Degree Of Anthropogenic Load Research Articles

The impact of power lines on phytocenoses of the regional reserve “Uporovsky”, Tyumen Region, Russia

The article reflects the results of anthropogenic impact on phytocenoses of the territory of the Uporovsky regional nature reserve (Uporovsky district, Tyumen region, Russia). On the territory of the Uporovsky regional nature reserve (Uporovsky district, Tyumen region) there is a 110 kV electrical power transmission line (power line) which has the length of 8 kilometers and the right-of-way width of about 30 meters. This power line is undoubtedly the main source of anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation in this area. The degree of participation of individual species in the herbage was determined by taking into account their relative abundance. When exposed to the power lines in the right-of-way area, flora biodiversity decreases due to the loss of a number of species. The effect of electromagnetic fields causes transformation of the vegetation cover, synanthropization and the subsequent complete destruction of natural vegetation. To determine the degree of anthropogenic load on the studied phytocenoses, the synanthropization index is determined. In the synanthropic fraction of the flora, 30 species belonging to 12 families were identified. The synanthropization index of the studied phytocenoses ranges from 6.6% to 81.2%. The largest number of synanthropic species is observed in the anthropogenic area.

ВОДООХОРОННЕ АРЕАЛУВАННЯ ТЕРИТОРІЇ СУМСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

Water-protecting arealing of the region and development of water conservation measures aimed at minimizing the negative effects of anthropogenic impact and improving the geo-ecological situation in the region. The main tasks of the study are: disclosure of methodological aspects of water-protecting arealing of the region; allocation of areas requiring different water protection measures depending on the severity of the situation; development of water protection measures for each specific area. Water-protecting arealing is carried out taking into account the landscape-hydrological organization of the territory, as well as the degree of anthropogenic load on the river basins and the quality of river water. 7 areals are identified: crisis, pre-crisis, adverse, conditionally satisfactory, satisfactory, conditionally natural and natural, requiring different water-protecting measures with different intensity of their application. The selection criteria for these areals are: the level of anthropogenic load on river basins, the assessment of river water quality and the natural features of the territory. The names of the selected areals mainly depend from the status of the river basins. Common water-protecting measures that can be recommended for improving the geo-ecological situation in the region, first of all, are rational organization of the territory (optimal ratio of areas of arable, meadow, forest and other types of land on eaсh specific basin), introduction of soil-protective contour meliorative territorial organization and the establishment of water protection zones and the restoration and creation of coastal protection strips also. In addition to general water-protecting measures, each area requires the application of specific measures: agrotechnical, phytomeliorative, hydrotechnical, anti-erosion, anti-deflation and others. In conclusion, the authors note that the developed complexes of water protection measures in general reflect the directions of improvement of the status of river basins of Sumy region, but each river, each river basin requires specific actions, characteristic for the given catchment area.

Physiological Parameters of Bream (Abramis brama L.) in Parts of the Rybinsk Reservoir of Different Types

The specific features of accumulation of fat, protein, mineral, and nitrogen-free extractive substances in the skeletal muscles of bream (Abramis brama L.) from areas of the Rybinsk reservoir subjected to different degrees of anthropogenic load have been studied. Data on the bream forage base and feeding in the reservoir are presented. It is shown that, in the areas of the Sheksninskii Reach with high food capacity located in the zone of long-term local anthropogenic pollution, the feeding intensity of bream decreases. This leads to a decrease in fish conditions and amount of fat and mineral substances in their muscle tissues when compared with specimens from conditionally clean stations in the Mologa and Volga reaches with high food capacity.

Оценка качества воды Волжского плеса Куйбышевского водохранилища по состоянию зоопланктона

The object of the study were three different in their hydrological characteristics, as well as the degree of anthropogenic load on them (in the form of sewage from the adjacent territory), the area of the water area of the Volga reaches of the Kuibyshev Reservoir, where there are deposits of nonmetallic building materials. Studies were conducted during the vegetation period 2014-2015. They included physical/chemical studies and studies of the state of zooplankton. Total 311 samples of zooplankton were collected and processed. During the study, 30 species of zooplankton organisms were recorded: 7 species of Rotifera, 7 species of Copepoda and 16 species of Cladocera. The richest in terms of the quantitative diversity of species was No. 3 site. Prevalent in terms of number and biomass of organisms – site number 1. Quantitative indicators of zooplankton were observed in 2015 compared to 2014. This is explained by the fact that 2014 was warmer than 2015. The oxygen regime of 2014 was also better than that of 2015. The turbidity of water in 2014 was below the turbidity of water in 2015, the quality of water in the second year of research deteriorated compared to the first in a number of indicators, such as COD, compounds copper, zinc, manganese, oil products. The mid-vegetation indexes of saprobity for the indicated observation period make it possible to attribute these sections of the Volga reach of the Kuibyshev reservoir to the β-mesosaprobic zone, which corresponds to the third class of water quality - moderately polluted water. Proceeding from the obtained values of the Shannon and Pielu indices, the zooplankton of the studied sections of the Volga reaches of the Kuibyshev reservoir has a rather low species richness with a rigid type of dominance, which characterizes it as mesotrophic. The ratio of groups of organisms and the dominance of individual species indicates a deterioration in water quality over a two-year period of research, which is confirmed by the research conducted by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise «UGMS RT».

Influence of Anthropogenic Contamination on the Content of Immune Complexes and Lipids and on the Oxidative Processes in Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846)

Results of comparative analysis of the content of immune complexes and lipids and of the oxidative processes in the muscle tissues of Rapana venosa occurring in various sections of the coastal zone of the Caucasus coast of the Black Sea differing in the degree of anthropogenic load are given in the paper. It has been found that the specimens caught in the sections subjected to intensive anthropogenic load were characterized by a rather high content of the products of lipid peroxidation and immune complexes and by a low antioxidant activity.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ В РЫБЕ ИЗ МИНЕРАЛИЗОВАННЫХ ВОДОЕМОВ УРАЛА

The article presents the results of comparative analysis of contamination with heavy metals of fish within the framework of comprehensive, expanded ecotoxicological monitoring of freshwater and mineralized lake farms of the Southern Urals with varying degrees of anthropogenic load. At this stage, 3 reservoirs with varying degrees of salinity were studied: Mayan, Kurakli-Mayan and Sugoyak. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method determined the content of 8 heavy metals in the bone and muscle tissue of various fish species. It was found that in muscle tissue, maximum concentrations were noted for iron and zinc, which are necessary for normal functioning of fish. Manganese and cobalt were the most variable in the composition of muscle tissue. It is shown that detected concentrations of heavy metals are within the previously established values for the reservoirs of Chelyabinsk region. The number of studied normalized elements (Pb, Cd) did not exceed the established maximum values for fish and fish products. Increased water salinity in the studied lakes is not an obstacle to their use in fisheries purposes.

Analysis of Eco-Economic State of the Island Sarpinsky Territory

The article presents the results of the assessment of the eco-economic state of the territory of Sarpinsky Island on the Lower Volga within the Volgograd region. Among the types of anthropogenic load, the most important for the island are recreation and grazing. In the course of field geobotanical research, a landscape-ecological profile was constructed, reflecting the alternation of natural-territorial complexes in the northwestern part of the island. The Sentinel-2 satellite image is used to determine the distribution of the island’s land by type of economic use. Each category of land is assigned a certain score depending on the degree of anthropogenic load. The coefficients of absolute and relative intensity of the eco-economic state and natural protection are calculated. The ecological fund of the island is 5397,3 hectares (48,7 % of the territory). Sarpinsky Island is characterized by a balanced anthropogenic load with the potential for sustainability of natural-territorial complexes, which is provided mainly due to the high forest cover and water content of the island, but the natural protection of landscapes is assessed as average due to the almost complete absence of protected natural areas.

Accumulation of heavy metals in birch and pine forest roadside phytocenoses in the south of Tyumen region

We conducted a complex investigation of anthropogenic roadside phytocoenoses. For the study, 8 plots (birch and pine forests) were selected, close to roads in the south of Tyumen region within the five administrative districts: Uporovsky, Zavodoukovsky, Yalutorovskiy, Yarkovsky, and Tobolsk. As a result of the studies, 75 species of vascular plants from 21 families were noted in the plant communities. It was found that the majority of the total projective cover of the plant communities was provided by synanthropic species. In the synanthropic fraction of the flora, 33 species belonging to 11 families were identified, those with the most species being: Scrophulariaceae, Compositeae, Rubiaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Umbellíferae. The index of synanthropization of the flora of the studied phytocenoses is in the range from 43% to 64%. Among the identified pollutants accumulated in the phytocenoses, the group of heavy metals was identified (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn). Needles of Pinus sylvestris L. mainly accumulate Cr, Cu, Ni, Sr. The greatest concentration of Pb and Zn was found in the leaves of Betula pendula Roth. The content of other heavy metals in the leaves of Betula pendula Roth. during the growing season was relatively stable. Accumulation of heavy metals in the studied components of forest ecosystems can be displayed structurally: soil > leaves < phytomass (birch forests), soil < needles > phytomass (pine forests). Methodological approaches to conducting a complex of long-term observations of natural ecosystems have been formulated, substantiated and justified. To evaluate the absorption efficiency of heavy metals, the biological absorption coefficient was calculated. The obtained results can be used as a control in the study of migration and accumulation of heavy metals and for assessing the degree of anthropogenic load on phytocenoses of roadside ecosystems and predict the extent of probable changes in them. The forecast of the results will facilitate the elaboration of a necessary system of measures aimed at increasing the stability of plant communities.

Aggrenic changes of the structural state of greyic luvic phaeozems of the Holohory-Kremenets range

The article describes the structural and aggregate state of Greyic Luvic Phaeozems of the Holohory-Kremenets Range. Comparison of structural and water resistance indicators for soils of different nature of use has been performed. In particular, the soils under forest vegetation, arable land and grassland were taken into account. All soils differ in the degree of anthropogenic load, primarily mechanical pressure, which is reflected in the change in the physical state of soils. According to the results of the analysis of the structural and aggregate soil composition, the indicators of water-resistance of the macrostructure of the arable layer of soils have been determined. Soils under forest vegetation and grassland have been established to be characterized by a close distribution of structural aggregates by fractions, in particular, the predominance of lumpy elements (62.27–76.80 % of air-dry aggregates). In the arable horizon of cultivated soils, the share of aggregates with the size of 10–0.25 mm (53.96 %) is increasing. Water-resistant aggregates of soils under forest and grassland are usually 10–0.25 mm in size (59.9–68.14 %), whereas in arable soils they make less than 0.25 mm. At the same time, arable Greyic Luvic Phaeozems are characterized by a higher coefficient of structurality in the arable and subsurface layer, while the water resistance index of the soil structure is lower compared with analogues under forest and herbaceous vegetation. Key words: Greyic Luvic Phaeozems structural and aggregate soil composition, macrostructure, coefficient of structurality, water-resistance index, soil aggregates.

СОСТОЯНИЕ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОСТИ В РАЙОНЕ ТОБОЛЬСКОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОЙ ПЛОЩАДКИ

The article presents the results of the study of the phytocenoses in the suburbs of Tobolsk, which are in close proximity to industrial enterprises. The state of herbaceous vegetation has been studied. The species composition of vascular plants was being defined at the geobotanical sites at the time of the description. The description included: the total projective coverage of the phytocenosis, the projective coverage of individual tiers, the species composition of the community and abundance/ covering of each species on a Brown-Blank seven-point scale. The selection of sites with anthropogenic impact was done, a description of the herbage composition was completed, and counting the number of all plants on specially designated sites was carried out as well as collecting of plant samples and cameral and statistical processing of pollen fertility data. The percentage of fertile grains was determined, which varied in the range from 74-80% (site No.1), 78-82% (site No. 2), 65-100% (control site). The productivity of phytocoenosis was determined. The average value of wet and dry phytomass in the sites. The saturation and density of phytocenoses were also determined. The obtained results can be used to estimate the degree of anthropogenic load on phytocenoses and to predict the degree of their probable changes. The forecast of the results will allow developing the necessary system of measures aimed at increasing the stability of plant communities. Experimental data are of interest in terms of assessing the anthropogenic effect on vegetation.

Ecologo-immunophysiological characteristic of chub Leuciscus cephalus (L.) lving in river ecosystems of the Caucasus

The results of a study on some parameters of innate immunity and oxidative processes in hepatopancreas of the chub Leuciscus cephalus (L.) inhabiting the river ecosystems of Krasnodar krai and Abkhasia subjected to different degrees of anthropogenic load are presented. Antimicrobial properties of blood serum, the content of nonspecific immune complexes in the liver, and the level of total lipids and antioxidant activity have been studied. It is determined that the portion of immunodeficient specimens is higher in samples from polluted waters than from unpolluted areas. Fishes caught in the river subjected to high anthropogenic load contained higher concentrations of products of lipid peroxidation and immune complexes and had lower levels of antioxidants.

Ecological-and-geomorphological systems of the North-Western Caucasus and its typology

The typology and spatial mapping of ecological-geomorphologic systems of the North-Eastern Caucasus are firstly presented. They are characterized by the unity of the geological-geomorphological and anthropogenic conditions and arising geo-ecological situations. A comparison the types of ecological-geomorphologic systems on the degree of anthropogenic load and indicators of intensity of ecological-economic conditions of the territories allowed to reveal differences geo-ecological situations in the most developed and industrialized regions of North-East Caucasus. Calculated indexes geo-ecological sustainability for each type of ecological-geomorphologic system are compared. The highest index in the highland and lowland types - the territories of forest and meadow lands. The lowest indexes of stability are obtained for the lowland type, almost devoid of greenery. The method of scoring in midland and mountainous types of ecological-geomorphologic systems it is demonstrated the prevalence exogeodynamic processes, which are related not only with natural, but anthropogenic factors, including avalanches, landslides, mudflows, seismicity and other. Not so much these processes are expressed in areas that are attributable to the low mountain and lowland. But as a result of considerable anthropogenic pressure (mainly on land resources) there are high levels of absolute and relative tension ecological-economic conditions of the territory.

Basin organization of nature management for solving hydroecological problems

Presented are the development of the concept and projects of the basin nature management and the organization of their implementation in the whole region using the basin-administrative approach. Based on the multidimensional analysis and forecast of river runoff variations using the artificial neural networks, the typification of catchments is carried out mainly defined by such factors as its area, order of the river, and degree of anthropogenic load. Depending on the hydrological functioning type, the adapted complexes of Hydroecological activities are determined. The need in the integration of the geodata for each river basin with the inherent morphological and process characteristics as well as of the results of Hydroecological monitoring enables to recommend the structure of the database of the basin organization of nature management in the regions of Russia based on the European experience in the river network monitoring in the context of the EU Water Framework Directive and of the creation of the single infrastructure of the spatial data.

Biochemical markers of commercial fish adaptation in estuaries of Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan)

The results of the comparative study of molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress and biotransformation of some representatives of the families Cyprinidae and Mugilidae from estuaries of rivers which enter Peter the Great Bay are presented. The haarder mullet Liza haematocheila is used as an indicator species for monitoring the degree of environmental pollution. The basic values of biochemical parameters in different organs of haarder mullet and their seasonal variations have been determined. A significant increase in the concentration of glutathione and activity of glutathione-S-transferase in fish from the Razdolnaya River has been found on the basis of the comparison of the functional state of haarder mullet in estuaries of the Razdolnaya and Amba rivers, which differ in the degree of anthropogenic load.

Functional state of the liver antioxidant system of the bream Abramis brama (L.) from Rybinsk Reservoir regions with different anthropogenic loads

The breams living in five regions of the Rybinsk Reservoir with different degrees of anthropogenic load have been assayed for the characteristics of their antioxidant system (AOS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) system. Individuals caught at two stations in the Rybinsk Reservoir that maximally differ in the degree of pollution display different qualitative and quantitative compositions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). At the station at the Sheksninskii Reach, which is located near a local source of pollution (Cherepovets), the total content of PCBs and homologous groups of congeners is one order of magnitude higher than in the bream living at the station of the comparatively clean Molozhskii Reach. The AOS response and the generation intensity of LPO products in the bream (Abramis brama L.) liver caused by different degrees of anthropogenic pollution have been determined. The content of LPO products in the liver of the breams caught in the Sheksninskii Reach is considerably higher and the values of AOS characteristics are considerably lower than in the fish from the Molozhskii Reach. The bream living in the Molozhskii and Volzhskii Reaches are in a more favorable state than those in the Sheksninskii Reach. The AOS and LPO characteristics are an appropriate biomarker for estimating the state of the health of the fish.

Distribution patterns of heterotrophic flagellates and bacteria in acidic and neutral Karelian lakes

The abundance and taxonomic and trophic structures of the community of planktonic heterotrophic nanoflagellates, as well as the quantitative distribution of bacteria as their main object of food, have been studied in six lakes of Karelia with differing pH values, concentrations and compositions of organic substances, and degrees of anthropogenic load. Thirty-eight species and forms of colorless flagellates from seven orders and groups of uncertain taxonomic statuses have been recorded. Most of them belong to the trophic group of bacteriodetritophages. The minimal abundance and the lowest diversity of flagellates have been documented in clear- and brown-water lakes with low pH values, and maximal values have been observed in the polluted Kondopoga Bay in Lake Onega.

Biological characteristic of trout Salmo trutta from some water bodies of Kola Peninsula

On the basis of long-term observations, data on the state of the population of trout Salmo trutta from some lakes and water courses of Kola Peninsula exposed to different degree of anthropogenic load are provided. Trout is the most widespread species in the ichthyofauna of the peninsula. At the same time, its numbers in most lakes and rivers are rather low, and data on the biology of this species have a fragmentary pattern. A high degree of adaptation of trout allows its populations to be retained until now even under conditions of an intensive anthropogenic load.