveness to fluid treatment. In the literature, Pleth Variability Index (PVI) has been studied as one of the additional tools that can be used to determine the degree of dehydration. Studies on this topic have been conducted mainly on patients who are connected to mechanical ventilators. This study was conducted to assess the feasibility of PVI measurement in paediatric patients who breathe spontaneously, are dehydrated moderately and need fluid repletion. Material and Methods: For this purpose, PVI, blood gas (pH, HCO3, lactate), and body weights of the patients were measured before and after fluid replacement. The delta (Δ) values were calculated by taking the difference between the values before and after fluid therapy, and the correlation was examined. Results: After one hour of fluid treatment, weight, physical examination, blood gas (bicarbonate, lactate, pH) values improved significantly compared to pre-fluid levels, and high PVI values were found to decrease significantly. However, no significant correlation was found between PVI change (ΔPVI) and other variables (Δ kilo, pH, lactate, bicarbonate), which are used to determine the degree of dehydration. Conclusion: According to the findings of our study, PVI alone does not provide adequate and reliable data in children who are dehydrated moderately and breathe spontaneously

STUDY OF THE EFFECT DEGREE OF DEHYDRATİON OF OILS ON THE RHEOLOGİCAL PARAMETERS

As already mentioned, in the processes of extraction, storage and transportation of oils, they mix with each other or with water, which leads to changes in their rheological and physicochemical properties. The oils entering the refining and transportation stages are subject to strict requirements in terms of the amount of water, sulfur, chlorine salts and mechanical impurities in a number of indicators that determine their quality characteristics. Different types of oils have different qualities depending on the density and percentage of sulfur. It is these indicators that greatly affect the quality of oil and its selling price. High-viscosity oils with high density are usually not supplied to terminals and general purpose pipelines. To transport such oils, better quality, lighter oil or gas condensate is added to them. Oils with a high percentage of sulfur should also be refined or mixed with light oil or condensate. Mixing of different quality commercial oils can occur both in terminals and in transportation systems. The analysis shows that the quality of the mixture obtained is very different from the quality of the mixed oils. Given very little study of how the mixing of different types of liquefied oils affects their rheological, physicochemical properties and quality indicators, rotoviscosimetric rheological studies and physicochemical analyzes were performed in the laboratory for different mixtures of rheological complex oils and wetting rates. Mixing of different types of oil usually occurs when there are not enough tanks in the fields where acceptance operations take place. Sometimes different oils are injected into the same jaw in sequence and separately, without accounting. In such cases, the measurements made on the oil at the receiving points are different from the calculated price. Information on quality indicators of crude oils and their mixtures produced in mines (density, viscosity, freezing point, mechanical mixtures, chlorine salts, asphaltene, paraffin, amount of resins, etc.) It is also important for forecasting the operating modes of stations. In the existing normative documents and literature, as a rule, the definition of the main quality indicators of oils and their mixtures is based on established rules and dependencies. The study of the effect of mixing of different types of heterogeneous oils of Azerbaijan on their rheological and physical-chemical properties shows that the additive rule can lead to serious errors in the process of determining the predicted parameters, as many properties of complex oil mixtures are taken from calculations for ideal mixtures. Laboratory studies were conducted for individual oil samples, their different mixtures and degree of dehydration, oil and condensate, as well as mixtures of various types of light petroleum products, and the experimental results were analyzed. In the laboratory, the effect of the degree of dehydration of high-viscosity heavy oils taken from wells 43 (0%), 28 (15%), 37 (40%) and the storage tank of the "Jafarli" field of the "Muradkhanli" IPC on their rheological properties was studied. has been. All of the studied oils are high-viscosity, heavy oils and differ in the amount of water, mechanical impurities and chlorine salts they contain. Thus, the oil of well No. 43 was without water, and the oil of wells No. 28 and 37 had a water content of 15 and 40%, respectively. Most mechanical impurities (2.1%) were in well oil No 28, and most chlorine salts were in well oil No 37. Irrigation of the considered oil samples was artificially increased and their rheological parameters (γ ̇ and τ) were determined in the “Reotest-2” viscometer under different conditions at different irrigation levels. The increase in viscosity at small values of the velocity gradient at a certain degree of dehydration of wetting has led to a rapid decrease in the shear stress at large values. It was determined that the maximum value of the degree of dispersion of oils in water or the degree of saturation, indicating the saturation limit, was 70-80%, 40%, and 80% for mixed oil, respectively, for samples taken from wells 28, 37 and 43. Keywords: oil, mixed oil, mechanical mixture, degree of dehydration, rheological parameters.

Jatropha curcas poisoning in a family from rural Haryana

Background: Jatropha curcas is a flowering plant found all over the world. It has traditionally been used for medicinal purposes and as an ornamental plant. Lately, it is being promoted for biodiesel production. Since it is a commonly grown plant with seeds that are often mistaken as edible nuts, accidental ingestion is common among children. The presence of various plant toxins results in gastrointestinal, hepatic renal cardiotoxic, and hemolytic manifestations. The general public and most pediatricians are unaware of this. Clinical Description: We report a case series of thirteen children who presented to the emergency department with lethargy, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea after acute ingestion of seeds of an unknown plant. The presentation varied in severity of symptoms as well as degree of dehydration, which seemed to correspond to the number of seeds consumed. The parents were asked to bring parts of the plant and the seeds were identified to belong to the Jatropha curcas plant after expert botanical consultation. Management and Outcome: All the children were admitted. None of them had manifestations of any specific toxidrome, however, there seemed to be isolated gastrointestinal involvement, clinically. Gastric lavage was done immediately. Intravenous fluid correction was administered based on the severity of dehydration. Supportive treatment with antiemetics and antacids was provided. Baseline investigations were planned to rule out organ dysfunction. The most common derangement was neutrophilic leukocytosis. All children recovered well without any complications or sequelae. Conclusion: Jatropha Curcas is a noxious plant that should not be grown in areas where children play. Unknown plant poisoning should be treated with the same gravity as any other poisonous substance. All efforts should be taken to look for indicators of a specific toxidrome in case an antidote is warranted, as well as identify the concerned plant.

Improving hydration in elite male footballers during a national team training camp - an observational case study.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to (i) assess hydration levels in elite male football players during a national team training camp before and during qualifying matches, (ii) evaluate the effect of coaching strategies for hydration based on feedback from hydration monitoring, and (iii) assess possible relationships between hydration status and training load or wellness markers.[Methods] Thirty-one male players (age 27±4 yrs; height 185±6 cm; weight 82.9±6.7 kg; body fat 10.4±2.3%) representing a national team from the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) participated. The players were studied during three different national team training camps related to the UEFA Nations League tournament. Urine specific gravity (USG) was measured to assess hydration status. During all camps, the players were actively coached on improving strategies for hydration and given individual feedback on their test results. The training load was measured using GPS technology, and wellness questionnaires were completed.[Results] USG decreased progressively and significantly (p<0.005) during camp 1 and hydration status improved over the three camps, with fewer dehydrated and more well-hydrated players identified during the last part of camp 3. Significantly (p<0.05) higher USG values were observed 2 days prior to a match (MD-2) than on match day (MD); consequently, 52% of the players were dehydrated on MD-2 and only 6% on MD. No correlations were observed between hydration status and training load or wellness markers.[Conclusion] Dehydration is a challenge in elite male football, but continuous monitoring of hydration status and coaching on hydration strategies can lead to major improvements and reduce the degree of dehydration.

Fluid Intake Status and its Relationship with Cognitive Impairment among Elderlies of Naein City, Iran

Introduction: Water, as one of the most essential nutrients, is involved in almost all biochemical processes of the human body. Although different degrees of dehydration have various symptoms such as physical and mental decline, severe dehydration is associated with decreased survival capacity in the physiological environment of the body that can put individuals, especially the elderly, at the risk of death. The present study aimed to determine the status of fluid intake and its association with cognitive impairments in the elderly people of Naein City in 2018. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 225 randomly selected elderlies in Naein City. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire, Mini–Mental State Examination, and 24-hour food recall questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using ANOVA, t-test and chi-square via SPSS software. Results: The mean of total fluid intake was 2637.05 ± 772.35 ml / day. Among 225 participants, 36.4%, 37.3%, and 26.2% had normal, mild, and moderate cognitive impairment, respectively. Cognitive impairment had a significant relationship with gender, occupational status, level of education, marital status, and place of residence (p &lt; 0.05). No significant relationship was observed between the mean of water consumption and cognitive impairment (p = 0.6). Conclusion: The amount of fluid intake in elderly people living in Naein City was at a satisfactory level. Since no significant relationship was observed between the amount of fluid intake and cognitive impairments and more than half of the participants had cognitive impairments, we hypothesize that other factors are involved in prevalent of cognitive impairment.

Accelerated Dissipation of Free and Immobilized Water Facilitating the Intramolecular Dehydration of N-Xylosamine and Conversion Improvement of the Amadori Rearrangement Product of Aspartic Acid-Xylose Reaction.

Compared to the method of aqueous Maillard reaction at atmospheric pressure tandem vacuum concentration, a coupling dehydration method combining spray drying and vacuum drying was used to increase aspartic acid-xylose conversion to the Amadori rearrangement product (ARP). The water activity and moisture states were found as effective indicators to characterize the degree of dehydration of Maillard reaction intermediates and efficient formation of ARP. During the vacuum drying process, the water activity of the product powder decreased significantly. Because the formation of ARP was accompanied by intramolecular dehydration, combining spray drying and vacuum drying increased the proportion of bound water in the vacuum-dried product. Free water was easily dissipated via dehydration, which then converted the immobilized water continuously to free water, and the decreased immobilized water further converted the bound water to immobilized water. The reduction in bound water contributed to the intramolecular dehydration of N-substituted d-xylosamine, which would further be transformed to be the ARP through an intramolecular rearrangement. The yield of ARP was increased from 1.68 to 21.53% after spray drying. The ARP yield was substantially increased up to 77.9% by subsequent vacuum drying.

Clinical Results of the Drepaglobe Trial for Sickle Cell Disease Patients

▪In sickle cell disease (SCD), the β6 Glu→Val substitution leads to sickle hemoglobin (HbS) polymerization and red blood cell (RBC) sickling. Transplantation of autologous, genetically modified hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) represents a promising therapeutic option for patients lacking a compatible donor.We previously designed a lentiviral vector (βAS3 LV) expressing a potent anti-sickling βAS3 globin and demonstrated its safety and efficacy in SCD patient cells (Weber et al., 2018). In vitro and in vivo preclinical studies demonstrated the safety and efficacy of a gene therapy (GT) protocol based on the efficient transduction of plerixafor-mobilized SCD HSPCs by βAS3 LV.Based on these results a Phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT03964792) started in January 2020. Three homozygous SCD patients (P1, P2 and P3) were recruited. Before GT, patients suffered from severe SCD symptoms that were not controlled despite of a strict adherence to the treatment. Plerixafor-mobilized HSPCs were transduced achieving a VCN of 0.9±0.2 in liquid culture, 1.6±0.3 in BFU-E and 0.8±0.2 in CFU-GM. The patients were hypertransfused to reach HbS levels <30%. After busulphan-based myeloablative conditioning, they received a drug product 6 to 8.1x 10 6 per kg.Here, for the 3 patients we report the follow-up of 18 (P1), 10 (P2) and 6 (P3) months. No drug-related severe adverse events were observed. Importantly, no sign of clonal hematopoiesis was detected by NGS sequencing performed on the graft before and after transduction. Despite of the similar VCN in the drug product, gene marking in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was variable and ranged between 0.2 and 0.6, as measured at the last follow-up (0.4 in P1, 0.6 in P2 and 0.2 in P3). These results pinpoint the difficulty to estimate the gene marking, self-renewal and engraftment potential of HSCs in the grafts.P1 and P2 clinically benefit from the GT treatment despite they presented non-severe vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs) not requiring hospitalization (two for P1 at month 6 and 14 and one in P2 at month 8 post-GT). Despite the rapid resolution of these episodes, P1 started hydroxyurea at month 10 and stopped it at month 16. P2 initiated a phlebotomy program to treat liver iron overload and decrease viscosity. Intravascular hemolysis improved in P1 and P2, as shown by a decrease in plasma hemoglobin and heme, and an increase in hemopexin (HPX). Interestingly, in P1 a mild worsening occurred at the time of VOC. In P1 and P2, total bilirubin, a marker of extravascular hemolysis, decreased post-GT. Deformability, measured using osmoscan, improved in P1 and to a lesser extent in P2; however, both still exhibited some degree of dehydration compared to normal RBCs (Fig. 1). Adhesion to thrombospondin decreased after GT with an increase during VOC in P1 or prior the VOC in P2 (Fig. 1). In both patients, markers of inflammation (e.g., C reactive protein) and reticulocyte counts decreased upon GT. An in vitro sickling assays was performed for P1 and showed significant improvement, reaching a frequency of sickling cells similar to SCD heterozygous carriers (from 88% before GT to 45% 6 months post-GT).The GT treatment was not effective in P3 due to the modest intake and rapid decline of gene modified cells.In P1 and P2, who were no longer on transfusions, HbAS3 levels correlated with the VCN (2.1 g/dl for P1 and 3.3 g/dl for P2) and the therapeutic Hb accounted for 21.5%, and 28.7% of the total hemoglobins, respectively. For P3, who remained transfusion-dependent, this frequency was <3% due to the low VCN and the presence of the transfusion-derived Hb. Notably, total Hb concentration was only 8.1 g/dl in P2 before the treatment and reached 11.4 g/dl at the last follow-up, suggesting a better survival of RBCs derived from genetically modified HSPCs. Furthermore, in P1 and P2, HbAS3 levels were significantly higher in mature RBCs compared to reticulocytes, indicating a survival advantage of βAS3 globin-expressing cells.Overall, these clinical data indicate a variable efficacy of the DREPAGLOBE GT treatment, which likely depends on the extent of gene marking achieved in HSCs in vivo and on the engraftment capability of genetically modified HSCs in SCD patients' bone marrow. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of HSPCs and evaluation of the bone marrow niche in SCD patients will aid to define critical parameters for achieving successful outcomes in GT clinical trials for SCD. [Display omitted] DisclosuresJoseph: bluebird bio: Consultancy. El Nemer: Hemanext: Consultancy. Bartolucci: INNOVHEM: Other: Co-founder; AGIOS: Consultancy; GBT: Consultancy; Bluebird: Consultancy, Research Funding; Jazz Pharma: Other: Lecture fees; Fabre Foundation: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Lecture fees, Steering committee, Research Funding; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy; Hemanext: Consultancy; Addmedica: Consultancy, Other: Lecture fees, Research Funding; Emmaus: Consultancy. Cavazzana: Smart Immune: Other: co-founder.

Highly variable H2O/Ce ratios in the Hainan mantle plume

Mantle plume-generated basalts have long been utilized to assess the large-scale heterogeneity of the deep mantle. Their chemical and isotopic enrichment has been thought to result from the incorporation of recycled sediments or oceanic crust in their sources. Variable extents of dehydration or rehydration of recycled materials during subduction can induce different H2O/Ce ratios in plume-related basalts. The Hainan plume has been regarded as the cause of the massive Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in southeastern Asia. In this study, we measured bulk-rock major and trace element compositions of basalts from a volcano at Heishanling Hill, northern Hainan Island, and made FTIR analyses of water in clinopyroxene phenocrysts to determine magmatic water contents. In addition, we determined Sr-Nd isotope compositions of basalts at Heishanling Hill and other three localities.Water contents of Cpx phenocrysts vary from 20 to 254 ppm, which were used to calculate the water contents in the corresponding equilibrated melts, yielding values from 0.22 to 2.42 wt% with an average of 1.07 ± 0.47 wt%. Considering the effect of magma differentiation on water contents, the primary melts of Heishanling basalts were estimated to have a range of 0.67–1.40 wt% for individual Heishanling basalts, with the average of 1.03 ± 0.33 wt%. The calculated water contents in the mantle source of the Heishanling basalts vary from 279 to 582 ppm, falling in the range of global OIBs.Combined with the results previously reported, H2O/Ce ratios of Hainan basalts were estimated to vary from 50 to 425, covering the reported range from EM-type OIBs to NMORBs. The enriched Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the studied samples resemble those of other Hainan plume-related basalts, and their 143Nd/144Nd ratios are well correlated with incompatible trace element ratios (e.g., Th/La, Ba/Nb). Bulk-rock compositions are consistent with a contribution of pyroxenite in the mantle source of the Hainan basalts and mixing modeling suggests coupled contribution of recycled sediment and oceanic crust. H2O/Ce displays a negative correlation with 143Nd/144Nd and a positive correlation with (Rb/Nb)n and (Th/La)n, meaning that an increasing amount of recycled oceanic crust and sediment in the source increases its H2O/Ce. The recycled material incorporated in the Hainan plume source may have undergone variable degrees of dehydration or deep rehydration by fluids released from subcrustal hydrous minerals at grater depths during subduction.

A study of efficacy of ‘rota virus vaccination’ on morbidity due to rotavirus diarrhoea in children aged 6 months to 5 years

Background: Rotavirus diarrhoea was the most common cause of mortality due to diarrhoea among children under 5 years of age. Deaths due to diarrhoea is one of important health issue that needs to be addressed due to high morbidity and mortality associated with it. Rotavirus is recognized as the major cause of hospitalizations among children and it is clear that improvements in hygiene and sanitation alone are not sufficient to decrease the cases. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of rotavirus vaccine on morbidity amongst vaccinated and unvaccinated children.Methods: Our study include 40 patients diagnosed with diarrhoea, with stool report positive for rotavirus, with varying degree of dehydration coming to Lilavati Hospital in outpatient department, pediatric ward or pediatric intensive care unit.Results: Out of 40 children, 77.5% of the children vaccinated. We observed the rate of hospitalization was higher 77.8% i.e. 7/9 in the group of unvaccinated children than 45.2% i.e. 14/31 in group of vaccinated children. We found significant difference in the degree of dehydration in vaccinated and unvaccinated children. We found that nearly half of the children in vaccinated group did not have signs of dehydration (belongs to no dehydration category as per World Health Organization scale), while more than 88% of the children in unvaccinated group had some (66.7%) to severe (22.2%) degree of dehydration.Conclusions: Our study concludes that vaccination against rotavirus significantly reduce the morbidity associated with rotavirus diarrhoea as compared to unvaccinated children.

Estrogen to Progesterone Ratio and Fluid Regulatory Responses to Varying Degrees and Methods of Dehydration

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between volume regulatory biomarkers and the estrogen to progesterone ratio (E:P) prior to and following varying methods and degrees of dehydration. Ten women (20 ± 1 year, 56.98 ± 7.25 kg, 164 ± 6 cm, 39.59 ± 2.96 mL•kg•min−1) completed four intermittent exercise trials (1.5 h, 33.8 ± 1.3°C, 49.5 ± 4.3% relative humidity). Testing took place in two hydration conditions, dehydrated via 24-h fluid restriction (Dehy, USG > 1.020) and euhydrated (Euhy, USG ≤ 1.020), and in two phases of the menstrual cycle, the late follicular phase (days 10–13) and midluteal phase (days 18–22). Change in body mass (%BMΔ), serum copeptin concentration, and plasma osmolality (Posm) were assessed before and after both dehydration stimuli (24-h fluid restriction and exercise heat stress). Serum estrogen and progesterone were analyzed pre-exercise only. Estrogen concentration did not differ between phases or hydration conditions. Progesterone was significantly elevated in luteal compared to follicular in both hydration conditions (Dehy—follicular: 1.156 ± 0.31, luteal: 5.190 ± 1.56 ng•mL−1, P < 0.05; Euhy—follicular: 0.915 ± 0.18, luteal: 4.498 ± 1.38 ng·mL−1, P < 0.05). As expected, E:P was significantly greater in the follicular phase compared to luteal in both hydration conditions (Dehy—F:138.94 ± 89.59, L: 64.22 ± 84.55, P < 0.01; Euhy—F:158.13 ± 70.15, L: 50.98 ± 39.69, P < 0.01, [all •103]). Copeptin concentration was increased following 24-h fluid restriction and exercise heat stress (mean change: 18 ± 9.4, P < 0.01). We observed a possible relationship of lower E:P and higher copeptin concentration following 24-h fluid restriction (r = −0.35, P = 0.054). While these results did not reach the level of statistical significance, these data suggest that the differing E:P ratio may alter fluid volume regulation during low levels of dehydration but have no apparent impact after dehydrating exercise in the heat.

Kidney function derangements during summer in ambulatory heart failure patients

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) is characterized by alterations in kidney function that are associated with poor prognosis and can be related to the evolution of the disease or induced by medical treatment. High temperatures during summer may result in some degree of dehydration, especially in patients treated with diuretics, and may contribute to transient glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) reduction. Objective To assess creatinine and eGFR changes during summer in ambulatory heart failure patients. Methods Consecutive patients with HF admitted at our HF Clinic (Spain) from August 2001 to December 2020 were included. eGFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula. We included in the analysis creatinine and eGFR values that were assessed at planned visits only, discarding urgent renal function assessments. Creatinine and eGFR values were grouped according to the period of the year (summer [from June to September, both included] vs. the rest of the year). Changes in creatinine and eGFR between the rest of the year and summer for each patient were evaluated using paired samples t-test. Results Out of 37360 creatinine and eGFR values, 25458 were included in the analysis for a total of 2423 patients (median number of observations for each patient: 8, IQR 4–15). Mean creatinine and eGFR were 1.4±1.0 mg/dl and 63.0±27.7 ml/min, respectively. Table 1 shows baseline patient characteristics. Creatinine increased significantly during summer (1.44±0.9 mg/dl vs. 1.48±1.1 mg/dl, p&amp;lt;0.001). Similarly, eGFR was lower in summer as compared to the rest of the year 60.6±25.4 ml/min vs. 59.4±26.0 ml/min, p&amp;lt;0.001. Conclusions In ambulatory HF patients in a Mediterranean area, we found significant worsening of renal function during summer, likely related to an imbalance between water intake and fluid loss. To prevent summer-driven kidney stress, diuretic treatment should be carefully adjusted during the hottest months of the year. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Table 1

INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF NEW REAGENT COMPOSITIONS ON VARIOUS CRUDE OIL EMULSIONS OF AZERBAIJAN

The article is devoted to the decomposition of strong water-crude oil emulsions formed during the preparation of crude oil for transportation. In the petroleum industry, there is a great need to develop new chemicals to improve the degradation efficiency of stable water- crude oil emulsions. Decomposition of strong water-oil emulsions is considered a key part of crude oil preparation for transportation. Therefore, the development of new demulsifying compositions to improve the degradation efficiency of stable crue oil emulsions remains relevant. This paper presents the results of studies of dehydration processes of Azerbaijani oils and emulsions depending on the degree of watering. The composition is based on Disulfan 4411, Disulfan 13280, Sarola 412, Difron 9426, ND-12 and Gossipol, they were also used to prepare Azerbaijani oil for transportation during laboratory tests of demulsification efficiency (except Difron 9426). During laboratory tests, it was determined that the best results on the degree of residual dehydration of petroleum phases were achieved using a composition called KAV-22. Keywords: Muradhanly, Bulla, Balakhany, Neft dashlari, Dehydration, Surahany, KAV-22.

Жидкостные и волемические нарушения у пациентов с различными формами острого панкреатита после проведения стартовой инфузионной терапии

Актуальность. Во всем мире отмечается рост заболеваемости острым панкреатитом (ОП) c более тяжелым его течением. В Украине он достигает 67–70 человек на 100 тыс. населения. Стратегия консервативного ведения пациента с ОП в раннюю фазу определяет необходимость гомеостатического восстановления жидкостных компартментов, что обеспечивает системную, органную и тканевую циркуляцию. Цель. Определение степени повреждения жидкостных компартментов при различных формах острого панкреатита после проведения стартовой инфузионной терапии. Материалы и методы. Представлены результаты когортного проспективного наблюдения, проведенного в 2015–2018 годах. Основанием для ретроспективного анализа послужили клинические данные 61 пациента с верифицированным ОП. Возраст пациентов составил 46,6 ± 9,8 года; среди них 25 (41 %) женщин и 36 (59 %) мужчин; средний вес — 77,8 ± 6,0 кг. Уровень исходной сывороточной α-амилазы был повышен до 211 ± 36 Ед/л, диастазы мочи — до 1024 ± 74 Ед/л. Формирование групп проведено после стартовой инфузионной терапии сбалансированными изотоническими солевыми растворами; тяжесть течения ОП определена после окончания лечения. Результаты. При поступлении пациентов в отделение интенсивной терапии (ОИТ) доминировала гиповолемия за счет потери плазмы на фоне острой хирургической дегидратации II–III степени: Ht — 59 ± 4 %, частота сердечных сокращений — 118 ± 6/мин, уровень общего белка сыворотки — 79,9 ± 6,1 г/л. Клинический ответ у пациентов на стартовую инфузию ассоциировался со степенью тяжести дальнейшего течения заболевания и этиологическим фактором ОП: алиментарный, гепатобилиарный, травматический. При дальнейшем неосложненном течении ОП объем внутривенной ресусцитации в течение первых суток лечения составил 2591 ± 961 мл (33,1–36,2 мл/кг), на вторые — уменьшался до 1958 ± 490 мл/сутки (255–27,8 мл/кг). За первые 12 часов терапии диурез был снижен до 500 мл, увеличивался до 0,8–1,0 мл/кг • ч только в конце второго дня на фоне внутривенной (в/в) инфузионной терапии. При тяжелом и осложненном течении ОП стартовый объем комплексной в/в ресусцитации был равен 3304 ± 310 мл (42,6–45,7 мл/кг) в течение первых суток лечения, на вторые — уменьшался до 2384 ± 309 мл (24,3–28,7 мл/кг) и не уменьшался на третьи сутки. У этих пациентов была более выражена исходная и начальная олигурия: в первые 12 часов инфузионной терапии диурез был снижен до 250 мл, отмечалось замедление его спонтанного восстановления до 24–32 ч на фоне комплексной жидкостной ресусцитации, которая проводилась не менее 5 суток в ОИТ. Выводы. Клинический ответ организма пациента с ОП на проведенную стартовую инфузию ассоциируется со степенью тяжести дальнейшего течения заболевания и этиологическим фактором ОП, что сопряжено и зависит от степени острой хирургической дегидратации, обусловленной тяжестью повреждения поджелудочной железы. При неосложненном течении алиментарного интерстициального ОП после стартовой ресусцитации у пациентов происходит клиническое улучшение, ранняя регидратация и ремобилизации депонированной жидкости. При ОП тяжелой степени, несмотря на своевременную комплексную стартовую инфузионную терапию в раннюю фазу, продолжается течение системных жидкостных нарушений на фоне персистирующей органной недостаточности разной степени тяжести; из-за формирования секвестрированных жидкостных образований не происходит должная ремобилизации первично депонированной жидкости. При остром биллиарном панкреатите после стартовой инфузионной терапии доминируют висцеральные нарушения: признаки билиарной гипертензии, обусловленной преимущественно холедохолитиазом, холестазом и воспалением желчных путей. Эти нарушения поддерживают вторичные расстройства в жидкостных компартментах.

Sistem Kendali dan Monitoring Cairan Infus pada Proses Tatalaksana Dehidrasi Berbasis IoT

Diarrhea is an endemic disease with Potential Extraordinary Events (PEE), often accompanied by death in Indonesia. Globally, at least diarrheal disease has caused 525,000 deaths in children each year, with the most severe threat being dehydration. It takes a system that can determine the degree of dehydration and manage dehydration quickly and appropriately to reduce the mortality rate. This study created a system to assess the degree of dehydration and perform the dehydration management process automatically. The method of determining the degree of dehydration using heart rate parameters and the process of justification is measured physical condition. In the process of dehydration management, intravenous fluid administration is carried out automatically using servo motors. To improve safety in infusion users, infusion volume, flow obstruction, air bubble, and rising blood detection are also carried out. All results will be processed on the microcontroller and will be sent to the ESP32 via serial communication. The data processing results will be connected using the Internet of Things so medical personnel can monitor via the website. The results showed that the average error of heart rate measurement using the moving average method of 0.41%, and the accuracy value in the infusion control system reached 90%.

Prevalence of Potential Indicators of Welfare Status in Young Calves at Meat Processing Premises in New Zealand.

Simple SummaryIn New Zealand, every year, more than two million calves between four and seven days of age are sent to meat processing premises. At present, the only information related to calf welfare that is routinely collected is the mortality rate before slaughter. This study aims to describe the status of calves in lairage using animal-based indicators of welfare status that are non-invasive and easy to evaluate. We made 23 visits to 12 meat processing premises across New Zealand. Data collection involved a group-level assessment of nearly 6000 calves in 102 pens, followed by non-invasive measurements on 504 individual calves. We rarely observed calves coughing or engaging in play behaviour. In each pen, faecal soiling occurred on at least one calf, and the percentage of calves affected in each pen ranged from 1% to 48%. Observation on individual calves found that more than 60% had signs of dehydration, and nearly 40% had some faecal soiling present. In conclusion, the most commonly observed potential indicators (dehydration and diarrhoea) were linked to conditions known to be common causes of morbidity, mortality, and compromised welfare. Both dehydration and diarrhoea can be easily assessed in the field, making them potential indicators of welfare for young calves during transport and lairage.In New Zealand, over two million dairy calves between four and seven days of age are sent to meat processing premises every year. There is a need to develop protocols for holistically assessing the welfare of calves sent to slaughter in the first week of life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of potential animal-based indicators of the welfare state in bobby calves in lairage. The study observed calves in lairage between June and October 2016. Data collection involved assessing groups of calves in pens followed by non-invasive measurements on up to five calves within each pen. We made 23 visits to 12 meat processing premises with group-level observations made on 5910 calves in 102 pens, followed by a non-invasive examination of 504 calves. During the group level observations, none of the calves had their heads tilted or were panting, and coughing and play behaviour were observed in only 1% of pens. In contrast, at least one calf had faecal soiling in all the observed pens, with the percentage of calves affected in each pen ranging from 1% to 48%. In the individual observations, more than 60% of calves had signs of some degree of dehydration, and nearly 40% had some faecal soiling present. In addition, 24% of calves had a respiratory rate over 36 breaths per minute, considered higher than normal. The change in prevalence of some indicators—as time spent in lairage increased or as the calving season progressed—is worth further exploration. Identification of prevalent animal-based indicators facilitates better understanding of the welfare status of young calves in lairage, and these should be incorporated into more holistic calf welfare assessment schemes.

The effect of D-spacing on the ion selectivity performance of MXene membrane

2-D materials with nanofluidic channels have gained significant attention for their potential as an ion separation membrane. However, the fundamental understanding of the interactions between nanochannel sizes and ion selectivity and conductivity remains complex as experimentally controlling the free interlayer spacing in sub-nanometer scales is challenging. Herein, we utilize molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to tailor the free interlayer spacing between a model 2-D MXene membrane to understand their effects on ion transport behaviour. As a validation, the free interlayer spacing of the MXene nanosheets was altered by impregnating different type of ions, which is then used in an electrically driven ion separation system. The simulation result shows that as the free interlayer spacing increases from below to above 6 Å, the selectivity of monovalent Li+ and K+ compared to Mg2+ decreases due to the reduced entrance energy barrier for Mg2+; however, higher overall ionic conductivity can be achieved. The experimental data using a membrane with free interlayer spacing between 6 and 7 Å agrees well with the simulation study. The difference in the ion permeation of H+, K+, Na+, Li+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ was not only attributed to the nanochannel size but also considering the degree of ion dehydration and ions interactions to the –O binding site of the membrane. Further investigations demonstrated that ion transport mechanism through MXene nanochannels followed the surface-charge-governed behaviour in HCl and KCl solutions at different concentrations, as evident from significantly higher ionic and proton conductivity at low concentrations (<10−3 M) compared to the bulk solutions. This work leads to a better understanding of 2-D nanochannel design in ion transport applications.

Symmetric dimethylarginine and renal function analysis in horses with dehydration.

Acute dehydration caused by a variety of diseases in horses can lead to acute kidney injury. However, current renal biomarkers usually indicate renal damage late in the course of the disease. A novel biomarker would be helpful to diagnose renal disease earlier. (1) To estimate the correlation of serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations with the degree of dehydration, traditional renal biomarkers and renal function analysis, and (2) to determine the value of SDMA as a prognostic and early biomarker of renal injury in horses. Prospective cohort. Serum SDMA, creatinine and urea concentrations and renal function analysis were measured in 41 horses with dehydration at 4 time points until 48h after admission. Horses were grouped according to their dehydration level into mildly, moderately and severely dehydrated groups. Serum SDMA concentrations at admission correlated with creatinine concentrations (r=.412, P<.001). Differences in SDMA concentrations at admission were detected among dehydration levels but not between survivors and nonsurvivors. Significant correlations of SDMA concentrations with other markers of renal function analysis and short-term outcome were not observed. Besides the small sample size and low statistical power, missing urine samples at specific time points were also 1 of the main limitations. Only 1 of the horses developed acute kidney injury, which made the evaluation of the predictive value of SDMA difficult. SDMA concentrations correlated significantly with creatinine concentrations in dehydrated horses. Further research is needed to reveal the application of SDMA in horse.