Degree Slope Research Articles

Pengaruh Posisi Tidur Semi Fowler 450 Terhadap Kenaikan Nilai Saturasi Oksigen Pada Pasien Gagal Jantung Kongestif Di RSUD Loekmono Hadi Kudus

Background : Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a physiological condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to fullfill the metabolic needs of the body that cause some clinical symptoms felt by clients such as dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) shortness of breath at night day. The most effective position for clients with congestive heart failure disease is 450 degree slope semi Fowler position, using gravity to aid lung compliance and reduce the pressure of the abdominal diaphragm. 
 Aim: This study is to determine the effect of 450 semi Fowler bed position to increase the value of oxygen saturation in patients with congestive heart failure in dr. Loekmono Hadi Kudus General Hospital. The type of this research is to draft Experimental Pre-Pre and Post Test One Group Design. Conducted on 16 respondents with total sampling technique that met the inclusion criteria. 
 Methods: The research data were analyzed using dependent t-test. 
 
 Result : The result showed the difference in median 2 L / s average 2%, which use oxygen 3 L / s average 1%, and that does not use oxygen to experience average increase of 1%. 450 semi Fowler bed position has an effect to increase the value of oxygen saturation in patients with congestive heart failure. 
 Conclution : The study recommends to give 450 semi Fowler bed position to patients with congestive heart failure with decreased oxygen saturation.
 Keywords: 450 semi Fowler bed position; CHF; SpO2 
 
 Latar Belakang : Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) merupakan suatu kondisi fisiologis ketika jantung tidak mampu memompa darah yang cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan metabolik tubuh yang menimbulkan beberapa gejala klinis yang dirasakan klien beberapa diantaranya dispnea, ortopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dispnea (PND) sesak nafas pada malam hari. Posisi yang paling efektif bagi klien dengan penyakit gagal jantung kongestif adalah posisi semi Fowler dengan derajat kemiringan 450, yaitu dengan menggunakan gaya gravitasi untuk membantu pengembangan paru dan mengurangi tekanan dari abdomen pada diafragma.
 Tujuan : Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh posisi tidur semi Fowler 450 terhadap kenaikan nilai saturasi oksigen pada pasien gagal jantung kongestif di RSUD dr. Loekmono Hadi Kudus
 Metode : Jenis penelitian ini adalah Pra – Experimental dengan rancangan Pre and Post Test One Group Design. Dilakukan pada 16 responden dengan tehnik total sampling yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Data penelitian di analisa menggunakan uji dependent t – test. 
 Hasil : Hasil penelitian didapatkan selisih median2 L/m rata – rata mengalami kenaikan 2%, yang menggunakan oksigen 3 L/m rata – rata mengalami kenaikan 1% dan yang tidak menggunakan oksigen mengalami rata – rata kenaikan 1%.
 Kesimpulan : Ada pengaruh posisi tidur semi Fowler 450 terhadap kenaikan nilai saturasi oksigen pada pasien gagal jantung kongestif. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar pasien gagal jantung kongestif dengan penurunan saturasi oksigen diberikan posisi tidur semi Fowler 450.
 Kata kunci : CHF; posisi semi Fowler 450; SpO2

Investigating the effectiveness of Water Hyacinth Fiber Mat for Soil Erosion Control

The usage of natural fiber mat has created much attention especially in soil erosion control sector due to low cost and sustainable materials. This study investigated the effectiveness of natural fiber mat made from water hyacinth stems for soil erosion control. The water hyacinth fiber mat (WHFM) was fabricated with mesh opening size of 30 mm × 30mm and tested at 30 degree slope inclinations under simulated rainfall with constant intensity. Results revealed that soil with treatment (covered by WHFM) significantly decreased sediment yields and volumes, with average 78.74% reduction efficiency compared to untreated soil (bare soil).

Foliar N:P Stoichiometry in Aralia elata Distributed on Different Slope Degrees

Plant nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) stoichiometry is of essentially ecological meaning to non-wood forest production (NWFP) plant community in the temperate forest ecosystem. In this study, natural Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. communities in montane areas of southern Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China were investigated for plant density, vegetative growth, and soil and leaf parameters on slopes in 5°, 9°, and 14° degrees. We found that individual height was greater in sites on 5°- (1.6 m) and 9°-degree slopes (1.9 m) than on the 14°-degree slope (0.8 m), but soil available P content was highest on the steepest slope (5.5, 4.0, and 16 mg kg-1, respectively). The foliar N:P ratio ranged 6–13. Nitrogen availability tended to promote community density and individual growth; while P availability tended to depress density but promote foliar biomass accumulation. By the diagnosis of plant nutritional monogram, the better growth and high foliar N:P ratio of about 13:1 in A. elata individuals on 9°-degree slope were generated by both deficiency-driving N uptake and excessive P depletion. We recommend the 9°-degree slope to develop A. elata community which can be fed by higher N availability if higher density was achieved.
 
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 In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 3, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue.
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Hill slope terrain and land-use assessment using GIS and Remote Sensing techniques: A case of Pikhuwa sub-watershed in the Mid-hill, Nepal

Agriculture practice on hill-slope terrain depicts the sensitivity indicators of the vulnerability in terms of global climate change. The major aims of the present research are to assess the land-use pattern conditioned by existing hill-slope terrain based on different land capability class recommend by land resources mapping project, 1986 in the Pikhuwa sub-watershed of Mid-hills, Bhojpur, Nepal. An overall research data derived, processed and analyzed using Geographic Information System and Remote sensing tools and techniques. The land capability class, current land-use and digital elevation model with 30 meter spatial resolution have primarily considered as a major variable for spatial analysis. The analysis estimated about 33.68% individual area of overall agriculture patches have remained on above 30 degrees slope of the terrain topography, which denotes the condition of land-use is not suited technically based on land capability class and recommendation made by LRMP, 1986. In the sub-watershed, the current land-use condition on hill-slope is being much vulnerable due to the steep slope, poor slope terracing and unmanaged surface runoff during monsoon.

Decision Making in the Tea Leaves Diseases Detection Using Mamdani Fuzzy Inference Method

The tea plants (Camellia Sinensis) are small tree species that use leaves and leaf buds to produce tea harvested through a monoculture system. It is an agriculture practice to cultivate one types of crop or livestock, variety or breed on a farm annually. Moreover, the emergence of pests, pathogens and diseases cause serious damages to tea plants significantly to its productivity and quality to optimum worst. All parts of the tea plant such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers and fruits are exposed to these harm lead to loss of yield 7 until 10% per year. The intensity of these attacks vary greatly on particular climate, the degree slope and the plant material used. Therefore, this study analyzes tea leaves as a common part used in recipes to create unique taste and flavor in tea production, especially in agro-industry. The decision making method used is Fuzzy Mamdani Inference as one of model with functional hierarchy with initial input based on established criteria. Fuzzy logic will provide tolerance to the set of value, so that small changes will not result in significant category differences, only affect the membership level on the variable value. Previous method using probabilities have shown 78% tea leaves have been attacked by category C (Gray Blight) while using Mamdani indicated 86% of tea leaves have been infected. In this case, this result pointed out that Fuzzy Mamdani Inferences have more optimal result compare to the previous method.

Stability Analysis of Self-propelled Aerial Man Lift Vehicles

The objective of our research work is to perform the stability analysis of the aerial man lift vehicle. The stability analysis is performed using equilibrium force analysis and center of gravity analysis. A safe working load taking into account of drag forces on the bucket side-stream wind is established for six configurations depend up the AMLV traversing up or down over a flat or 10 degrees slope surface with its boom at rest or raised up at 65 degrees inclination angle. A standard square cross-section as well as tapered cross-section is also designed for the boom. For the considered designs, the calculated safe loads have been verified using stability pyramid and proved acceptable.

The influence of high tensile bolts tightening torque on stress distribution in the bolted connection of rockfall barrier under impact load

The paper presents the finite element method approach to determine stress distribution in rockfall barrier post with end to end-plate connection, assembled with high tensile bolts under two different types of impact load. For the analysis purposes typical fixed to the foundation, rockfall barrier post is adopted with 2,50 m height and sixty degrees slope to the horizontal ground line. One post end is fixed (welded) to the base plate – anchored to foundation, the second end is supported via retaining rope. The impact load applied exactly in the post mid-height and boulder caught via net in the mid-distance between two consecutive post are discussed. Four different locations of end to end-plate connection are analysed measuring from the fixed support i.e. dimension varies in the range of 0,30 m up to 0,60 m with 0,10 m step. Six high tensile bolts, zinc coated with 12.9 grade strength have been adopted in the connection. The stated boundary problem was solved by means of SolidWorks software.

Effect of Deconditioning on Cortical and Cancellous Bone Growth in the Exercise Trained Young Rats

Exercise enhances bone growth and increases peak bone mass. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not 4 weeks of deconditioning after 8 weeks of exercise in growing rats would result in a decrease in bone gain or reverse the benefits of exercise. Fifty 4-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized by a stratified weight method into 5 groups with 10 rats in each group: 8 weeks exercise (8EX), 8 weeks sedentary control (8S), 12 weeks exercise (12EX), 8 weeks exercise followed by 4 weeks sedentary (8EX4S), and 12 weeks sedentary control (12S). The exercise consisted of running on a treadmill with a 5 degrees slope at 24 m/minute for 1 h/day and 5 days/week. After each period of exercise, cancellous and cortical bone histomorphometry were performed on double fluorescent labeled 5-microm-thick sections of the proximal tibia and 40-microm-thick sections of the tibial shaft, respectively. Eight and 12 weeks of exercise resulted in a significant increase in the body weight and gastrocnemius muscle weight by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The femoral wet weight (mg; mean +/- SD; 8EX, 781 +/- 45.1 vs. 8S, 713 +/- 40.5; p < 0.05; 12EX, 892 +/- 41.6 vs. 12S, 807 +/- 19.8; p < 0.05) was significantly higher in the exercise group than that in the respective control groups. The femoral wet weight and bone volume (BV) of the 8EX4S group (818 +/- 46.2 mg and 531 +/- 31.2 microl, respectively) were significantly lower than those of the 12EX group (p < 0.05) and did not differ significantly from those of the 12S groups. The cancellous BV was significantly higher in the 8EX and 12EX groups than that in the respective sedentary groups (p < 0.05). The cortical bone area of the tibial shaft was also significantly higher in the 12EX than that in the 12S group (p < 0.05). The increase in the cancellous BV or cortical bone area was caused by an increase in the mineral apposition rate (MAR), without a significant effect in the labeled perimeter. The bone formation rate (BFR; microm3/microm2 per day) in the cancellous bone (12EX, 27.9 +/- 7.74 vs. 12S, 15.4 +/- 4.56; p < 0.05) or periosteal surface (12EX, 127.6 +/- 27.7 vs. 12S, 79.5 +/- 18.6; p < 0.05) was significantly higher in the exercised groups than that in the respective control group (p < 0.05). Again, deconditioning resulted in a decrease in the cancellous BFR, BV, periosteal BFR, and cortical bone area to levels not significantly different from the 12S group. In conclusion, our findings showed that exercised growing rats, when deconditioned, lost the benefits gained through exercise and their bone parameters were reduced to levels not different from the sedentary control. Thus, continued exercise is required to maintain high bone mass.

Study on the Recovery of Exercise-Induced Fatigue by Pressurized Oxygen in Plateau Environment

The fatigue recovery is a key factor to determine the effect of altitude training. The research was focused on exercise-induced fatigue of rats training at the altitude of 2260 m (746 MB, 26.35% oxygen partial pressure of air), the training speed was from 25 m/min to 35 m/min, increased by 0 to 10 degrees slope for 1 h in the treadmill, when the rats had significant signs of fatigue, took natural recovery and pressurized oxygen recovery. The results showed that rats had many changes in the high intensity exercise training group with high altitude hypoxia, such as the body weight of rats decreased, exhaustive exercise time shortened, the muscle shape deformated, skeletal muscle hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) (P ＜ 0.05), myocardial COMR II and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) (P ＜ 0.01) protein expression decreased, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein in muscle increased, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) decreased (P ＜ 0.05) reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) increased (P ＜ 0.05). While taking pressurized oxygen recovery can prolong the exhaustive exercise time, relieve the change of muscle tissue morphology, increase the myocardial HIF-1α, COMR II and BNP protein expression, decrease the iNOS expression in muscle and serum SOD (P ＜ 0.05), ROS and MDA (P ＜ 0.05) increase the GSH-PX and total anti-oxidative capacity (TAOC), all of which showed that the usage of pressurized oxygen recovery can improve fatigue resistance after fatigue exercise under high altitude hypoxia.

Human Factors Review of Space Habitat Feature Requirements

Sending humans to other planets requires an understanding of the effects of the partial gravity on human motion before attempting to design or build buildings or plan mission tasks. Architecture is the most basic example of human-centered design as everything in a building is to “human” scale. While some modern studies (e.g., Capps, et. al, 1989) reference a study which looked at the humans and forces for the Moon landing (Hewes et. al, 1966), this study was never correlated with the actual lunar data and has many erroneous assumptions. Previous work in Biomechanics was reviewed and the elements of physics required to analyze human motion in partial gravity was analyzed and several basic questions were generated. Included in these studies are NASA studies which look at parabolic flight and apparatus to simulate the effects of partial gravity (NASA/TM-2010-216139, 2010). The key part of physics that drives the changes in human motion is the fact that the momentum of a human or object in motion remains the same while gravity reduces the normal forces on the feet which in turn cause a reduction in the friction reaction forces available for maneuvering or stopping. The study investigates design of several building features for space architecture. These include: Ceiling Height, Door Size, Railing Height, Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps. The first of these the ceiling height relates to the question of does a person “bounce” when they walk in partial gravity. Typical ceilings on Earth range from 2.44 m (8 feet) to 3.05 m (10 feet) Studies of walk to run transition speed for partial gravity were reviewed and they measured the vertical displacement of the hip. This measurement varied by less than 1 cm and correlated to a minimal head height change. Door sizes and railing heights related to the height of 99th percentile humans projected to the year of launch to Mars or the Moon and also included spinal growth caused by 0 g transit. These projections do lead to a taller door opening (25 cm) and raised railing (14.3 cm) as compared to earth. Stairs and ladders both ended up being related to joint angles and human preferences such that they remain the same as on Earth. Chair heights which also relate to counter heights were looked at by reviewing studies of the sit-to-stand motion and comparing the foot and buttocks reaction forces to the friction forces available on Mars and the Moon verses Earth standard. This leads to a recommendation to use Pub height chairs and counters. Flooring and ramps required scaling and also calculating equivalency values to make comparisons. It was determined that the required friction when scaled to Mars would be possible with fairly standard flooring materials. The Lunar case however, would require a combination of high friction flooring and training for nominal movement. To analyze ramps independent calculations were used for friction requirements and then correlated to a study of emergency personnel pushing a trolley with a patient up or down a ramp. Both these methods correlated to an extremely shallow 2.86 degrees (slope 1 in 20) ramp being possible on Mars and ramps not being usable on the Moon. Based on these factors it is recommended that many of features follow standards used on earth and that only the required changes be made such that the habitation resemble Earth structures as much as possible. In addition, Astronaut training should incorporate these factors into their procedures.

Knee Kinematics Following Anatomic Single vs. Double Bundle ACL Reconstruction: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Objectives:A randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare knee kinematics during gait and running 24 months after ACL reconstruction, using either single-bundle (SB) or double-bundle (DB) quadriceps tendon grafts. We hypothesized that DB reconstruction would better restore kinematics than SB reconstruction, in comparison to the uninjured, contralateral knee.Methods:Subjects were between 14 and 50 years of age, participated in at least 100 hours of Level 1 or 2 sports activities and presented within 12 months of injury to both bundles of the ACL (with or without meniscal injury). Exclusion criteria included prior injury or surgery of the ipsilateral or contralateral knee or greater than a grade 1 concomitant knee ligament injury. Subjects were randomized to undergo SB or DB ACL reconstruction with a 10 mm quadriceps tendon autograft harvested with a patellar bone block. A single, anatomically placed femoral tunnel was used for all cases. For DB ACL reconstruction, the soft tissue portion of the graft was split and passed through two anatomically placed tibial tunnels. Biplane radiographic images were acquired 24 months after surgery while subjects performed downhill running on a treadmill (3.0 m/s, 10 degree slope, 150 images/s) and level gait (1.3 m/s, 100 images/s). Subject specific bone models were generated from computed tomography images and matched to the biplane radiographs using a previously validated model-based tracking process to determine tibiofemoral kinematics. Rotations of the tibia relative to the femur were calculated using the rotational component of the Joint Coordinate System originally described by Grood and Suntay. Displacements of the tibia relative to the femur were expressed in an orthogonal anatomical coordinate system fixed to the tibia. Primary outcome variables were based on previous findings of abnormalities in knee kinematics after ACL injury/reconstruction, and included peak knee external rotation, adduction and anterior translation during heelstrike to mid-stance. Three trials were collected for each limb and each task, and averaged for statistical analysis. Differences between SB and DB kinematics were determined using Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests, with significance level p < 0.05.Results:No significant differences were found in any of the primary kinematic variables between single and double bundle anatomic ACL reconstruction (Table). Differences between reconstructed and contralateral (uninjured) limbs were small, averaging less than 2 degrees in rotation and 2 mm in translation. Rotational differences were smaller during gait than during downhill running.Conclusion:Conclusions: Contrary to the study hypothesis, DB reconstruction was not found to be superior to SB reconstruction. While some abnormalities remained (particularly during the more stressful downhill running evaluation), both anatomical reconstructions were equally effective at restoring normal knee kinematics.kinematic differences between limbs (affected-contralateral) during gait and downhill runningSingle BundleSingle BundleSingle BundleDouble BundleDouble BundleDouble BundleNMeanStd DevNMeanStd DevWilcoxon pRunningPeak Knee Adduction25-0.231.1221-0.211.160.71RunningPeak External Rotation25-1.564.0421-0.173.120.20RunningPeak Anterior Translation250.572.62212.022.750.13GaitPeak Knee Adduction26-0.061.1921-0.051.110.83GaitPeak External Rotation26-0.444.3421-0.113.550.77GaitPeak Anterior Translation260.832.97212.002.560.20

LEAP-GWU-2015 experiment specifications, results, and comparisons

LEAP (Liquefaction Experiments and Analysis Projects) is an effort to formalize the process and provide data needed for validation of numerical models designed to predict liquefaction phenomena. For LEAP-GWU-2015, one project within LEAP, an experiment was repeated at 6 centrifuge facilities (Cambridge University, Kyoto University, University of California Davis, National Central University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Zhejiang University) and the results were shared and archived for the purposes of validation of numerical models. This paper describes the specifications for the LEAP-GWU-2015 experiment and compares the experimental results from the six facilities. The specified experiment was for uniform medium dense sand with a 5 degree slope in a rigid container subject to a ramped, 1Hz sine wave base motion. The experiment was meant to be relatively simple to enable different facilities to produce comparable experiments. Although it cannot be claimed that identical experiments were precisely replicated on different centrifuges, it is argued that the results are similar enough that each experiment lends veracity to the set of results. A benefit of variability between experiments is that the variety enables a more general validation. Important lessons with regard to specification of future experiments for validation of numerical models are summarized. LEAP-GWU-2015 has demonstrated an approach that is a useful reference for future validation studies.

Effect of Soil Preparation Depth on Nutrient Leaching and Nutrient Uptake by Young Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir

The effect of soil preparation depth on leaching of N, Ca, Mg and K was determined for a granitic soil by means of field Iysimeters. For this purpose trenches (22,5 m x 2,7 m) with depths of 400 mm (T40), SOO mm (TSO) and 1200 mm (T120) were excavated, lined with plastic sheets and fitted with drainage pipes. After refilling the soil in the original sequence each Iysimeter was planted with fifteen Pinot noir vines grafted onto 99 Richter, two years after soil preparation. The experimental site was situated on a 15 degree slope and drained naturally. Leachates were collected quantitatively and analysed. Nutrient uptakes of vines were determined up to the end of the third growing season. Soil loosening stimulated the mineralisation of organic material, resulting in leaching of nitrates. Higher amounts were leached from the deeper treatments and losses declined over time. Results indicated that soil-derived N can supply the N requirement of grapevines for the first three years after soil preparation. Leaching losses of Ca, Mg and K pointed to a steady state being attained four to five years after soil preparation. Once this state had been attained, annual Ca losses were approximateir 200 kg.ha·', irrespec~ive of soil preparation depth. Magnesium losses correl1ated with preparation depth, ranging from 20 kg.ha for T40 to 70 kg.ha for T120. Potassium losses rarely exceeded 20 kg.ha , thus not necessitating any major adjustments in fertilisation programmes. Soil preparation depth had a significant effect on the development of the young vines. Full bearing stage was reached at the end of the second season for T120 and the end of the third season for TSO and T40. During the second growing season foliar nitrogen uptake amounted to 12,6 kg.ha·', 15,2 kg.ha·' and 24,5 kg.ha·' for T40, TSO and T120, respectively. In the third season N uptake on T120 (52,5 kg.ha-') was comparable to that of mature vines while TSO (37,2 kg.ha-') and T40 (31,5 kg.ha-') required considerably less N. During the non-bearing stage the Ca uptake was comparable to that of N and 60% higher than that of K. When the first grapes were harvested (third season), K uptake surpassed that of Ca for T40 and TSO. Magnesium uptake never exceeded 15 kg.ha·', irrespective of soil depth.

A novel complete retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy via modified three ports approach

Objective To assess the clinical efficacy of a modified complete retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy via 3 port approach. Methods From August 2013 to February 2016, 23 patients with complete retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal and ureteral sleeve resection were treated with modified three port approach, including 15 males and 8 females. The average age was 67 years old (ranging 44-83 years old). All patients had complained about the hematuria before operation and urine exfoliated cells showed moderate to severe nuclear atypia. All patients accepted the abdominal CT and urography CTU examination, pre-operatively. All of them was diagnosed localized upper urinary tract malignant tumors based on those images, including 13 cases in the pelvis, and 10 cases in the upper segment of the ureter. No chemotherapy, radiotherapy or immunotherapy was performed before surgery. No patients have the history of severe basic disease or upper urinary procedure.The operations were performed under general anesthesia, patients take the contralateral back 30 degrees slope, low elevation head foot, waist bridge, side waist stretch. In the anterior superior iliac spine perpendicular to the line 2 cm parallel to the lower intersection of the rib border were disposed into the 12 mm trocar. Above the anterior superior iliac spine two cross finger level with the intersection of the anterior axillary node, we placed into the 10 mm trocar placement lens. Laparoscopic placement of third casing form an isosceles triangle with the first two casing. The renal fascia was incised with an ultrasonic knife from the renal dorsal side, and the renal hilum was isolated from the kidney by suction aspirator. The renal artery and vein were separated and closed by hem-o-lok. Along the psoas muscle surface to ureter, ureteral clipping by hem-o-lok but not to cut off the free distal ureteral, the lens is composed of first casing into, using ultrasonic knife to free ureter to the bladder wall segment, with 30 mm endoscopic stapler ureter and bladder wall cut off part. Operation time, blood loss and postoperative recovery were recorded in 23 cases. Results All 23 cases were successfully operated without related the operative complication. The operative duration ranged from 3.5 to 6.1 h (mean 4.8 h), the blood loss was 30-880 ml (mean 304 ml), and the postoperative stay was 8-30 d (mean 17.8 d). There are 3 cases of positive lymph node by postoperative pathological reports. Within 2 to 30 months following up, 2 patients died of tumor progression in 6 months after surgery. 4 patients were diagnosed with bladder cancer in 15 months, 15 months, 21 months, 24 months after surgery, respectively. And the transurethral resection of bladder tumor was performed. Conclusion The modified complete retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy via three ports is safe and reliable. Key words: Retroperitoneoscopic; Nephroureterectomy; Via three ports

Low-Cost and Accurate 3D Road Modeling Using Mobile Phone

This paper studies the feasibility of using mobile phone to achieve low-cost and accurate three-dimensional (3D) road modeling, which provides nutritious supplement to current digital map. Instead of using expensive tools, our method only needs a mobile phone fixed on a moving vehicle. Road surface variation, reflected by vehicle dynamic state, is captured by sensors in the mobile phone.The road in 3D is reproduced by combining sensing data from accelerometer, magnetometer, gyroscope, and GPS trace. Several compensation and calibration techniques are developed to improve modeling accuracy based on the systematic study of sensor error properties. A learning step is used to automatically unify the user dependent factors to avoid manual adjustment. We evaluate our method on a 2 km real road. Compared with the field measured baseline, it successfully generates a fine-grained 3D road model with maximum height error less than 4 m and 90 degree slope angle error less than 2 degrees.

궤도형 전기 차량의 플랫폼 설계

본 논문에서는 전기구동방식 궤도차량로봇의 플랫폼을 제안한다. 궤도형 이동로봇은 사람의 접근이 어려운 험지나 장비를 운반하는 등의 목적으로 군사목적, 탐사목적, 재해재난, 농업분야 등 다양한 분야에서 사용되고 있다. 주행 안정각, 측면 전복각 등의 설계조건을 반영하여 전기구동 궤도차량로봇을 설계하였다. 궤도차량로봇을 제작하고 구동시스템 제어기를 제작하였다. 제작한 궤도차량로봇을 <TEX>$15^{\circ}$</TEX> 경사의 실내와 <TEX>$40^{\circ}$</TEX> 경사의 실외 주행 실험을 실시하였다. 실험을 통하여 개발한 전기구동방식 궤도차량로봇의 주행이 가능함을 확인하였다. In this paper, a platform design of caterpillar typed electrical vehicle is proposed. Nowadays, there have been many researches on mobile robots in the various ways. Many different fields such as military, exploration, agricultural assistance and disaster relief have applied the mobile robot. Design condition of stable angle, upset angle is reflect to caterpillar typed electrical vehicle. To experiment, developed a caterpillar typed electrical vehicle and design a driving controller. Developed caterpillar typed electrical vehicle is tested about operating and driving. Test environment is consisted of driving on flatland and climbing 15 degree and outdoor 40 degree slope. It is confirmed that developed tracked electric vehicular robot can driving and climbing.

접착성 식생기반재의 침식저항능력 평가

This paper describes vegetation based soil-media hydroseeding measures that have been previously applied as slope revegetation methods show problems such as insufficient binding force, drying, and insufficient organic matter. In particular, in the case of slope faces in regions where scattering is severe, a vicious circle exists in which remarkably low vegetation cover rates and increases in withering rates over time lead to further decreases in vegetation cover rates, which lead to further increases in erosion and scattering. Therefore, in the present study, environment friendly soil stabilizers were applied for resistance against erosion or scattering and engineering evaluations such as long-term immersion tests and flow resistance tests were conducted to determine appropriate mixing ratios. According to the results of long-term immersion tests utilizing environment friendly soil stabilizers and existing greening soil based materials, 100% collapse occurred at 30 hours and 40 days in the case of soil stabilizer mixing ratios of 0% and 2%, respectively. While the original form of the samples remained intact until the experiment was completed in the case of mixing ratios exceeding 4% indicating that 2% or higher soil stabilizer mixing ratios could affect the maintenance of forms even under extreme conditions. In addition, artificial rainfall tests were conducted on 40, 45, and 55 degree slope faces to evaluate the structural stability of vegetation based materials. Flow resistance tests were conducted on soil stabilizer mixing ratios of 0, 4, 8% to evaluate erosion resistance capability. Based on the results of the tests, environment friendly soil stabilizers applied for prevention of scattering or resistance against erosion by rainwater are considered to provide large effects to reduce losses and loss rates showed a tendency of decreasing rapidly when soil stabilizers were mixed.

The Relationship between Self-Image, Interpersonal Relationship, Social Support, Psychological Well-Being and Hope among Hansen's Disease Patients

TThepurpose ofthis studywas to identify the relationshipbetweenself-image,interpersonal relationshipandpsychological well-being of persons affected by Hansen\'s disease through curve estimation of simple regression analysis. The results of the study firstly indicated that the communication, openness and understanding had a lower linear increase than 45 degree slope with increasing self-image. Despite the U shape increase of satisfaction and friendliness, confidence and susceptibility had an increased inverted U-shape showing a difference in the type of change. Second, positive well-being had an increase of < 45 degree slope with increasing self-image but as negative well-being increased in an inverted U-shape with the increase in self-image, it started decreasing after reaching the 3 points peak of self-image.Keywords: Interpersonal Relationship, Psychological Well Being, Persons Affected by Hansen’s Disease, Self-image

Deep inside Fukushima

In the dark abandoned shell of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, Rosemary and Sakura shoot what looks like a dystopian first-person shooter game. Rosemary scans her environment, while Sakura records every move. Developed at the Chiba Institute of Technology, Rosemary and Sakura can climb 45 degree slopes and use gyroscopes and other sensors to navigate inside buildings without the need for GPS. But the standard radiation detector, gamma cameras weighing 150 kilograms, proved too cumbersome for them to use. So the team has turned to a gamma camera that weighs just 17 kilograms and can rotate 360 degrees. This has been added to the robots as part of a system called N-Visage, which also includes a laser scanner that draws a 3D image of its environment. The radiation measurements can be combined with a laser scan of the plant's exact layout, says Trevor Craig of UK start-up Createc, which developed N-Visage for Japan's International Research Institute for Nuclear Decommissioning, and reactor maker Hitachi. An earlier version was used in Sellafield in Cumbria

Advanced Support System Based on Precise Meteorological Data for Citrus Orchards

Rural districts located in mountainous or hilly regions are not only important in terms of food production but are also where civilization, culture and spirituality originated and are preserved. The policies supporting the sustainable development of agriculture in such regions are important in many countries. These policies will gain importance in the face of climate change because the complex terrain results in small and widely distributed farm lands with limited productivity, and these will be the first to be negatively affected. Many attempts have been made to use various meteorological conditions to increase the productivity of agriculture in the hilly and mountainous terrains of Japan. However, most of the meteorological data collected has not been fully used. We proposed that to optimize agricultural output from the mountainous and hilly regions, it is necessary to acquire precise meteorological data with three characteristics: precise position estimates, substantial data collection, and the availability of continuous data covering the past, present and future. We have developed a support system for the management of a database of precise meteorological data, including air temperature, humidity, solar radiation, precipitation and reference evapotranspiration. Data in the database have been developed to estimate data, having a few tens of meters resolution, based on a nearby existing observation station and its data: past, present and future. This system, with its precision meteorological data, should make citrus cultivation more profitable because Japanese citrus orchards are located in hilly areas, and the gradient of ∼45% of the orchard area has over a 15 degree slope. We expect that this system will contribute to developing advanced and flexible management systems of cultivation that respond to meteorological fluctuations. We will present the support system under the development of citrus orchards.