Degree Of Obesity Research Articles

The psychosocial functioning in adolescents with severe obesity evaluated throughout the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ): a preliminary report.

Childhood obesity is associated with poor psychological adjustment. Severely impacts the psychological adjustment of young patients. To assess the psychological functioning of children and adolescents, several questionnaires have been proposed so far. Although the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is one of the most well-used tools, its application in obesity research is scarce. The study is aimed at assessing the psychological profile of a sample of Italian children and adolescents seeking an in-hospital multidisciplinary body weight reduction program for obesity, via SDQ. One hundred and fourteen consecutive Italian children and adolescents with obesity (43 males/71 females, age range: 11-17 years, mean age ± SD: 15.1 ± 1.66, body mass index-BMI ± SD: 37.4 ± 6.13 kg/m2), were recruited at the Division of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Piancavallo (VB). Obese Females reported worse conditions of emotional symptoms (t = 5.48; p < 0.001) and peer problems (t = 2.34; p = 0.021), as well as higher which were associated with greater scores of pro-social behaviors than obese males (t = 3.07; p = 0.003). The total difficulties score (t = 4.00; p < 0.001) and the total impact score (t = 4.53; p < 0.001) were significantly higher in females than males. No statistically significant differences in SDQ variables were found in relation to the degree of obesity (BMI SDS: 2-2.99; BMI SDS: > 3). These findings can contribute to understand the psychological condition of adolescents with obesity in a better way and also to develop effective interventions for the treatment of pediatric obesity which not only take into account the medical and physical aspects but also the emotional and social difficulties expressed by adolescents with obesity.

SMART use of medications for the treatment of adolescent severe obesity: A sequential multiple assignment randomized trial protocol

BackgroundSevere obesity is a complex, chronic disease affecting nearly 9% of adolescents in the U.S. Although the current mainstay of treatment is lifestyle therapy, pediatric clinical practice guidelines recommend the addition of adjunct anti-obesity medication (AOM), such as phentermine and topiramate. However, guidance regarding when adjunct AOM should be started and how AOM should be used is unclear. Furthermore, an inherent limitation of current treatment guidelines is their “one-size-fits-all” approach, which does not account for the heterogeneous nature of obesity and high degree of patient variability in response to all interventions. MethodsThis paper describes the study design and methods of a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART), “SMART Use of Medications for the Treatment of Adolescent Severe Obesity.” The trial will examine 1) when to start AOM (specifically phentermine) in adolescents who are not responding to lifestyle therapy and 2) how to modify AOM when there is a sub-optimal response to the initial pharmacological intervention (specifically, for phentermine non-responders, is it better to add topiramate to phentermine or switch to topiramate monotherapy). Critically, participant characteristics that may differentially affect response to treatment will be assessed and evaluated as potential moderators of intervention efficacy. ConclusionData from this study will be used to inform the development of an adaptive intervention for the treatment of adolescent severe obesity that includes empirically-derived decision rules regarding when and how to use AOM. Future research will test this adaptive intervention against standard “one-size-fits-all” treatments.

Neutrophils: tissue and circulating signatures of pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

The recent rise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among children and adolescents led to a thorough investigation of the peculiarities of the cellular infiltrate which characterize the disease at young ages. This review aims to highlight the key involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of pediatric NAFLD and the potential biomarker role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the same pediatric disorder. Neutrophils, which are first responders to inflammation, constitute an abundant component of an infiltrate which is particularly disposed within the portal area of children with NAFLD. The involvement of neutrophils in triggering liver fibrosis has been related amongst others to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, to the stimulation of hepatic stellate cells, and to their synthesis of neutrophil elastase. As immune imbalance characterizes NAFLD, potentially emerging non-invasive biomarkers such as NLR have been proposed for the detection and prognosis of NAFLD. In adults, several studies asserted the role of NLR in the prediction of advancing liver fibrosis and mortality in subjects with NAFLD. In children, data is scarce with contradicting findings, as some studies failed to identify significant shifting in NLR values in children with NAFLD when compared with obese controls without liver impairment. However, NLR seems to significantly increase in children with obesity and different degrees of NAFLD when compared to healthy counterparts and their changes seem to be reversible with weight loss. Still, paucity of pediatric studies calls for future research addressing the role of NLR in predicting NAFLD development and progression in children with obesity.

Analysis of healthy lifestyle (diet, physical activity, and healthy behavior) in the employees of Dar Al Uloom University

The study aimed to assess the reality of healthy lifestyle among the employees of Dar Al Uloom University, to determine the level of obesity among the employees and also to determine the differences in the reality of healthy lifestyle among the students of Dar Al Uloom University according to the study variables (adjective, gender, and age). The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach that fits with the nature of this study. The study sample amounted to 184 of individuals (125 male and female students), (42 faculty members), (17 employees). The researcher used a measure of a healthy lifestyle includes three axes (healthy food, physical activity, and healthy behavior), in addition to defining a body mass indicator to determine degrees of obesity. The results showed that the employees of Dar Al Uloom University are practicing a moderately healthy lifestyle, and that the percentage of obesity was 22.58%, regarding overweight was 37.10%, and healthy weight with a percentage of 40.32%. The results also showed that faculty and staff members have more commitment to a healthy lifestyle by students in the axes of food and healthy behavior, and that males and females, and different other age groups share the same view points and prospective about the reality of a healthy lifestyle. The study recommended spreading awareness of the importance of practicing physical activities for university employees as a way of life, and the necessity of interest in spreading nutritional and health awareness among the university employees by holding different sports and awareness events.

Lipid Storage, Lipolysis, and Lipotoxicity in Obesity.

The ratio of free fatty acid (FFA) turnover decreases significantly with the expansion of white adipose tissue. Adipose tissue and dietary saturated fatty acid levels significantly correlate with an increase in fat cell size and number. The G0/G1 switch gene 2 increases lipid content in adipocytes and promotes adipocyte hypertrophy through the restriction of triglyceride (triacylglycerol: TAG) turnover. Hypoxia in obese adipose tissue due to hypertrophic adipocytes results in excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Cluster of differentiation (CD) 44, as the main receptor of the extracellular matrix component regulates cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions including diet-induced insulin resistance. Excess TAGs, sterols, and sterol esters are surrounded by the phospholipid monolayer surface and form lipid droplets (LDs). Once LDs are formed, they grow up because of the excessive amount of intracellular FFA stored and reach a final size. The ratio of FFA turnover/lipolysis decreases significantly with increases in the degree of obesity. Dysfunctional adipose tissue is unable to expand further to store excess dietary lipids, increased fluxes of plasma FFAs lead to ectopic fatty acid deposition and lipotoxicity. Reduced neo-adipogenesis and dysfunctional lipid-overloaded adipocytes are hallmarks of hypertrophic obesity linked to insulin resistance. Obesity-associated adipocyte death exhibits feature of necrosis-like programmed cell death. Adipocyte death is a prerequisite for the transition from hypertrophic to hyperplastic obesity. Increased adipocyte number in obesity has life-long effects on white adipose tissue mass. The positive correlation between the adipose tissue volume and magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction estimation is used for characterization of the obesity phenotype, as well as the risk stratification and selection of appropriate treatment strategies. In obese patients with type 2 diabetes, visceral adipocytes exposed to chronic/intermittent hyperglycemia develop a new microRNAs' (miRNAs') expression pattern. Visceral preadipocytes memorize the effect of hyperglycemia via changes in miRNAs' expression profile and contribute to the progression of diabetic phenotype. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, metformin, and statins can be beneficial in treating the local or systemic consequences of white adipose tissue inflammation. Rapamycin inhibits leptin-induced LD formation. Collectively, in this chapter, the concept of adipose tissue remodeling in response to adipocyte death or adipogenesis, and the complexity of LD interactions with the other cellular organelles are reviewed. Furthermore, clinical perspective of fat cell turnover in obesity is also debated.

Identifying subgroups of eating behavior traits unrelated to obesity using functional connectivity and feature representation learning.

Eating behavior is highly heterogeneous across individuals and cannot be fully explained using only the degree of obesity. We utilized unsupervised machine learning and functional connectivity measures to explore the heterogeneity of eating behaviors measured by a self-assessment instrument using 424 healthy adults (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age = 47.07 ± 18.89 years; 67% female). We generated low-dimensional representations of functional connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and estimated latent features using the feature representation capabilities of an autoencoder by nonlinearly compressing the functional connectivity information. The clustering approaches applied to latent features identified three distinct subgroups. The subgroups exhibited different levels of hunger traits, while their body mass indices were comparable. The results were replicated in an independent dataset consisting of 212 participants (mean ± SD age = 38.97 ± 19.80 years; 35% female). The model interpretation technique of integrated gradients revealed that the between-group differences in the integrated gradient maps were associated with functional reorganization in heteromodal association and limbic cortices and reward-related subcortical structures such as the accumbens, amygdala, and caudate. The cognitive decoding analysis revealed that these systems are associated with reward- and emotion-related systems. Our findings provide insights into the macroscopic brain organization of eating behavior-related subgroups independent of obesity.

Влияние бариатрических операций на овариальный резерв у пациенток с ожирением и первичным бесплодием

Aim. To describe two clinical cases of obese female patients with primary infertility who underwent sleeve gastrectomy. Key points. The presented clinical cases demonstrate the multidirectional impact of bariatric surgery on ovarian reserve indicators in two patients of reproductive age with primary infertility, comparable in degree of obesity and concomitant diseases. In both patients, 12 months after surgery, body weight was successfully reduced and carbohydrate metabolism levels were normalized. However, in the first patient, the level of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) increased slightly, and pregnancy occurred, while in the second patient, on the contrary, the level of AMH decreased compared to the preoperative level, and the desired pregnancy did not occur at the time of writing. Conclusion. Literary data on the impact of bariatric surgery on women's reproductive function are scarce and contradictory. Determining the contribution of metabolic surgical interventions to restoring ovarian reserve, normalizing AMH levels and overcoming infertility will allow individualizing treatment tactics in obese patients. Keywords: obesity, infertility, anti-Mullerian hormone, bariatric surgery, sleeve gastrectomy.

Definition, criteria, and core concepts of guidelines for the management of obesity disease in Japan.

To identify those who might benefit from weight reduction within a large population of obese individuals, Japan Society for the Study of Obesity (JASSO) advocated the concept of "obesity disease." Here we summarize the definition, criteria, and core concepts for the management of obesity disease based on JASSO's latest guideline. JASSO defines obesity as excessive fat storage in adipose tissue associated with a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2. The threshold BMI of obesity is low as compared to Western countries given that Japanese individuals tend to develop obesity-related health disorders at lower BMI. Obesity with a BMI of ≥35 kg/m2 is referred to as "high-degree obesity" as treatment strategies vary based on the degree of obesity. Obesity is diagnosed as "obesity disease" if accompanied by any of the 11 specific obesity-related health disorders that weight reduction can prevent or alleviate, or if it meets the criteria for visceral fat obesity with a visceral fat area of ≥100 cm2. The initial weight reduction goals for high-degree obesity disease range from 5% to 10% of their current body weight, depending on the associated health disorders. That for those with obesity disease who do not qualify as high-degree is 3% or more. If these initial goals are not achieved, intensifying dietary therapy or introducing drug therapy (or both) may be necessary. While surgical treatment is primarily indicated for high-degree obesity disease, it might be appropriate for cases of obesity disease with a BMI <35 kg/m2, depending on the accompanying health disorders. Enhancing the quality of life for individuals with obesity or obesity disease necessitates a broader societal approach, emphasizing the resolution of related stigma.

Neuroinflammation in Obese Children.

Obesity is associated with chronic persistent inflammation due to a pool of tissue macrophages that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and cause neuroinflammation. The analysis of the association of CD14+CD163+ monocytes in the peripheral blood with cognitive functions in 56 obese children (mean age 11.95 (9.45; 14.45) years) was carried out. The control group consisted of 10 children (mean age 10.4 (9.3; 13.8) years). Standard deviation of the body mass index (SDS BMI) and height (SDS height) were calculated using WHO AnthroPlus software (for children of 6-19 years). Body composition was assessed using bioimpedance measurement. Mononuclear cells were isolated from whole blood by centrifugation on a Ficoll-Urografin density gradient (ρ=1.077 g/ml). The content of CD14+CD163+ monocytes in the peripheral blood was assessed by flow cytometry. To analyze cognitive functions, the intelligence coefficient (IQ) was calculated and a Russian adaptation of the Rey test was performed. We found an increase in the number of M2-polarized CD14+CD163+ monocytes in the peripheral blood with an increase in the obesity degree and in the presence of cognitive decline, as well as a negative correlation of the level of M2-polarized monocytes and IQ, taking into account the excess of visceral fat. The revealed data on the relationship of M2-polarized CD14+CD163+ peripheral blood monocytes with obesity in children and the development of neuropsychological deficiency confirm the role of peripheral visceral obesity and neuroinflammation.

Взаимосвязь ожирения и показателей углеводного обмена с овариальным резервом у женщин репродуктивного возраста

Aim. To assess the indicators of ovarian reserve and their relationship with the state of carbohydrate metabolism and body weight in women of reproductive age. Design. Single-center, cross-sectional comparative study. Materials and methods. 58 women of reproductive age were examined: 16 people with normal or overweight, 42 with varying degrees of obesity. The following indicators were assessed in all subjects: anti-Mullerian hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, a glucose tolerance test was performed, the HOMA-IR index, and the area under the glycemic curve were calculated. Results. The values of anti-Mullerian hormone in the groups of patients with obesity of I and II degrees were significantly lower compared to this indicator in the groups of patients with normal and overweight. In the group of people without insulin resistance, the median level of anti-Mullerian hormone of this indicator was significantly higher than in the group of women with insulin resistance. Conclusion. Obesity and impaired carbohydrate metabolism in women of reproductive age can potentially negatively affect ovarian reserve. Features of decreased reproductive function in women with an unfavorable metabolic profile require further research in order to determine preventive and therapeutic tactics. Keywords: ovarian reserve, insulin resistance, anti-Mullerian hormone, obesity.

Association between body mass index and atopic dermatitis among adolescents: Findings from a national cross-sectional study in Korea.

The association between atopic dermatitis and childhood overweight and obesity has been studied extensively, but the results are inconclusive; most studies have focused on body mass index as a measure of obesity, with few investigating the relationship with underweight. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between body mass index levels and atopic dermatitis in Korean adolescents. 3-year (2019-2021) of Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey were used. Body mass index was used to measure obesity and a recent diagnosis within the past year was used as the criterion for atopic dermatitis. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the associations. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. A total of 144,183 adolescents aged 12-18 years were included in this study (74,704 males and 69,479 females). Over the past year, 5.4% of males and 7.3% of females were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis in the study population. Adolescents with normal weight (males [OR: 1.19, CI: 1.02-1.38]; females [OR: 1.26, CI: 1.10-1.43]) and overweight (males [OR: 1.37, CI: 1.16-1.61]; females [OR: 1.37, CI: 1.19-1.58]) were more likely to develop atopic dermatitis than underweight. Increased degree of obesity may contribute to the development of atopic dermatitis. The normal-weight and obese adolescents had higher likelihood of developing atopic dermatitis compared with the underweight adolescents.

Planning Labour and Delivery in Pregnant Patients with High Body Mass Index (BMI)

There is a direct correlation between the degree of obesity and the severity of associated complications including diabetes, postpartum hemorrhage, fetal macrosomia , preterm delivery, intrauterine fetal death, and extended postpartum hospitalization, failure of lactation, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions, Optimal intrapartum management of the obese gravida requires that the obstetrician work closely with the labor and delivery nurse, obstetric anesthesiologist, nurse anesthetist, and pediatrician to ensure that all are aware of, and prepared for, potential complications

Ethnic and Individual Variations in Long COVID-19 Symptoms

Many countries, regions and ethnic groups have found that some people continue to have symptoms months or even years after being infected with the coronavirus, so researchers have studied the differences between different ethnic groups in order to better provide medical services. Therefore, on the basis of these studies, this paper summarizes some of these differences, hoping to be helpful in the future treatment, in the face of different races and their own conditions, to make the best treatment plan. All of the pertinent information for this review was retrieved from Pubmed using the search term "long COVID," which also included case-control studies, observational studies, cross-sectional studies, and retrospective studies from Chinese and English sources. According to the title and the content of the abstract, 10 articles were selected according to certain criteria. Standardized data extraction table was used to extract research features. In this review, we found that the main symptoms of COVID are similar, but there are subtle differences between different ethnic groups, as well as differences in individual factors. Various studies have shown that sequelae vary by race, with differences in nerve damage and lung damage. In addition, the age, obesity degree and gender of individuals within the same ethnic group can also have differences in the symptoms of long COVID. This review provides a new way to explore the differences in COVID-19 symptoms, search for racial and individual differences, provide new ideas for follow-up health policies, and draw people's attention to better protect their health.

The Role of Bioimpedance Analysis of Body Composition in the Diagnosis of Metabolic Disorders in Patients with Obesity of the 1st Degree

Obesity and overweight have become common phenomena in today’s realities. The degree of obesity only allows to determine the presence of excessive body weight, but does not assess the real state of the problem. An excess of visceral adipose tissue is the main risk factor for the development of metabolic disorders and dysfunction of all human organs and systems. The mechanism of development of obesity and insulin resistance attracts the greatest attention of doctors. The objective: to study the influence of the percentage of visceral fat on the state of metabolic indicators in patients with obesity of the 1st degree. Materials and methods. The study included 70 patients (44 women and 26 men) with a body mass index (BMI) 30–35 kg/m2. The average age of the study participants was 47.1±1.65 years old. The degree of obesity, body fat mass, percentage of fat in the body, metabolic age, indicators of visceral obesity were determined using bioelectrical resistance analysis technology. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined in all patients. Descriptive statistics were conducted to obtain demographic data. Results. A positive relationship was determined between the level of visceral obesity and BMI, slowing down of the general metabolism, and increasing the metabolic age of patients. A positive relationship between metabolic age and FPG was also registered (CI 95%) = 1.70(0.33/3.07), p=0.01; between age difference and LDL-C level (CI 95%) = 1.12 (0.36/3.88), p=0.02. Conclusions. Obesity is a serious disease that requires great attention and a special treatment approach. Assessing the level of visceral adiposity and metabolic age provides more useful information for physicians to find new approaches to obesity treatment.

Gender features of the relationship of ejection fractions in patients with heart failure in coronary heart disease with varying degrees of obesity

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Differences in body composition parameters between female handball players and non-athlete girls during puberty

Background and Study Purpose.: The body composition study (Inbody 720/Biospace (Korea)) presents the advantage of a detailed exploration of some complex parameters, which can pro-vide useful information related to the nutritional status and health of those evaluated. The pur-pose of the research is the comparative analysis of these indicators for pubertal girls, divided in-to two categories: handball practitioners and non-athletes. Material and Methods. The study participants come from 2 groups: 59 handball players/HB (Age=11.72±.82, Height =157.64±8.62, Weight =53.16±10.36) and 115 non-athletes/NA (Age=11.67±.75, Height = 155.33±7.16, Weight =48.84±10.40). The groups were investigated be-tween March and April 2023. Results. The BMI values obtained were interpreted by calculating the international percentages, for the age range 2-19 years. The group of handball players pre-sents superior values regarding weight, height, BMI percentiles, bone mineral content, body cell mass, basal metabolic rate, arm muscle circumference and fitness score. According to the BMI classification, there are no handball players in the underweight class, and 40% of the HB group and 31% of the NA belong to the Overweight and Obese classes. Better values for lean mass of the HB group are reported for all body areas and body segments, with significant differences compared to the NA group. Fat control recommendations indicate the need to remove more fat for the NA group and add more muscle (over 80% of the components of this group). Both groups have problems with abdominal obesity; approximately a quarter of the students having WHR values within Abd. Obesity. The Strength levels indicator shows better values for the HB group (majority in the Normal and Developed categories), and over a quarter of the NA group has problems at the lower body level (fall within the Weak level). Conclusions. According to the values provided by Obesity Degree by Body Fat, one third of the female students of both groups have obesity problems, which represents an alarm signal for the health of the young generation, aspects also confirmed by the analyzed studies. The muscle/fat ratio indicates for the NA group lower percentage values for muscle/SMM and higher for fat/BFM, compared to the HB group, so the physical activity specific to handball players has a de-termining role in explaining these values. The results of our study provide important data relat-ed to body composition values in the puberty stage for handball girls. These data are useful as values to which these parameters can be compared in other stages of preparation (the competi-tive phase or the recovery phase after competitions).

Genetic variation in TAS2R38 bitterness receptor is associated with body composition in Korean females

Bitterness-receptor gene TAS2R38 is associated with taste sensitivity and dietary behaviour, and is known to play a critical role in adiposity. However, evidence regarding body composition from a large cohort is lacking. This study aimed to ascertain whether TAS2R38 rs10246939 C > T bitterness genetic variation is associated with body composition in Korean individuals. The TAS2R38 rs10246939 genotypes, anthropometric measurements, and body composition of 1,843 males and 1,801 females from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were analysed. Findings suggested that there was a significant difference in body fat components by TAS2R38 genotype. Furthermore, the bitterness genotype exhibited a positive association with adiposity markers in females. The TT genotype showed greater body mass index, body fat percentage, and degree of obesity than those with the C allele. However, such an association was not observed in males. In conclusion, this study suggests that TAS2R38 rs10246939 is associated with fat tissue markers in Korean females.

The Relationship between Body Mass Index and Severity of Chronic Venous Insufficiency in Patients at Siloam Hospitals Lippo Village Building B

BACKGROUND: Chronic venous disease, or chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), is a condition that occurs when the venous valves, particularly in the lower extremities, fail to function properly due to venous obstruction or reflux. CVI is often referred to as a chronic venous disease, with clinical symptoms frequently presenting as varicose veins and often remaining undiagnosed accurately. CVI can occur due to various causes, including congenital, primary, secondary, and idiopathic factors. Body mass index (BMI) is a calculation used to estimate the amount of fat in the body and categorize an individual’s degree of obesity. Obesity is one of the risk factors that can contribute to the development of CVI, as it can lead to increased volume and pressure in the venous blood vessels due to an elevated BMI. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to investigate and understand the relationship between BMI and the severity of CVI in patients at Siloam Lippo Village Hospital Building B. METHODOLOGY: This research employed a cross-sectional study design utilizing unpaired categorical comparative analytic study types. The sample was selected using consecutive sampling, with a target sample size of 115 individuals who were patients with CVI at Siloam Lippo Village Hospital Building B. Data were collected through patient interviews during Duplex ultrasound (USG Duplexs) examinations. Subsequently, the data were analyzed using the Chi-square analysis method. RESULTS: The study revealed a significant association between BMI and the severity of CVI (p &lt; 0.001, odds ratio: 6.556, 95% confidence interval: 2.681–16,028). CONCLUSION: The research findings indicate a significant relationship between BMI and the severity of CVI in patients at Siloam Lippo Village Hospital Building B.

The effects of incretin mimetics on the level of the microbial metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide, a marker of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetic patients

Background. The purpose was to investigate the effect of therapy with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1ra) on the serum concentration of trimethylamine-N-­oxide (TMAO), an intestinal microbiome metabolite, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in relation to clinical and laboratory indicators and parameters of body composition. Materials and methods. Thirty-three T2DM patients (17 women and 16 men) were examined aged 31 to 72 years who had unsatisfactory control of carbohydrate metabolism (HbA1c &gt; 7.4 %) against the background of previous glucose-lowering therapy (metformin, sulfonylurea derivatives, insulin, gliflozin) and were administered GLP-1ra. Before the start of treatment and after 6 months of therapy, parameters of anthropometry, body composition were measured (using the bioelectrical impedance analysis with the Tanita analyzer); blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin, TMAO concentration, blood lipids were assessed. Results. Patients diagnosed with Т2DM had HbA1c &gt; 7.4 %; 91 % had general obesity (body mass index 34.7 ± 6.6 kg/m2), 100 % had abdominal obesity (waist circumference 118.00 ± 11.24 cm, Med ± SD). In 72 % of cases, there was a history of cardiovascular complications (myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis, arterial stenosis). Under the influence of a 6-month administration of GLP1ra, there was a decrease in the degree of total and abdominal obesity, a significant drop in the percentage of fat and the level of visceral fat, which was accompanied by an increase in hydration, a reduction in triglyceridemia and the concentration of very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). A significant decrease in the level of TMAO microbial metabolite in the blood serum was recorded, which may reflect the antiatherogenic effect of GLP1ra, associated with the control of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, the stimulation of VLDL-C receptors, and the effect on the secretion of insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, leptin, incretins. Conclusions. A study on the clinical effects of the incretin mimetic (GLP-1ra) in patients with T2DM confirmed its positive impact on glucose metabolism and blood lipids. At the same time, during GLP-1ra therapy, an improvement of some compositional and lipid indicators (visceral fat, triglycerides, VLDL-C) was recorded with a simultaneous decrease in the concentration of TMAO toxic metabolite.

Analysis of Obesity Based on Various Indicators by Countries via Linear Regression

Obesity, a prevalent disease, begins with the Third Industrial Revolution. Obesity not only lowers numerous individuals’ quality of life, but also affects budgets in the health sector across the country and around the world. Obesity was once considered an exclusive problem among the rich: In general, high-quality meat is expensive, and plants (grains) have been relatively affordable. This proposition held true until the late 20th century, but today, obesity is no longer just a concern for the affluent. Factors such as climate change, supply-chain problems, high consumption demands, and more expensive materials such as feed and biofuels result in a price surge. Increased food prices have a direct impact on households, making it more difficult for the lower-income class to access nutritious foods. As a result, the poor reduce their consumption of nutritious foods such as fruits, vegetables, and grains and replace meals with inexpensive, artificial meat, and ultra-processed foods. This paper proposes policies by analyzing and predicting the degree of obesity using linear regression, a data mining technique, according to the development or welfare level of the country using various indicators by country. This paper refines and evaluates data through a preprocessing method after data collection and concludes by explaining the results.