Degree Of Dysbiosis Research Articles

Intestinal dysbiosis during pregnancy: the norm or pathology?

BACKGROUND: An interest in the study of intestinal microflora has grown among scientists in recent years. This is due to the active development of molecular genetic techniques. The obvious importance of gut microbiota for pregnancy has been established in some scientific works; however, the number of studies devoted to this issue is small.
 AIM: This study was aimed to assess the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora in pregnant women.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 200 women aged 18 to 43 years in pregnancy from six to 22 weeks. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the intestinal and vaginal microbiota was performed by real-time PCR.
 RESULTS: Intestinal dysbacteriosis was detected in 100% of the examined pregnant women. Grade I was detected in 64.5% (n = 129), grade II in 26.5% (n = 53), and grade III in 9% (n = 18) of cases. A decrease in the concentrations of resident bacteria was noted in all pregnant women; in addition, in women with moderate and severe dysbacteriosis, opportunistic microorganisms (Clostridium difficile, Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., and Campylobacter spp.) were detected in quantities exceeding the formally permissible values. The analysis of the course of pregnancies showed that grade I and grade II intestinal dysbacteriosis is a risk factor for early pregnancy complications (OR = 0.2, p = 0.00), thus confirming the role of intestinal microbiocenosis in miscarriage.
 CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy is a predisposing factor for changes in the intestinal microflora, as evidenced by the detection of intestinal dysbiosis in 100% of pregnant women in the main and control study groups. Considering that the majority of women with a normal pregnancy were diagnosed with grade I intestinal dysbiosis, it can be assumed that this degree of dysbiosis is the norm of pregnancy. Thus, the identification of moderate or severe intestinal dysbiosis should be associated with complications of early pregnancy.

Мікробіоценоз та стан місцевого мукозального імунітету ротової порожнини дітей і підлітків з хворобами печінки

The purpose of the study was to study the relationship between the state of the oral cavity microbiocenosis and the level of local immunity in children and adolescents with chronic liver diseases. Materials and methods. 45 children aged 10 to 16 years, who were treated in the public utility "City Children's Clinical Dental Hospital of the Poltava City Council" were examined. All children were divided into 2 groups: the main group – children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis (n = 26) with diseases of concomitant oral mucosa and periodontal disease; control group – children of the same age without concomitant somatic pathology (n = 20). In all observation groups, the state of oral hygiene was recorded using the simplified oral hygiene index (Green-Vermillion, 1964) and the intensity of the inflammatory process in the periodontal tissues, which was assessed by the papillary-marginal-alveolar index modified by Parma (1960). The degree of dysbiosis in the oral cavity was determined using the enzymatic method of A. P. Levitsky by the ratio of the relative activity of urease and lysozyme. The state of local immunity was investigated by the level of immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, IgG and secretory immunoglobulin sIgA. Results and discussion. It was found that the majority of patients with chronic hepatitis had an unsatisfactory and even poor state of oral hygiene, according to the Green-Vermillion simplified oral hygiene index, in combination with moderate and severe gingivitis (according to the papillary-marginal-alveolar index). The most negative results were registered in children 9-13 years old. The effect of the low level of oral hygiene in children and adolescents with chronic liver diseases, which is accompanied by increased dysbiosis, was studied, which indicates a drop in the level of antimicrobial protection, suppression of local mucosal immunity, a decrease in lysozyme activity and a decrease in the content of secretory sIgA in the oral fluid. The mediated mechanism of sIgA action through the phagocyte activation system with subsequent lysis of pathogenic microorganisms is considered. Conclusion. Chronic liver diseases reliably lead to changes in the body's immunobiological reactivity, and also cause suppression of the protective mechanisms of the oral cavity and its local immunity, characterized by a decrease in the activity of lysozyme and secretory IgA in the oral fluid of sick children and adolescents

Vaginal and Anal Microbiome during Chlamydia trachomatis Infections.

Background.Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the agent of the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide, with a significant impact on women’s health. Despite the increasing number of studies about the vaginal microbiome in women with CT infections, information about the composition of the anal microbiome is still lacking. Here, we assessed the bacterial community profiles of vaginal and anal ecosystems associated or not with CT infection in a cohort of Caucasian young women. Methods. A total of 26 women, including 10 with a contemporary vaginal and ano-rectal CT infection, were enrolled. Composition of vaginal and anal microbiome was studied by 16S rRNA gene profiling. Co-occurrence networks of bacterial communities and metagenome metabolic functions were determined. Results. In case of CT infection, both vaginal and anal environments were characterized by a degree of dysbiosis. Indeed, the vaginal microbiome of CT-positive women were depleted in lactobacilli, with a significant increase in dysbiosis-associated bacteria (e.g., Sneathia, Parvimonas, Megasphaera), whereas the anal microbiota of CT-infected women was characterized by higher levels of Parvimonas and Pseudomonas and lower levels of Escherichia. Interestingly, the microbiome of anus and vagina had numerous bacterial taxa in common, reflecting a significant microbial ‘sharing’ between the two sites. In the vaginal environment, CT positively correlated with Ezakiella spp. while Gardnerella vaginalis co-occurred with several dysbiosis-related microbes, regardless of CT vaginal infection. The vaginal microbiome of CT-positive females exhibited a higher involvement of chorismate and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, as well as an increase in mixed acid fermentation. Conclusions. These data could be useful to set up new diagnostic/prognostic tools, offering new perspectives for the control of chlamydial infections.

Подходы к коррекции кишечных нарушений при неалкогольном стеатогепатите

The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of complex therapy with the inclusion of the drug Saccharomyces boulardii in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and intestinal dysfunction. Material and methods. An open prospective comparative study of the effectiveness of complex therapy of intestinal dysfunction in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was carried out. The study included two groups of 36 patients with NASH with symptoms of intestinal dysfunction, established intestinal dysbiosis, structural changes in the mucous membrane of the colon. Results and discussion. It was found that the complex therapy of intestinal dysfunction with the inclusion of the drug Saccharomyces boulardii against the background of NASH reduces the frequency of abdominal pain associated with the intestines, normalizes stool, reduces the degree of dysbiosis, promotes epithelialization of microerosions, and reduces the frequency of neutrophilic infiltration of the colon mucosa. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the effectiveness of complex therapy with the addition of Saccharomyces boulardii in patients with NASH and intestinal dysfunction

Potential Roles of the Free Salivary Microbiome Dysbiosis in Periodontal Diseases.

Saliva is a vital mediator in the oral cavity. The dysbiosis of free bacteria in saliva might be related to the onset, development, prognosis, and recurrence of periodontal diseases, but this potential relationship is still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential roles of the free salivary microbiome in different periodontal statuses, their reaction to nonsurgical periodontal therapy, and differences between diseased individuals after treatment and healthy persons. We recruited 15 healthy individuals, 15 individuals with gingivitis, and 15 individuals with stage I/II generalized periodontitis. A total of 90 unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected and sequenced using full-length bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We found that as the severity of disease increased, from healthy to gingivitis and periodontitis, the degree of dysbiosis also increased. A higher abundance of Prevotella intermedia and Catonella morbi and a lower abundance of Porphyromonas pasteri, Prevotella nanceiensis, and Haemophilus parainfluenzae might be biomarkers of periodontitis, with an area under curve (AUC) reaching 0.9733. When patients received supragingival scaling, there were more pathogens related to recolonization in the saliva of periodontitis patients than in healthy persons. Even after effective nonsurgical periodontal therapy, individuals with periodontitis displayed a more dysbiotic and pathogenic microbial community in their saliva than healthy individuals. Therefore, the gradual transition in the entire salivary microbial community from healthy to diseased includes a gradual shift to dysbiosis. Free salivary pathogens might play an important role in the recolonization of bacteria as well as the prognosis and recurrence of periodontal diseases.

Порушення мікробіоти дихальних шляхів у дітей з респіраторними захворюваннями (літературний огляд)

У статті наведено дані вітчизняної та зарубіжної літератури про мікробіоценози організму людини у нормі та патології. Розглянуто етапи заселення респіраторного тракту мікрофлорою у різні періоди дитячого віку. Представлені дані численних досліджень мікробіоти легень порівняно з мікробіоценозом верхніх дихальних шляхів. Наведені експериментальні дані, що підтверджують наявність мікрофлори у легенях здорової людини та прямий взаємозв’язок між мікробіотою верхніх і нижніх дихальних шляхів. Одним із найважливіших факторів, що визначають стан мікробіоти легень, є мікроаспірація. Показано значення мікробіоценозів відкритих порожнин організму для формування мукозального імунітету. Викладено наукову концепцію щодо алгоритму функціонування колонізаційної резистентності слизових організму. Розглянуто методику оцінки мікробіоценозу носоглотки та визначення ступеня дисбіозу. Особливу увагу приділено стану мікробіоти верхніх і нижніх відділів респіраторного тракту у дітей, які часто хворіють, а також дітей із рецидивуючими та хронічними захворюваннями органів дихання. Показано, що виявлення збудника в посіві матеріалу з верхніх і нижніх дихальних шляхів не обов’язково свідчить про його роль як збудника гострого бронхолегеневого захворювання. Необхідна оцінка ступеня вираженості дисбіозу. Однак тривала персистенція інфекційного збудника у пацієнтів з гострими бронхолегеневими захворюваннями може привести до дисбалансу імунної реактивності і формування хронічного бронхолегеневого запального процесу. Підвищена колонізація дихальних шляхів у пацієнтів з хронічними респіраторними захворюваннями є істотним чинником ризику, що сприяє розвитку загострень. Відзначено, що моніторинг етіологічно значущих штамів мікроорганізмів у пацієнтів з гострою та хронічною бронхолегеневою патологією є необхідним для удосконалення патогенетичної тактики лікування та профілактики формування хронічних станів.

Subgingival Microbial Profiles of Young Chinese Adults with Stage I/II Periodontitis, Gingivitis and Periodontal Health Status

To analyse the subgingival microbiota of Stage I/II periodontitis, gingivitis with different degrees of severity, and periodontal health in subjects in a Chinese young adult population. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 15 Stage I/II periodontitis patients, 38 gingivitis patients and 15 periodontally healthy individuals, all aged from 18 to 21 years. Gingivitis patients were divided into two subgroups according to the Bleeding Index (BI) of their sampled teeth: gingivitis with above median BI (G-HBI) and below median BI (G-LBI). The subgingival plaque samples were collected from teeth 16, 26, 36, 46, 11 and 31 according to FDI notation. The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of all the samples was sequenced and analysed. The Stage I/II periodontitis, gingivitis and periodontal health groups showed distinct subgingival microbiota profiles. When the gingivitis patients were stratified into two subgroups, the community structure of G-HBI showed no significant difference from early-stage periodontitis, but differed from G-LBI and the healthy group. Most periodontitis-related taxa were most abundant in Stage I/II periodontitis, followed by G-HBI, G-LBI and the periodontally healthy group. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Filifactor alocis, Tannerella forsythia, Saccharibacteria TM7 G-5 356, Lachnospiraceae G-8 500, Peptostreptococcaceae spp. and Syntrophomonadaceae VIIIG-1 435 were associated with Stage I/II periodontitis. Porphyromonas 275, Leptotrichia 417 and Saccharibacteria TM7 G-2 350 were associated with gingivitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis was significantly more abundant in G-HBI than in G-LBI. Within the limitations of this preliminary study, gingivitis and early-stage periodontitis were associated with an increased degree of dysbiosis in the subgingival microbiota in a Chinese young adult population.

Induction of interferon response by high viral loads at early stage infection may protect against severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients

Key elements for viral pathogenesis include viral strains, viral load, co-infection, and host responses. Several studies analyzing these factors in the function of disease severity of have been published; however, no studies have shown how all of these factors interplay within a defined cohort. To address this important question, we sought to understand how these four key components interplay in a cohort of COVID-19 patients. We determined the viral loads and gene expression using high throughput sequencing and various virological methods. We found that viral loads in the upper respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients at an early phase of infection vary widely. While the majority of nasopharyngeal (NP) samples have a viral load lower than the limit of detection of infectious viruses, there are samples with an extraordinary amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and a high viral titer. No specific viral factors were identified that are associated with high viral loads. Host gene expression analysis showed that viral loads were strongly correlated with cellular antiviral responses. Interestingly, however, COVID-19 patients who experience mild symptoms have a higher viral load than those with severe complications, indicating that naso-pharyngeal viral load may not be a key factor of the clinical outcomes of COVID-19. The metagenomics analysis revealed that the microflora in the upper respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients with high viral loads were dominated by SARS-CoV-2, with a high degree of dysbiosis. Finally, we found a strong inverse correlation between upregulation of interferon responses and disease severity. Overall our study suggests that a high viral load in the upper respiratory tract may not be a critical factor for severe symptoms; rather, dampened antiviral responses may be a critical factor for a severe outcome from the infection.

P107 Monitoring inflammatory bowel disease in clinical practice using gut microbial markers in faecal samples. Prospective study in a clinical cohort

Abstract Background The gut microbiota(GM) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis(UC). The degree of IBD activity, and therefore of inflammation, modifies GM composition towards an altered pattern called dysbiosis This IBD-dysbiosis pattern is different from healthy individuals(HI). The degree of dysbiosis is a good indicator of IBD activity and could be useful in monitoring IBD. The AIM of this study is to quantify the degree of IBD dysbiosis of the GM, and determine the utility as a biomarker for monitoring IBD disease compared with HI. Methods 80 IBD patients from 2 tertiary hospitals have been included. We included patients with clinical Remission (R), defined as Faecal Calprotectin (FC) levels <250 µg/gr., and Activity (A) (FC >250 µg/gr.) with mild to moderate disease. A blood sample (to determinate RCP, albumin and hemoglobin (Hb) levels) and stool sample (to determinate Faecal calprotectin (FC) and GM analysis) has been collected. DNA was extracted from fecal samples, using real-time qPCR techniques and 3 bacterial groups (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (FP), Escherichia coli (EC), and total eubacteria (TE) that are highly representative of GM dysbiosis degree were analyzed. In regards to these bacteria, an index called FEI has been created to quantify GM dysbiosis. GM and FEI data has been collected in order to compare with standards analytical markers (Hb, Alb, RCP, FC). The duration of this study is 6 months with samples every three months (T0, T1 and T2). Results 35 UC and 45 CD patients were included. Initial treatment in 76,25% of cases were biological drugs. 55 % of patients were in remission at first sample. The analysis of clinical data showed that only PCR and CP had significantly differences between R and A (p=0,0037) and type of disease (p=0,018) and temporal evolution (p=0,004). Higher levels of FP are been observed in UC (p=0,0013) and higher levels of EC in CD (p=0,003) in all 3 samples. FEI values are higher in UC (p=0,001) and different between CD and UC and HI (p=0,015) indicating FEI ability to differentiate between 2 disease subtypes and HI. FEI cut-off point has been set at 1,869 (S 0,44 and E0,82; AUC 0,658) in T0. The IBD-GM compared with HI-GM showed lower FP abundance (p=0,002) and higher TE abundance (p=0,0001) with increased non-significant EC abundance. The A and R abundances for FP,FEI and TE showed significant differences between CD, UC and HI, indicating capacity to differentiate between activity and remission in T0. Conclusion Microbiological markers and FEI allow to differentiate between IBD subtypes and HI, and between A and R. The combination if RCP, FC and FEI can become a potential biomarker of IBD activity.

P009 Disease classifier and microbial dysbiosis index tools cross-predict various pathogenic conditions due to general microbial signal

Abstract Background Microbial dysbiosis is widely described in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and has been shown to predict IBD state. However, many other diseases including neuro-psychiatric, metabolic, and malignancies, most of which do not result in gut inflammation, are also linked with gut microbial alteration. Since most studies focus on a single disease, the extent of similarity between different diseases is usually not examined. Methods We reanalyzed raw sequencing data from 12,838 human gut V4 16Sseq samples, spanning 59 case-controls comparisons and 28 unique diseases. Novel statistical approach was applied to reduce the effect of the different cohorts; all samples were processed uniformly, and differentially expressed amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were identified within each cohort. The resulting behavior (direction of change and effect size) of each ASV were then combined across all studies. We used random forest as our classifier and generated non-specific dysbiosis index (NSDI). Results For the disease prediction, each cohort was randomly subsampled to 23 healthy and 23 disease samples. Random forest classifier was trained on one disease/control cohort, and the trained classifier was then used to predict the status of a different disease/control cohort. Disease classifiers performed well in identifying many sick vs. healthy states but failed to differentiate between different diseases. For example, a classifier trained on IBD cohort classified relatively good also disease/control in lupus, schizophrenia, or Parkinson’s from different cohorts. We show this cross-identification is due to a large number of shared disease-associated bacteria and utilize these bacteria to define a novel non-specific dysbiosis index (NSDI). After, we identified 114 non-disease specific ASVs (86 up and 28 down regulated ASVs across diseases in comparison to controls), we calculate the per-sample NSDI by rank-transforming the bacteria within the sample and computing the normalized log ratio of the sum of the ranks of the 86 down and 28 up regulated ASVs. The resulting NSDI is shown to perform better than the previously published CD dysbiosis index (Gevers et al, 2014; PMID: 24629344) indicating that NSDI can successfully differentiate between most cases and controls across a wide variety of diseases. Conclusion A robust non-specific general response of the gut microbiome is detected across different diseases, some of which is shared with IBD. Classifiers trained on a single disease may identify the general non-specific signal and therefore care should be taken when interpreting the classifier predictions. Finally, our NSDI can be used to prioritize the per-sample degree of dysbiosis.

Site- and Taxa-Specific Disease-Associated Oral Microbial Structures Distinguish Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

The gut and oral microbiome have independently been shown to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, it is not known to what extent gut and oral microbial disease markers converge in terms of their composition in IBD. Further, the spatial and temporal variation within the oral microenvironments of IBD remain to be elucidated. We used a prospectively recruited cohort of patients with IBD (n = 47) and unrelated healthy control patients (n = 18) to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of microbiota within the various oral microenvironments, represented by saliva, tongue, buccal mucosa, and plaque, and compared them with stool. Microbiome characterization was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The oral microbiome displayed IBD-associated dysbiosis, in a site- and taxa-specific manner. Plaque samples depicted a relatively severe degree of dysbiosis, and the disease-associated dysbiotic bacterial groups were predominantly the members of the phylum Firmicutes. Our 16S rRNA gene analyses show that oral microbiota can distinguish patients with IBD from healthy control patients, with salivary microbiota performing the best, closely matched by stool and other oral sites. Longitudinal profiles of microbial composition suggest that some taxa are more consistently perturbed than others, preferentially in a site-dependent fashion. Collectively, these data indicate the potential of using oral microbial profiles in screening and monitoring patients with IBD. Furthermore, these results support the importance of spatial and longitudinal microbiome sampling to interpret disease-associated dysbiotic states and eventually to gain insights into disease pathogenesis.

The state of intestinal microflora in patients with cirrhosis of the liver of viral etiology and the correction of its treatment

The objective: to study the state of intestinal microflora in patients with cirrhosis of the liver of viral etiology and pathogenetic substantiate therapeutic measures taking into account the severity of the disease, the period of therapy.Materials and research methods. This study was conducted on the basis of the clinic RIEMID MH RUz in the department of chronic viral hepatitis. To achieve this goal and solve problems, we examined 35 patients with a diagnosis of CP of viral etiology (all patients were with a delta agent), the average age of the patients was 38±9,7 years. Men 20 (57%), women 15 (43%). Groups of patients were selected by random sampling as they were admitted to the hospital.Results and discussion. Summarizing the data obtained, it should be emphasized that in patients with CP of viral etiology, the progression of the disease is accompanied by the parallel progression of a violation of microbiocenosis. The formation of dysbiosis and aggravation of the degree of dysbiosis is directly dependent on the amount of concomitant pathology. That is, the more concomitant pathology, the higher the likelihood of the formation of intestinal dysbiosis. During a clinical examination, intestinal dysbiosis was found in all 35 (100%) patients.Conclusions. Cirrhosis of the liver is accompanied by functional changes in the colon, which increase as the class of cirrhosis increases. The use of the probiotic Bactrimsubtil normalized the intestinal microflora in patients with LC, helping to reduce the manifestation of a number of clinical symptoms.

ПИЛОТНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ УРОВНЕЙ TOLL-ПОДОБНОГО РЕЦЕПТОРА 2 И ТИМИЧЕСКОГО СТРОМАЛЬНОГО ЛИМФОПОЭТИНА В СЫВОРОТКЕ КРОВИ ДЕТЕЙ С АТОПИЧЕСКИМ ДЕРМАТИТОМ

The aim of this study is to assess the level of Toll-like receptor level 2 (TLR-2) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the blood serum of children and to establish the relationship between these parameters and the severity of clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis (AD) and the degree of microbial contamination of the gut. Research materials and methods: 68 children aged from 3 months to 6 years with an AD and 31 conditionally healthy children of the corresponding age were examined. Determination of the level of TLR-2 and TSLP in blood serum was carried out by enzyme immunoassay, and the composition of the intestinal microflora was assessed by MALDITOF mass spectrometry. Results: in children with AD, the median serum TLR-2 level was 2,88 [1,60; 4,91] ng/ml, TSLP – 6,01 [1,11; 9,5] pg/ml, which is statistically significantly higher than in conventionally healthy children (p<0,0001). The highest levels of TLR-2 and TSLP were found in erythematoussquamous with lichenification of the AD form – Me=6,10 [3,55; 10,62] ng/ml and Ме=12,73 [5,81; 22,70] pg/ml respectively. In children with moderate severity of AD, TLR-2 and TSLP values were statistically significantly higher (p<0,0001) compared to mild AD (Me=5,58 [2,29; 8,18] ng/ml versus 0,72 [0,22; 2,02] ng/ml and 7,48 [4,25; 12,95] pg/ml versus 0,64 [0,39; 0,75] pg/ml, respectively). The level of TLR-2 and TSLP increased with the degree of intestinal dysbiosis: Me=6,27 [4,14; 8,02] ng/ml at grade 3 dysbiosis versus 1,25 [0,46; 2,15] ng/ml at the 1st degree of dysbiosis and 16,28 [10,01; 22,6] pg/ml at the 3rd degree of dysbiosis versus 0,63 [1,33; 0,70] pg/ml at the 1st degree of dysbiosis, respectively (p<0,0001). Results: the obtained data on the activation of TLR-2 and TSLP in AD emphasize the systemic nature of the inflammatory response; however, the causal relationship between the level of TLR-2 and TSLP and AD activity requires further verification.

Antibiotic Therapy and the Gut Microbiome: Investigating the Effect of Delivery Route on Gut Pathogens.

The contribution of the gut microbiome to human health has long been established, with normal gut microbiota conferring protection against invasive pathogens. Antibiotics can disrupt the microbial balance of the gut, resulting in disease and the development of antimicrobial resistance. The effect of antibiotic administration route on gut dysbiosis remains under-studied to date, with conflicting evidence on the differential effects of oral and parenteral delivery. We have profiled the rat gut microbiome following treatment with commonly prescribed antibiotics (amoxicillin and levofloxacin), via either oral or intravenous administration. Fecal pellets were collected over a 13-day period and bacterial populations were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Significant dysbiosis was observed in all treatment groups, regardless of administration route. More profound dysbiotic effects were observed following amoxicillin treatment than those with levofloxacin, with population richness and diversity significantly reduced, regardless of delivery route. The effect on specific taxonomic groups was assessed, revealing significant disruption following treatment with both antibiotics. Enrichment of a number of groups containing known gut pathogens was observed, in particular, with amoxicillin, such as the family Enterobacteriaceae. Depletion of other commensal groups was also observed. The degree of dysbiosis was significantly reduced toward the end of the sampling period, as bacterial populations began to return to pretreatment composition. Richness and diversity levels appeared to return to pretreatment levels more quickly in intravenous groups, suggesting convenient parenteral delivery systems may have a role to play in reducing longer term gut dysbiosis in the treatment of infection.

Constipation – actual problem in pregnancy

The objective: is to develop a complex program for the treatment of constipation in pregnant women, including the use of Probiotic.Materials and methods. 60 pregnant women were surveyed: 30 women of group I received the proposed treatment-and-prophylactic measures, and in 30 pregnant women of group II pregnancy was conducted by traditional methods.In order to improve the intestinal microflora of pregnant women of group I was prescribed: universal Probiotic 1 capsule per os 3 times per day for 30 days 2 courses – at 12–16 and 26–30 weeks of pregnancy.Results. In pregnant of group I increased the obligate flora with a decrease in their baseline, that is, only 10.0% of women of bifidobacteria did not exceed 105 CFU/ml and accordingly 6.7% indigenous lactoflora was less than 105 CFU/ml. At the same time, the number of women with reduced obligate flora who did not receive treatment for intestinal dysbiosis remained significantly higher (p<0.05).The number of pregnant with dysbiosis among women in group I (46.7 %) was significantly lower compared to women in group II (100.0%). The III degree of dysbiosis was not observed in any case with the proposed treatment, but it occurred in every third pregnant group II. Significant increase in the normal population of bifidobacteria and lactobacteria (105 and higher CFU/ml) was observed in pregnant women of group I. Symptoms of threat of termination of pregnancy in women of group II (20,0%), and in patients of group I – (10,0%). Premature discharge of amniotic fluid, was found to be significantly less frequent (23.3% versus 46.6% in group II, p<0.05).The threat of preterm birth was recorded in 10.0% of pregnant women in group II, and in group I in one woman (3.3%). Anemia was more common in group II than in pregnant group I (56.7% versus 26.7%). The decrease in the frequency of exacerbation of chronic and the occurrence of gestational pyelonephritis among pregnant women of the I group was determined.Conclusions. The conducted researches showed high efficiency of application of symbiotic of Probiotic for the purpose of normalization of evacuation function of intestine in pregnancy, normalization of intestinal microflora. This, in turn, helped to reduce the frequency of the threat of termination of pregnancy, premature discharge of amniotic fluid, premature birth, anemia, exacerbation of pyelonephritis.

Comparative nephroprotective efficiency of polyfunctional mucous-adhesive phytogels

Aim. To compare the nephroprotective effect of oral applications of different phytogels in experimental kidney pathology.Methods. We used phytogels: "Kvertulin" (quercetin + inulin + calcium citrate), "Biotrit" (juice from wheat germ) and "Dubovy" (extract from oak wood).Experimental models were reproduced in rats: diabetic syndrome, prednisolone immunodeficiency, intoxication with thermal peroxide sunflower oil. The condition of the kidneys was assessed by changes in the level of biochemical markers in the kidney tissue (elastase, urease, lysozyme, MDA, the degree of dysbiosis).Results. Experimental pathologies cause an increase in the level of elastase, urease, MDA, the degree of dysbiosis, and a decrease in lysozyme activity in the kidneys. Oral application of phytogels caused a decrease in the activity of elastase, urease, MDA content and the degree of dysbiosis, but increased the activity of lysozyme. When recalculating the degree of decrease in elastase activity and increase in lysozyme activity per 1 g of phytogel or 1 mg of active principle (quercetin or the amounts of polyphenols), phytogel "Kvertulin" turned out to be the most effective anti-elastase agent, and phytogel "Biotrit" turned out to be the most effective lysozyme-reducing agent.Conclusion. Oral applications of multifunctional mucous-adhesive gels have a nephroprotective effect in experimental kidney pathology.

Оптимізація лікування та профілактики захворювань тканин пародонта у працівників деревообробної галузі промисловості Чернівецької області

Goal. Improving the scheme of treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases in workers of the woodworking industry of Chernivtsi region, who in the process of professional activity have long-term contact with unfavorable factors of the production environment. Materials and methods. 70 workers of the woodworking industry with diagnosed chronic generalized periodontitis of the I degree were treated (35 people – the main group (A); 35 people – comparison group (B)), age – from 25 to 45 years. To compare the results of laboratory studies, an additional survey of 25 healthy individuals of the same age with an intact periodontium were conducted. They formed the control group (C). Clinical examination of patients was performed according to standart methods: subjective (complaints, medical history, life history) and objective (examination, periodontal indices, determination of the level of gingival attachment). Laboratory methods of research included determination of urease and lysozyme activity in saliva, degree of dysbiosis of oral cavity. As maintenance therapy, patients of the main group were prescribed the proposed composition DEPE. Results. After the treatment, a significant improvement in the hygienic status of patients in both groups was observed, but difference between groups A and B in the indicators of oral hygiene after treatment was no statistically significant (pA2–B2 > 0.05). There was a significant improvement in periodontal indices after treatment in patients of both groups (PMA index according to C. Parma, bleeding index according to Muhlemann in Cowell I. modification, Russell periodontal index, PSR-test), but the indicators in patients of the main group were significantly better – pA2–B2 < 0.05. In patients of the main group (A) the level of attachment loss decreased by 1.83 times, comparison group (B) – by 1.71 times. The difference in levels of attachment loss after treatment between groups A and B is statistically significant (pA2–B2 < 0.05). The activity of the enzyme urease in patients of the main group (A) and comparison group (B) after treatment was significantly reduced (pA1–A2 < 0.001, pB1–B2 < 0.001), but only in the main group it reached the level in the control group (C) (pA2–C > 0.05). The level of lysozyme after treatment was significantly increased in patients of both observation groups (pA1–A2 < 0.001, pB1–B2 < 0.001), and reached the level of lysozyme in patients of the control group (C) (pA2–C > 0.05, pB2–C > 0.05). The degree of oral dysbiosis in patients of the main group (A) was significantly reduced by 5.43 times (pA1–A2 < 0.001), and its difference from the degree of dysbiosis in patients of the control group (C) is statistically insignificant (pA2–C > 0.05 ). The degree of oral dysbiosis in patients of the comparison group (B) was significantly reduced by 3.04 times (pB1–B2 < 0.001), but still remained significantly different from oral dysbiosis in patients of the control group (C) (pB2–C < 0.05). Conclusion. The proposed pharmacological composition DEPE is an effective antiseptic solution and can be used in the phase of maintenance therapy to improve the treatment and prevention of periodontal disease in workers of woodworking industry. Key words: decamethoxine, propolis, ethonium, generalized periodontitis, woodworking industry.

ПРОФІЛАКТИКА АЛІМЕНТАРНОГО СТОМАТИТУ ФІТОПРЕПАРАТОМ «КВЕРТУЛІН»

Keywords: alimentary stomatitis, high-fat diet, dysbiosis, antidisbiotic agent. Aim: тo investigate the prophylactic effect of the antidisbiotic phytopreparation kvertulin on the condition of the oral mucosa (OM) of rats with alimentary stomatitis. Methods. Alimentary stomatitis was reproduced in rats fed with 15% palm oil and with drinking water - lincomycin. After 40 days of feeding the rats, the activity of elastase, catalase, urease, lysozyme, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined in the OM. The antioxidant-prooxidant index (API) was calculated from the ratio of catalase activity and MDA content, and the degree of dysbiosis was calculated from the ratio of relative urease and lysozyme activities. Results: In rats that consumed palm oil on the background of dysbiosis, the level of elastase, MDA, urease in OM significantly increased and the level of catalase and lysozyme decreased.The API index also decreases, but the degree of dysbiosis increases. In rats treated with palm oil on the background of dysbiosis and at the same time phytopreparation kvertulin, the levels of elastase, MDA, urease decreased in OM, but the level of catalase, lysozyme, API index significantly increased. The degree of dysbiosis was significantly reduced. Conclusion. Prevention of alimentary stomstitis by preparation kvertulin equal to 34 %.

Association of Chronic Opisthorchis Infestation and Microbiota Alteration on Tumorigenesis in Cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a common hepatobiliary cancer in East and Southeast Asia. The data of microbiota contribution in CCA are still unclear. Current available reports have demonstrated that an Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) infection leads to dysbiosis in the bile duct. An increase in the commensal bacteria Helicobacter spp. in OV-infected CCA patients is associated with bile duct inflammation, severity of bile duct fibrosis, and cholangiocyte proliferation. In addition, secondary bile acids, major microbial metabolites, can mediate cholangiocyte inflammation and proliferation in the liver. A range of samples from CCA patients (stool, bile, and tumor) showed different degrees of dysbiosis. The evidence from these samples suggests that OV infection is associated with alterations in microbiota and could potentially have a role in CCA. In this comprehensive review, reports from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies that demonstrate possible links between OV infection, microbiota, and CCA pathogenesis are summarized and discussed. Understanding these associations may pave ways for novel potential adjunct intervention in gut microbiota in CCA patients.

Comparative effect of different pathogens on the condition of dysbiosis in rat kidneys

Aim. Compare the effect of different pathogens on the development of kidney dysbiosis.Methods. The pathogens used were hydrazine sulfate, prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, lincomycin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The condition of kidney dysbiosis was assessed in rats by a decrease in lysozyme activity and an increase in urease activity.Results. A decrease in the activity of lysozyme in the kidneys under the action of pathogens was established, which, when calculated per 1 mg of a pathogen, is hundreds of times stronger in LPS. All pathogens cause an increase in urease activity in the kidneys, which, when calculated per 1 mg of a pathogen, is hundreds of times stronger in LPS. A similar effect is exerted on the degree of dysbiosis, determined by the ratio of the relative activities of urease and lysozyme.Conclusion. All pathogens (except lincomycin) cause the development of dysbiosis in the kidneys, due to the possible bacteriolysis of tissue gram-negative bacteria with the release of LPS.