Degrees Celsius Research Articles

Experimental Study on the Effect of In/Out Radial-Finned Heat Sink with PCM under Constant and Intermittent Power Mode in Power LEDs

The findings of the experimental study into optimizing the heat transfer rate of a PCM-based heat sink for high-power LEDs are presented in this work. The study investigated five heat sink types, with and without PCM. The LED case and junction temperatures, LED module temperatures, heat storage and release rate analyses, analyses of three types of cyclic operation modes, luminous flux, and heat sink thermal resistance were all examined independently. The results indicated that the PCM-based LED heat sink had improved thermal performance. The LED junction temperature of the PCM-equipped E-20 heat sink is nine degrees Celsius lower at 10 W than that of the heat sink without PCM. Furthermore, the E-20 heat sink with PCM extends the LED module’s critical lifespan. As a bonus, the E-20 with PCM had a 38.19 percent lower thermal resistance at 10 W than the E-20 without PCM. According to these results, the heat sink E-20 emits 715 lm at 10 W when operated without a phase-change material (PCM). With the same input power, the luminous flux of an E-20 equipped with a heat sink and a phase-change material (PCM) is 750 lm, a gain of 4.7%. Finally, clearly recommend the heat E-20 sink with PCM suitable for high-power LED thermal management system.

Modeling Competitive Reaction Heat Sources and Variable Cooling Rates Applicable to Thermal Runaway Onset in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Two main types of exothermic processes are known to initiate thermal runaway in Lithium-Ion batteries. If mechanical failure of the separator causes an electrical short circuit, the cell’s energy can be released through electrochemical discharge reactions. The full stored energy can be released as heat within the cell for internal short circuits, raising the cell temperature by several hundred degrees Celsius. Different thermochemical reactions occur when Lithium-Ion cells are heated; the anode and cathode materials decomposing with the electrolyte can result in similarly large temperature rises. Our work shows that thermodynamics constrain key reactant species for both decomposition paths to be in common. Interactions and competition between these chemical pathways for heat release are considered in this modeling study, including relative magnitudes of thermal contributions from each reaction pathway and limiting reactant effects. An effective oven temperature concept is defined, which allows thermal runaway initiation via internal short circuits versus external heating to be compared. Temperature and reaction inhomogeneities occurring in the presence of internal localized internal short circuits lead to variations in the balance between electrochemical and thermochemical reactions across the domain of the cell. A simple homogeneous analysis is compared to a higher-dimensional inhomogeneous analysis. The effectiveness external cooling strategies to mitigate an internal short circuit event is investigated. Acknowledgements: This article has been authored by an employee of National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC under Contract No. DE-NA0003525 with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The employee owns all right, title and interest in and to the article and is solely responsible for its contents. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this article or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan https://www.energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan. This abstract has been approved for release as SAND2023-01585A.

Prospects

The latest IPCC report which is named ‘The Synthesis Report , Climate Change 2023’ was released on 20 March 2023 to inform the 2023 Global Stocktake under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The report finds that ‘there is more than 50% chance that global temperature rise will reach or surpass 1.5 degrees Celsius between 2021 and 2040 across studied scenarios, and under a high-emissions pathway, specifically, the world may hit this threshold even sooner, between 2018 and 2037.’ These findings again emphasise the growing pressures and challenges that deltas are confronting in their path towards future development. It is evident that the global imperative for deltas to adapt has reached an unprecedented level, but at the same time the question arises if adaptation is enough. Especially considering the scope of societal challenges that need to be the point of departure for sustainable spatial transformation in general. Aren't they of such a fundamental nature that we need to reconsider our urban system as a whole and aim for transformation instead of adaptation? Looking more closely to the societal challenges we can organise them according to their environmental and socio-economic drivers. The environmental drivers are the climate crisis and the biodiversity crisis. The socio-economic drivers are ongoing urbanisation, the energy transition, and the new economy.

The Study of High-Energy Lithium Polymer Cells for Second-Life Applications

The environmental impact of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) depends directly on their useful lifetime. Doubling the useful lifetime cuts the environmental impact per functional unit in half. However, if the cell is insufficient for one application it can still be sufficient for another. The beneficial operational value of LiBs between various applications presents a prospective solution to environmental sustainability. However, the capacity and power of the LiBs tend to degrade over time, which is a major concern for its application. The investigation and identification of the several key battery aging mechanisms are essential to its second life application. This paper is focused on the experimental analysis performed on XALT 31 Ah high-energy lithium polymer cells with NMC 433 as active electrode material. Characterization and cycling tests were performed on new cells and the data obtained was compared to equal cells cycled 7 years ago. The tests were carried out with the same temperatures (25 and 45 degrees Celsius) for both new and old batteries, respectively. The internal resistance diminishes after 100 cycles for both new and old batteries at 25oC. It does however decrease more for the new batteries, than the old ones. The decrease in resistance can be due to an increase in capacity and it is normal to see in the BoL of a cell. In addition, the temperature during cycling is assumed to be higher than the storage temperature, which also can decrease internal resistance. Since both the new and old batteries behave the same way, it is argued that this is the natural development of resistance in this cell type. When cycled at 45oC, the cell resistance increased after 100 cycles. Even though resistance diminishes with increasing temperature. Other ageing mechanisms such as SEI growth and lithium plating are activated by higher temperatures, resulting in an increase in internal resistance at 45 degrees. For the new and old batteries, the dQdV curves at the BoL are very similar after 100 cycles, it is difficult to know if the trend would continue as the cells age further. Based on this study findings, new approaches can be developed for more accurate and reliable prediction on the aging degradation of high energy lithium batteries.

Design and Implementation of an Incubator with PI Controller for Optimizing the Chicken Egg Incubation Process

This paper describes the design and development of a chicken egg incubator with a structure made of medium-density fiberboard (MDF). The incubator features a temperature control system that integrates a proportional-integral (PI) controller, an Arduino Uno microcontroller, and a regulated light bulb. A display is also included to provide real-time information on temperature, humidity, and the setpoint value, which is set at 37 degrees Celsius to ensure optimal development of the chicks. The Proteus software was utilized for the electrical stimulation of components such as the dimmer and optocouplers. For the mathematical modeling of the incubator, a black box modeling approach was employed to derive the system’s transfer function. Pole cancellation techniques were applied to tune the PI controller, and the controller constants were optimized using Matlab to achieve an optimal system response.

Thin, Conformal Carbon-Coating of Silicon-Phosphorus Nanoparticle Agglomerates for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

Efforts to further enhance the capabilities of silicon as a lithium-ion battery anode are continuing into the realm of chemical composition. Adding varying amounts of other elements can significantly alter the material properties or side reactions, which influence electrochemical performance. Additionally, tuning the chemical composition combined with surface modifications can better enable application of silicon anodes in other devices such as hybrid supercapacitors.Prior work, among others, has shown different performance enhancement regimes depending on how much phosphorus is added to silicon-containing anodes [1, 2]. In particular, the amount of phosphorus from ppm levels to majority atomic fraction can result in enhancement in the conductivity, diffusivity, or forming altogether a wholly new protective matrix [3]. However, while the rate capability has been enhanced only primarily for delithiation, silicon-phosphorus (SiPx) anodes still suffer from similar capacity degradation issues as pure silicon anodes.In the present work, we attempt to address the capacity degradation issue by using a thin, conformal carbon coating to modify the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) reaction. Firstly, amorphous nanoparticles of SiPx with a few atomic percent of phosphorus are prepared using silane and phosphine co-pyrolysis. Using an oscillating furnace at 800 degrees Celsius under a low flow of acetylene in Ar carrier gas, we are able to produce consistent, uniform carbon films on nanoparticle agglomerates with select thicknesses between 2 and 10 nm, validated using low voltage scanning transmission electron microscopy (LV-STEM), as shown in Figure 1. By comparing Si- and SiPx-containing anodes in electrochemical half cells, we can reproduce the rate capability results while demonstrating the effect of carbon coating on cycle life and capacity retention. Furthermore, the carbon coating’s effect on volume expansion for Si- and SiPx-containing anodes is studied in situ using an electrochemical dilatometer in half cell configuration.[1] Y. Domi, H. Usui, M. Shimizu, Y. Kakimoto, H. Sakaguchi, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2016, 8, 7125-7132.[2] S. Huang, L.-Z. Cheong, D. Wang, C. Shen, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2017, 9, 23672-23678.[3] F. T. Huld, S. Y. Lai, W. M. Tucho, R. Batmaz, I. T. Jensen, S. Lu, O. E. Eleri, A. Y. Koposov, Z. Yu, F. Lou, ChemistrySelect 2022, 7, e202202857. Figure 1

Ludwig's Angina, Clinical Challenge in Pediatrics. – A Case Report

BACKGROUND: Ludwig's angina is a rapidly progressing cellulitis that occurs in the sublingual, submandibular, and submental spaces, with a high mortality rate due to its potential to obstruct the airway. Its primary cause is odontogenic, with polymicrobial infection being the most common scenario. The occurrence of this condition is less common in the pediatric population, but children are more susceptible to life-threatening complications. THE CASE: A two-year-old male preschooler, with no significant medical history, presented with a clinical picture evolving over six days. This was characterized by recurrent fever spikes (up to a maximum of 38.7 degrees Celsius) and a growing, stony, painful mass in the right cervical region measuring 5cm x 5cm. The patient had not shown improvement despite self-medication with amoxicillin at home. Upon admission to a regional hospital, a fixed, painful, stony mass was found in the right submandibular region. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis with a left shift, positive acute-phase reactants, and a neck ultrasound indicating upper cervical adenitis without abscess formation. Antibiotic treatment was initiated for six days. However, the fever persisted, and there was an increase in the size of the lesion, along with the formation of an abscess and limited neck rotation. Consequently, on the 12th day of illness, the patient was referred to a tertiary-level hospital where a large, fixed, stony lesion was observed in neck regions II and III, with no exclusion of a neoplastic process. The patient also experienced difficulty swallowing, necessitating a liquid diet. It was decided to perform drainage under sedation and a biopsy, which revealed a stony mass in the right neck region II extending into the submental space and midline. There were severe inflammatory changes in the subcutaneous tissue, necrotic lymph nodes, but no abscess was found. Pathological examination showed inflammatory infiltrate, recent hemorrhage and vascular congestion, with the initial suspicion being an infectious process. Flow cytometry of the cervical lymph node showed no alterations in the lymphoid series but an elevation of neutrophils. However, due to the characteristics and location of the lesion, a consultation with pediatric hematologic-oncology was sought, and they considered a low likelihood of malignancy. A tuberculin test was requested and returned negative results. A culture of the lesion also yielded negative results. During hospitalization, the condition was considered Ludwig's angina, and the patient continued to show a progressive reduction in temperature and adenitis. On the 21st day, the patient exhibited a reduction of approximately 90% in the size of the lesion, leading to the discontinuation of antibiotic treatment and subsequent medical discharge. CONCLUSION: Ludwig's angina is an infection that primarily affects the floor of the mouth, progressing rapidly and potentially compromising the patient's airways, thus warranting a medical emergency status. It is uncommon and can be mistaken for neoplastic diseases or other infections, highlighting the need for knowledge about this condition and a high degree of suspicion due to its potentially life-threatening consequences. The goal is to establish appropriate management through a multidisciplinary team, given the complexity of its manifestations.

Coolant Temperature Indicators for Batteries in Electric Tractors and Vehicles

The paper accentuates a noticeable shift toward more economical and environmentally friendly electric vehicles within global agriculture, prompted by the growing prices of fuels and lubricants. The widespread adoption of electric vehicles for agricultural tasks encounters limitations, including such factors as performance, cost, service life and safety of traction batteries. The battery thermal management system assumes a key role in regulating battery life. (Research purpose) The study aims to analyze contemporary cooling systems for electric batteries, to identify the type of coolant capable of sustaining the optimal temperature of the traction battery under diverse climatic conditions. (Materials and methods) The paper examines the cooling systems and methods employed for battery temperature control. It provides a theoretical analysis of the effectiveness of thermal regulation for traction batteries, specifically exploring the potential to enhance battery performance through the maintenance of temperature at the required level. To facilitate comparison, several brands of electric vehicles from global automakers were selected. (Results and discussion) The paramount criterion for an effective cooling system is its capacity to rapidly dissipate heat during periods of elevated battery temperature while operating at a gradual pace during startup, thereby ensuring minimal impact on the efficiency of the electric vehicle. Based on this criterion, the paper provides statistical data regarding the modes and operating conditions of traction batteries, including their optimal operating temperature range. Calculations were conducted for three coolant types: ammonia, ethylene glycol and freon R134a. (Conclusions) Despite having an outlet temperature of 22.2 degrees Celsius, ethylene glycol registers 3.3 degrees higher than ammonia and 0.5 degrees higher than tetrafluoroethane, this refrigerant is suitable for application in copper piping.

Microbiological evaluation of conjunctival anopthalmic flora after using digital 3D-printed ocular prosthesis compared to conventional one: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundThis study aims to assess the influence of using 3D-printed acrylic resin versus conventional Poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) for fabricating ocular prostheses on the biofilm and microbial flora of anophthalmic socket.MethodsA randomized controlled trial was designed as a parallel group study. Participants were allocated randomly into two groups: the control group, which received conventionally fabricated ocular prostheses (CG, n = 11), and the test group, which received digitally 3D-printed ocular prostheses (DG, n = 11). Microbiological analysis was conducted before prosthesis insertion and three months after using the ocular prosthesis. Swab samples were inoculated on blood agar, MacConkey’s agar, and Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) for isolating Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal organisms, respectively. Subsequently, the plates were incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 48 h. Additionally, a validated questionnaire was used for subjective clinical evaluation, including parameters such as comfort level, socket discharge, lacrimation, and frequency of lubrication for each ocular prosthesis patient in both groups.ResultsTest group (DG, n = 11) exhibited a positive, though statistically insignificant, difference (p > 0.001) in microbial growth when compared to the control group (CG, n = 11). A statistically significant difference was observed in comfort levels between the two groups, with more comfort level within group II (test group) patients. While parameters such as discharge amount, discharge location, lacrimation and lubrication frequency displayed statistically insignificant differences between the two groups, all parameters showed improved results after three months of prosthesis use.ConclusionsThe choice of ocular prosthesis fabrication technique did not yield a statistically significant difference in anophthalmic flora. However, the 3D-printed acrylic resin, as an artificial eye material, displayed potential advantages in reducing the colonization of opportunistic pathogens. All subjective clinical evaluation parameters exhibited enhanced outcomes after three months of prosthesis use, emphasizing the need for an adaptation period during which patients complains are alleviated. In comparison with PMMA, 3D-printed acrylic resin showcased a certain degree of anti-colonization ability against pathogenic bacteria, along with a significant level of patient comfort, suggesting its potential as a promising material for ocular prostheses.Trial registrationThis parallel double-blinded RCT has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with identification number: NCT05584865, 18/10/2022.

Comparative transcriptomics of the garden dormouse hypothalamus during hibernation.

Torpor or heterothermy is an energy-saving mechanism used by endotherms to overcome harsh environmental conditions. During winter, the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus) hibernates with multiday torpor bouts and body temperatures of a few degrees Celsius, interrupted by brief euthermic phases. This study investigates gene expression within the hypothalamus, the key brain area controlling energy balance, adding information on differential gene expression potentially relevant to orchestrate torpor. A de novo assembled transcriptome of the hypothalamus was generated from garden dormice hibernating under constant darkness without food and water at 5 °C. Samples were collected during early torpor, late torpor, and interbout arousal. During early torpor, 765 genes were differentially expressed as compared with interbout arousal. Twenty-seven pathways were over-represented, including pathways related to hemostasis, extracellular matrix organization, and signaling of small molecules. Only 82 genes were found to be differentially expressed between early and late torpor, and no pathways were over-represented. During late torpor, 924 genes were differentially expressed relative to interbout arousal. Despite the high number of differentially expressed genes, only 10 pathways were over-represented. Of these, eight were also observed to be over-represented when comparing early torpor and interbout arousal. Our results are largely consistent with previous findings in other heterotherms. The addition of a transcriptome of a novel species may help to identify species-specific and overarching torpor mechanisms through future species comparisons.

Association Of IL-6, And IL-10 Gene Snps In Childhood Febrile Seizure

Background: Febrile seizure are typically defined as convulsions=that-occur in children, between/6 months to 5years, who have a fever of more,,than”38 degrees Celsius, that is not associated with an intracranial’ reason such as an infection, ,head .injury, or epilepsy. It is also known as the immature brain's response to fever, which is age-dependent. As a child’s brain develops, there is an increase in neuronal excitability which puts the child at the risk of febrile seizures. Aims: the aim of the present study is to find out the association of Inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10) SNP with the onset of childhood febrile seizure. Method- Blood samples from patients with childhood febrile seizure will be collected in a sterile condition, and the association of SNP for both IL-6 (-597) G/A, and IL-10 (-819) C/T with disease susceptibility will be studied by using allele specific PCR. Results: The case-control study of 40 patients with Febrile seizure and 40 control without Febrile seizure has revealed that a substantial difference in the frequency distribution of IL-6 genotypes between the patient group and the control group where (p =0.041). Besides, there was no discernible variation in the frequency distribution of IL-10 genotypes and alleles. (p > 0.05); therefore, none of genotypes or alleles can be regarded as risk factor or protective factor. Conclusion: The present study has concluded that IL-6(-597) G/A, (rs:1800797) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was associated with Febrile seizure susceptibility, and GG, genotype considered as, risk factor, while genotype GA act as protective factor. However, it refers that the IL-10-819C/T (rs:1800871), genes may not represent the Febrile-seizure-associated genetic risk factor.

ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK IKLIM DAN HUJAN PADA LAHAN PERTANIAN DI KECAMATAN KEDIRI KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT

The availability of water on Earth's surface is influenced by rainfall and climate in a particular region. Water is a basic necessity for human beings and is used for various daily life purposes. One of these purposes is irrigation in agricultural lands. The agricultural sector has traditionally relied on the availability of water from rainfall and the suitability of the climate. Climate factors include air temperature, humidity, sunlight intensity, and wind speed. This research aims to determine the impact of rainfall and climate conditions on agricultural lands. The study utilizes descriptive analysis of climate data and its influence on agricultural lands. The research findings reveal that the average monthly rainfall in Kediri district, West Lombok Regency, is approximately 222.75 mm. The average temperature is 26.7 degrees Celsius, with an average humidity of 84.5%, average sunlight intensity of 65.9%, and an average wind speed of 3.1 knots. These rainfall and climate conditions can affect water availability, soil microbe growth, plant photosynthesis processes, and plant pollination processes in agricultural lands.

IOT Implementation Energy consumption for Indoor Orchid Cultivation based on WeMos

Orchids are epiphytic plants with high popularity. Orchid is a plant that can process its own nutrients with the help of other media. Parameters that need to be monitored include air temperature, air humidity, and soil moisture. These parameters greatly affect plant growth. Plants can grow well if humidity, temperature, and light intensity are met properly. Good orchid humidity ranges from 50 – 80%. Humidity should not be too high at night and not too low during the day. In addition to humidity, the temperature where you plant orchids must also be maintained. The ideal temperature for orchids is daytime temperatures between 27-30 degrees Celsius and night temperatures between 21-24 degrees Celsius. Based on these problems, a Design and Development Tool for Monitoring Soil Temperature and Moisture on the Growth of Indoor Orchid Plants is Based on WeMos with Indoor Energy. In this design, the results of sensor readings will be displayed in the form of data which will be accessed via the web server on WeMos. To read the temperature, air humidity, and soil moisture, several sensors are used, namely: DHT 22, soil moisture sensor, and a relay connected to a mini water pump using an indoor cultivation method where the energy source uses UV waves by LED light. From the results of the implementation and testing, the growth period will be obtained more faster than the normal cultivation. hopefully, this research will help people who care for orchid plants to be able to monitor their orchid plants efficiently in indoor conditions so that these orchid plants can always be in the best conditions of temperature, light, and soil moisture.

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF VITAMIN-D AND CALCIUM LEVELS IN PATIENTS LIVING WITH VIRAL HEPATIC INFECTIONS IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA

The occurrence of vitamin D (25-(OH)D) insufficiency and hypocalcemia is associated with instances of chronic liver diseases. This investigation aimed to ascertain the prevalence of hypocalcemia and 25-(OH)D deficiency in people afflicted with viral liver infections and evaluate their serum calcium and 25-(OH)D concentrations to their respective characteristics. Forty-two individuals, with ages ranging from 20 to 70 years participated in the study. Within the sample population, a total of 29 individuals were diagnosed with hepatitis virus. The remaining thirteen participants consisted of healthy controls who were residents of Benin City. Blood samples were collected from the participants, followed by centrifugation to separate the serum. The resulting serum was then stored at a temperature of -20 degrees Celsius. The amounts of calcium and vitamin D were quantified using Calcium AMP/CPC tests and vitamin-D ELISA kits, respectively. The findings of the study indicated that 54.8% of the participants exhibited a deficiency in vitamin D, while 11.9% of the participants displayed hypocalcemia. A significant (p <0.001) decrease in calcium and 25-(OH)D levels was also observed among patients diagnosed with hepatitis A, B, and C compared to the control group. People who took 25-(OH)D supplements, had significantly higher calcium levels (p < 0.001) than people who did not take supplements. Based on our research, it seems likely that giving 25-(OH)D supplements to people with viral liver infections could help them get better in future programs aimed at treating vitamin D deficiency and low calcium levels.

Current Status of Renewable Energy in Türkiye

The usage of renewable energy has an increasing trend to replace fossil fuel or other forms of energy that damage the environment in the last decades. Many countries have been realized the need for clean energy to reduce the greenhouse effect and carbon emissions. Turkey signed the Paris Agreement in 2016 and ratified in 2021, and set net zero carbon target by 2053. The objective of the Paris Agreement is to limit global warming to 1,5-2 degrees Celsius compared to preindustrial levels. However, the high demand for energy for industry or high installation fees of renewable energy can be limiting factors for developing countries like Turkey. Turkey is rich in terms of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and biomass. Even though Turkey is considered having one of the highest hydropower, wind, and geothermal energy potential among the European countries, the installed capacity is much lower compared to its potential. The current status of renewable energy sources and renewable energy potential of Turkey are evaluated in this review study.

Advancing Passenger Comfort: Creating a Prototype for Thermal Comfort Clothing in Flight Cabins

Research on thermal comfort has demonstrated that individuals possess unique comfort preferences in specific thermal environments. The concept of thermal comfort clothing for individuals was rarely found in previous studies. The objective of this research is to create a prototype that can sustain a thermally comfortable in winter condition for passengers in the airplane cabin. The thermal clothing was designed and put to the test in real-world scenarios to evaluate its efficacy. The outcomes of the tests were verified by assessing the levels of thermal comfort. The functionality of the clothing system revolved around heating water with a heater and then circulating it through tubes embedded within the clothing. The heat from the water was transmitted to the wearer, resulting in an increase in temperature from 22 degrees Celsius to 25 degrees Celsius within a span of 15 minutes. From the result obtained, the trend lines for surrounding temperature and water temperature exhibit a direct correlation. When the surrounding air temperature decreases, the water temperature also decreases over time. Both trend lines demonstrate a consistent increase in temperature at the same rate. Additionally, the break-even point for both trend lines occurs at 25°C in zero seconds, indicating that the prototype begins to influence the surrounding temperature in relation to the water temperature.

Bencana Badai Siklon Tropis Di Indonesia

Tropical cyclones are powerful storms. Usually the average radius is around 150-200km. This tropical cyclone is formed above the sea where the sea water temperature is warm, more than 26.5 degrees Celsius, and strong winds whose rotation has a speed of 63km/hour. BMKG said that in Indonesia there were at least 12 tropical cyclones that occurred in the archipelago from 2008-2021. This research method uses descriptive methods via the internet, then analyzed using qualitative methods. The impact of tropical cyclones is extreme weather changes in Indonesia whose impacts we can see and feel are significant. BMKG also states that tropical cyclones are dangerous storms because they have enormous strength. The life span of tropical cyclones usually ranges from 3-18 days Because tropical cyclones get energy from warm oceans, tropical cyclones weaken when they move into areas of water where the temperature is cold. Another name for tropical cyclones is "earth storm" which we usually know as "typhoon". Cyclone Dahlia is one of the many cyclones that grow in tropical areas. This natural phenomenon occurs at the end of the year in locations near Indonesian territory.

Hydrogen volumetric fraction effects on HCNG refuelling station CAPEX

Greening the transport sector is crucial for the achievement of the ambitious decarbonisation goals set by the Conference of the Parties (COP21) Paris agreement to keep global warming “well below 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius”. Battery electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles will play a key role in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the road mobility. Nonetheless, those technologies still need to face some technological challenges. Hence, hydrogen enriched natural gas (HCNG) can play an important role as bridging technology. This study envisages the upgrade of an existing compressed natural gas (CNG) refuelling station (RS) in HCNG-RS. Particularly, an analysis regarding the impact of different hydrogen volumetric fractions in the blend on the total CAPEX of the HCNG refuelling station is carried out, by evaluating the HCNG fill-up demands for a proper refuelling station sizing. The proposed HCNG refuelling station layout foresee the on-site hydrogen production by means of an electrolyser fed by PV energy. Each component of the station has been adequately sized based on the resulting peak HCNG refuelling demand. The highest CAPEX value is recorded for the 30%vol. HCNG, amounting up to 3.52 M€.

Study of Thermal Requirements for the Development of Two-Spotted Mites Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acariformes: Tetranychidae), Reared on Castor Leaves (Ricinus communis L.) Under Laboratory Conditions

The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acariformes: Tetranychidae) is an important pest affecting several important oil crops in Iraq. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum temperature and calculate the necessary heat units for the time of development of the duration of these mites stages. The application was carried out in incubators with different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 +2 °C), relative humidity (50-60 +5%) and light: 8: 16 hours dark period on the lower surface of the grown castor leaves. newly. The results showed that the development time of the egg incubation, the larval stage, the first nymphal(protonymph) stage (active + quiescence), and the second nymphal (deutonymph) stage (active + quiescence) at temperatures 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C. It decreased gradually with increasing temperature. Moreover, the egg incubation period was 8.533 and 2.067 days, the larval stage (active + quiescence) 5.821 and 1.298 days, the first nymph (protonymph) (active + quiescence) 5.521 and 1.309 days, and the second nymph (deutonymph) (active + quiescence) 5.417 and 1.150. days to the effect of 15 and 35 degrees Celsius. In addition, the development time from egg to adult was 24.972 and 5.833 days at 15 and 35 °C, respectively. The temperature threshold was 9.763, 10.693, 9.543, 10.314, and 9.957 degrees Celsius, respectively. Finally, the accumulated heat units required for the growth time of each mite cycle differed according to the different temperature threshold and growth time and the mite could not grow and develop at 10 and 40 °C.

Study of the Physiochemical and Sensory Properties of Therapeutic Low-Cholesterol Yoghurt Fortified with Zinc Nanoparticles

The objective of this research is to develop a yoghurt enriched with B-cyclodextrin-based nano-coated, uncoated, and low-cholesterol additives. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of fortification on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of yoghurt. This will be achieved by fortifying raw milk with varying concentrations of nano-zinc., which are 15, 7.5, 3.75 mg / 100 mL The treatments T4, T3, and T2 are denoted as such,, along with the treatment. of yogurt fortified with zinc nanoparticles, which is not coated, represents the treatment T1 and the control treatment, denoted as C, involved the production of yoghurt using milk as the primary ingredient. that was not fortified with zinc nanoparticles. Chemical, physical and rheological tests were conducted in addition to sensory the evaluation will be conducted promptly following the completion of manufacturing and subsequent storage at a controlled temperature range of (1 ± 5) degrees Celsius for a duration of 21 days. The findings indicated that there were no statistically significant disparities in the levels of fat, protein and ash. As for the values of moisture and carbohydrates there were notable disparities observed between the control treatment and the remaining treatments. The total acidity and pH values exhibited minimal variation across all yoghurt treatments. Yogurt treatments fortified with nano-encapsulated zinc were characterized by lower values in ADV and pV. The addition of zinc to yoghurt resulted in enhancements in rheological properties, specifically in terms of spontaneous whey perfusion and viscosity. The experimental group achieved higher scores and demonstrated superior performance in all sensory characteristics when compared to the control treatment, denoted as treatment C.