Degradation In sub-Saharan Africa Research Articles

Monitoring intra and inter annual dynamics of forest degradation from charcoal production in Southern Africa with Sentinel – 2 imagery

The contribution of forest degradation to changes in forest carbon stocks remains poorly quantified and constitutes a main source of uncertainty in the forest carbon budget. Charcoal production is a major source of forest degradation in sub-Saharan Africa. We used multitemporal Sentinel-2 imagery to monitor and quantify forest degradation extent in the main supplying area of a major urban center of southern Africa over a 4-year period. We implemented an indirect approach combining Sentinel-2 imagery to map kiln and field measurements to estimate AGB removals and carbon losses from charcoal production. This work generated 10 m resolution maps of forest degradation extent from charcoal production in the study area at quarterly intervals from 2016–2019. These maps reveal an intense and rapid forest degradation process and expose the spatial and temporal patterns of forest degradation from charcoal production with high detail. The total area under charcoal production over the study period reached 26,647 ha (SD = 320.8) and the forest degradation front advanced 10.5 km in a 4-year period, with an average of 19.4 ha of woodlands degraded daily. By the end of 2019, charcoal production disturbed most mopane stands in the study area and woodland fragmentation increased in 70.4 % of the mopane woodlands. We estimated that charcoal production was responsible for 2,568,761 Mg (SD = 42,130) of aboveground biomass extracted from the forest and 1,284,381 Mg (SD = 21,075) of carbon loss. The magnitude of these figures underlines the relevance of charcoal production as a main cause of forest cover change and remarks the existing uncertainties in the quantification of forest degradation processes. These results illustrate the potential of multitemporal medium resolution imagery to quantify forest degradation in sub-Saharan Africa and improve REDD + Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification systems in compliance with international reporting commitments.

Intensification of dairy production can increase the GHG mitigation potential of the land use sector in East Africa.

Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) could face food shortages in the future because of its growing population. Agricultural expansion causes forest degradation in SSA through livestock grazing, reducing forest carbon (C) sinks and increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, intensification should produce more food while reducing pressure on forests. This study assessed the potential for the dairy sector in Kenya to contribute to low‐emissions development by exploring three feeding scenarios. The analyses used empirical spatially explicit data, and a simulation model to quantify milk production, agricultural emissions and forest C loss due to grazing. The scenarios explored improvements in forage quality (Fo), feed conservation (Fe) and concentrate supplementation (Co): FoCo fed high‐quality Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), FeCo supplemented maize silage and FoFeCo a combination of Napier, silage and concentrates. Land shortages and forest C loss due to grazing were quantified with land requirements and feed availability around forests. All scenarios increased milk yields by 44%–51%, FoCo reduced GHG emission intensity from 2.4 ± 0.1 to 1.6 ± 0.1 kg CO2eq per kg milk, FeCo reduced it to 2.2 ± 0.1, whereas FoFeCo increased it to 2.7 ± 0.2 kg CO2eq per kg milk because of land use change emissions. Closing the yield gap of maize by increasing N fertilizer use reduced emission intensities by 17% due to reduced emissions from conversion of grazing land. FoCo was the only scenario that mitigated agricultural and forest emissions by reducing emission intensity by 33% and overall emissions by 2.5% showing that intensification of dairy in a low‐income country can increase milk yields without increasing emissions. There are, however, risks of C leakage if agricultural and forest policies are not aligned leading to loss of forest to produce concentrates. This approach will aid the assessment of the climate‐smartness of livestock production practices at the national level in East Africa.

How reliable is the Walkley-Black method for analyzing carbon-poor, semi-arid soils in Ethiopia?

Soil degradation in sub-Saharan Africa necessitates accurate soil carbon quantification using a locally applicable method. We assessed the reliability of the original Walkley-Black method for analyzing soil organic carbon (SOC) in semi-arid soils in northern Ethiopia characterized by low SOC (1.3 ± 0.09%) and lack of carbonates. Eighty samples from entire soil profiles were collected in four prevalent land use systems along an elevation gradient and analyzed using the Walkley-Black method and CN elemental analyzer. The results were compared by linear regression analysis followed by the Bland and Altman analysis, eliminating the possible bias of regression. The analyses demonstrated the universal applicability of the Walkley-Black method using the standard correction factor (1.32) for SOC evaluation in carbon-poor, non-calcareous soils.

Wood fuel consumption, institutional quality, and forest degradation in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from a dynamic panel framework

The objective of this paper is to answer an empirical question regarding whether wood fuel consumption and institutional quality affect forest degradation in sub-Saharan Africa. To accomplish this, a sample of 45 sub-Saharan African countries covering 2005–2013 was employed. Also, the dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) approach was used to estimate the specified model. The results indicated that wood fuel consumption significantly contributed to forest degradation in the region. On the other hand, control of corruption and government effectiveness were negatively related to forest degradation. This suggests that effective control of corruption and governance can contribute to lowering forest degradation in the region. Forest degradation aided by wood fuel consumption can be lessened by effective control of corruption and governance. Thus, policy makers should (1) provide adequate and affordable (or subsidized) modern fuels to the populace, especially rural dwellers, (2) intensify the fight against corruption, and (3) ensure effective governance.

Determinants of adoption and disadoption of minimum tillage by cotton farmers in eastern Zambia

Conservation agriculture (CA) is heralded as a means to increase yields and reverse land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa, but low adoption levels have led to concerns about its suitability for smallholder farming systems. Combining data from surveys and semi-structured interviews, we examine farmers’ motivations for adopting CA and the determinants of adoption and disadoption of hand-hoe and oxen-drawn minimum tillage (MT), a key component of CA. Farmers generally hold favorable opinions about MT, though not for its benefits to the soil but primarily for how it reduces crop losses from erratic rainfall. MT use rates in communities with the highest adoption rates are relatively low (12% of cotton area and 20% of maize area) and disadoption is common (25% of all farmers). Many farmers are interested in adopting MT but the available MT technologies do not match their resource endowments. Labor constraints limit use of hand-hoe basins while equipment costs limit ox-ripping. These results show that farmers are not stuck in traditional hoeing and plowing but are carefully evaluating the benefits and costs of adopting MT. Widespread adoption of CA will require adapting MT technologies to match a broader range of resource endowments.

The State of Soil Degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Baselines, Trajectories, and Solutions

The primary cause of soil degradation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is expansion and intensification of agriculture in efforts to feed its growing population. Effective solutions will support resilient systems, and must cut across agricultural, environmental, and socioeconomic objectives. While many studies compare and contrast the effects of different management practices on soil properties, soil degradation can only be evaluated within a specific temporal and spatial context using multiple indicators. The extent and rate of soil degradation in SSA is still under debate as there are no reliable data, just gross estimates. Nevertheless, certain soils are losing their ability to provide food and essential ecosystem services, and we know that soil fertility depletion is the primary cause. We synthesize data from studies that examined degradation in SSA at broad spatial and temporal scales and quantified multiple soil degradation indicators, and we found clear indications of degradation across multiple indicators. However, different indicators have different trajectories—pH and cation exchange capacity tend to decline linearly, and soil organic carbon and yields non-linearly. Future research should focus on how soil degradation in SSA leads to changes in ecosystem services, and how to manage these soils now and in the future.

Estimating soil erosion in sub-Saharan Africa based on landscape similarity mapping and using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE)

Soil erosion is one of the major forms of land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with serious impact on agricultural productivity. Due to the absence of reliable data at appropriate resolution and differences in the methods used, there are discrepancies in soil erosion estimates at both continental and basin levels. This study attempts to contribute to the existing regional soil erosion estimates based on a two-stage approach. First, we partitioned SSA into environmental units, so-called similar environmental constraint envelops (SECEs), using broad scale data as proxies of erosion drivers. The SECEs are intended to provide spatial frame for scaling out modeled erosion results. Second, soil erosion estimate is made at two selected basins of the White Volta and the Nile using spatially distributed revised universal soil loss (RUSLE) model. The delineation of SECEs across SSA provided spatially differentiated clusters governed by the existence of similar environmental conditions and soil erosion risk levels. The RUSLE-based estimates show that soil erosion ranges between 0 to 120 t ha−1 yr−1 (overall mean of 35 t ha−1 yr−1) in the White Volta basin, and 0–650 t ha−1 yr−1 (overall mean of 75 t ha−1 yr−1) in the Nile basin. The soil loss estimates show an overall agreement with other studies conducted in the two basins. Our approach provides guidance on where empirically estimated soil erosion for a given SECE can be extrapolated to similar SECE’s with acceptable confidence and where finer SECE’s sub-units should be defined to further collapse the spatial variability of drivers of erosion.

Woody encroachment and forest degradation in sub-Saharan Africa's woodlands and savannas 1982–2006

We review the literature and find 16 studies from across Africa's savannas and woodlands where woody encroachment dominates. These small-scale studies are supplemented by an analysis of long-term continent-wide satellite data, specifically the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) dataset. Using dry-season data to separate the tree and grass signals, we find 4.0% of non-rainforest woody vegetation in sub-Saharan Africa (excluding West Africa) significantly increased in NDVI from 1982 to 2006, whereas 3.52% decreased. The increases in NDVI were found predominantly to the north of the Congo Basin, with decreases concentrated in the Miombo woodland belt. We hypothesize that areas of increasing dry-season NDVI are undergoing woody encroachment, but the coarse resolution of the study and uncertain relationship between NDVI and woody cover mean that the results should be interpreted with caution; certainly, these results do not contradict studies finding widespread deforestation throughout the continent. However, woody encroachment could be widespread, and warrants further investigation as it has important consequences for the global carbon cycle and land–climate interactions.

Perspectives on the assumed causes of land degradation in the rangelands of Sub-Saharan Africa

Soil erosion and land degradation are serious problems in tropical Africa, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, where they are widely recognized as more serious problems than in non-tropical areas. Sub-Saharan Africa experiences deleterious levels of soil erosion, largely due to the interaction between harsh climates of high erosivity, fragile soils of high erodibility, steep slopes, and poor natural resource management. The fundamental challenge is to separate purely background-level soil erosion due to biophysical, geomorphic, topographic, and climatic conditions from what is caused by humans. This review shows that the human-induced causes of soil erosion and land degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa are not fully understood and some of the commonly listed causes may not always stand the test of critical scrutiny. The popular views of human-induced soil erosion and land degradation not only fail to take into consideration the fact that land degradation is primarily a physical process, but also they do injustice to adaptive ecosystem management by the local inhabitants. The review specifically questions the stereotypes of overpopulation, overgrazing, deforestation, overstocking, and general rangeland degradation due to human resource use in Sub-Saharan Africa. Empirical evidence suggests that biophysical factors including soil properties, climatic characteristics, topography, and vegetation can sometimes interact among themselves to yield high soil erosion and degradation rates independent of anthropogenic impacts.

Soil Degradation-Induced Decline in Productivity of Sub-Saharan African Soils: The Prospects of Looking Downwards the Lowlands with theSawahEcotechnology

The paper provides an insight into the problem of land degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa, with emphasis on soil erosion and its effect on soil quality and productivity, and proposes a lowland-based rice-production technology for coping with the situation. Crop yields are, in addition to the degree of past and current erosion, determined by a number of interacting variables. This, coupled with the generally weak database on erosion-induced losses in crop yield in spite of the region’s high vulnerability to erosion, makes it difficult to attain a reliable inference on the cause-effect relationship between soil loss and productivity. Available data suggest, however, that the region is at risk of not meeting up with the challenges of agriculture in this 21st century. Based on the few studies reviewed, methodology appears to have an overwhelming influence on the erosion-productivity response, whereas issues bordering on physical environment and soil affect the shape of the response curve. We argue that thesawahecotechnology has the potential of countering the negative agronomic and environmental impacts of land degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is a farmer-oriented, low-cost system of managing soil, water, and nutrient resources for enhancing lowland rice productivity and realizing Green Revolution in the region.

Participatory assessment of soil degradation in the uplands of southwestern Tanzania: Implications for sustainable agriculture and rural livelihoods

Rural household food insecurity and poverty are closely linked to soil degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, causes, degradation processes, coping strategies and need for interventions may vary from one place to another. This study was conducted in Mbinga District, SW Tanzania, to investigate causes and biophysical processes of soil degradation; effects on livelihoods, coping strategies and entry points for interventions. Implications for sustainable production and rural livelihoods are discussed. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), household surveys using a short open-ended questionnaire and biophysical exploration were the research tools used. Soil fertility depletion resulting from continuous cropping and erosion losses is the main form of soil degradation. Maize yield was 57% lower in fertility-depleted farms than in productive farms. Soil pH, Ca2+, Mg2+ and CEC accounted for 79% of variations in maize yield. Organic soil fertility amelioration was a common strategy used by smallholders. Use of beneficial tree and shrub fallows is the most environmentally, economically and socially promising improvement that can be used to build on the existing strengths of farmers' knowledge and strategies. Subsidy for the right type of fertilizers, infrastructure improvement and education of farmers on proper use of fertilizers should significantly contribute to improved and sustainable production and livelihoods.

Do small farmers’ achievements contradict the nutrient depletion scenarios for Africa?

The dominant narrative of soil degradation in sub-Saharan Africa, as expressed in global surveys and policy documents, is compared with long-term data on the productive performance of smallholder farming systems under climatic and demographic stress. Cases at national, district and village/farm scale are considered (Nigeria; Diourbel Region, Senegal; Maradi Department, Niger; the Kano Close-Settled Zone, Nigeria). The dominant narrative is found to fail as a predictor of agricultural performance over the longer term. Instead there is evidence of farmers’ achievements in terms of sustained production, and investments in soil fertility maintenance. However at micro-scale, the constraints affecting farmers’ investments are apparent. The dominant narrative is deficient as a guide to policy, which needs to go beyond the fertiliser debate to take a broader view of soil fertility in relation to rural livelihoods and a need to facilitate private investment in natural resources.

Turning the tides of soil degradation in Africa: capturing the reality and exploring opportunities

Soil degradation means loss of biological and economic productivity of the land. Measurements of land degradation need to take cognizance of land properties (e.g. soil, water and vegetation) as well as productivity indicators. While land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa is a subject of an on-going debate, conflicting perspectives arise about its extent at regional and at lower scales, about methodologies and robustness of indicators and the impacts of past and present degradation on food security, about rural livelihoods in general, and on African posterity. This paper presents evidence of land degradation from selected case studies across East Africa, and analyses them against the robustness of indicators used at regional, national and lower scales in order to unravel the hidden myths and realities of land degradation. The results are corroborated against time-series such as yields of major crops, environmental data (rainfall, soil fertility) and management data. Land degradation assessments need to move away from empty rhetoric to capturing reality by integrating effects of farm management practices and technologies, including their social and institutional dimensions, on soil loss, yields and nutrient budgets. Influencing factors and socio-economic environments surrounding land degradation and the specific environments under which degradation takes place should not be overlooked.

Food Security, Fertility Differentials and Land Degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Framework

Aus dem Inhalt:Neue Beiträge Francesco C. Billari and Dimiter Philipov, Women’s education and entry into a first union: A simultaneous-hazard comparative analysis of Central and Eastern Europe; Norman Braun and Henriette Engelhardt, Diffusion Processes and Event History Analysis; Gudrun Exner, Rudolf Goldscheid (1870-1931) and the Economy of Human Beings: a new point of view on the decline of fertility in the time of the first demographic transition; Tomas Frejka and Jean-Paul Sardon, Fertility in Austria: Past, Present and the Near Future; Hans-Peter Kohler and Jose Antonio Ortega, Old Insights and New Approaches: Fertility Analysis and Tempo Adjustment in the Age-Parity Model; Ralf Kronberger, Welche Bedeutung hat eine alternde Bevölkerung für das österreichische Steueraufkommen?; Wolfgang Loibl, Simulation of suburban migration: driving forces, socio-economic classes, migration behaviour, and resulting land use patterns; Alexia Prskawetz, Jiang Leiwen, and Brian C. O'Neill, Demographic composition and projections of car use in Austria; Peter Schimany and Katja Zigova, Attitudes to Policy on Ageing. Results of the Population Policy Acceptance Survey in Austria; Vegard Skirbekk, Age and Individual Productivity: A Literature Survey, Martin Spielauer, Intergenerational Educational Transmission within Families: Analysis and Microsimulation Projection for Austria; Maria Winkler-Dworak, Food Security, Fertility Differentials and Land Degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Framework; Reprints Gunnar Andersson, Children's experience of family disruption and family formation: Evidence from 16 FFS countries; Wolfgang Lutz, Brian C. O'Neill, and Sergei Scherbov, Europe's Population at a Turning Point

Age and Individual Productivity: A Literature Survey

Aus dem Inhalt:Neue Beiträge Francesco C. Billari and Dimiter Philipov, Women’s education and entry into a first union: A simultaneous-hazard comparative analysis of Central and Eastern Europe; Norman Braun and Henriette Engelhardt, Diffusion Processes and Event History Analysis; Gudrun Exner, Rudolf Goldscheid (1870-1931) and the Economy of Human Beings: a new point of view on the decline of fertility in the time of the first demographic transition; Tomas Frejka and Jean-Paul Sardon, Fertility in Austria: Past, Present and the Near Future; Hans-Peter Kohler and Jose Antonio Ortega, Old Insights and New Approaches: Fertility Analysis and Tempo Adjustment in the Age-Parity Model; Ralf Kronberger, Welche Bedeutung hat eine alternde Bevölkerung für das österreichische Steueraufkommen?; Wolfgang Loibl, Simulation of suburban migration: driving forces, socio-economic classes, migration behaviour, and resulting land use patterns; Alexia Prskawetz, Jiang Leiwen, and Brian C. O'Neill, Demographic composition and projections of car use in Austria; Peter Schimany and Katja Zigova, Attitudes to Policy on Ageing. Results of the Population Policy Acceptance Survey in Austria; Vegard Skirbekk, Age and Individual Productivity: A Literature Survey, Martin Spielauer, Intergenerational Educational Transmission within Families: Analysis and Microsimulation Projection for Austria; Maria Winkler-Dworak, Food Security, Fertility Differentials and Land Degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Framework; Reprints Gunnar Andersson, Children's experience of family disruption and family formation: Evidence from 16 FFS countries; Wolfgang Lutz, Brian C. O'Neill, and Sergei Scherbov, Europe's Population at a Turning Point

Why we don't have to believe without doubting in the “Second Demographic Transition” - some agnostic comments.

Aus dem Inhalt:Neue Beiträge Francesco C. Billari and Dimiter Philipov, Women’s education and entry into a first union: A simultaneous-hazard comparative analysis of Central and Eastern Europe; Norman Braun and Henriette Engelhardt, Diffusion Processes and Event History Analysis; Gudrun Exner, Rudolf Goldscheid (1870-1931) and the Economy of Human Beings: a new point of view on the decline of fertility in the time of the first demographic transition; Tomas Frejka and Jean-Paul Sardon, Fertility in Austria: Past, Present and the Near Future; Hans-Peter Kohler and Jose Antonio Ortega, Old Insights and New Approaches: Fertility Analysis and Tempo Adjustment in the Age-Parity Model; Ralf Kronberger, Welche Bedeutung hat eine alternde Bevölkerung für das österreichische Steueraufkommen?; Wolfgang Loibl, Simulation of suburban migration: driving forces, socio-economic classes, migration behaviour, and resulting land use patterns; Alexia Prskawetz, Jiang Leiwen, and Brian C. O'Neill, Demographic composition and projections of car use in Austria; Peter Schimany and Katja Zigova, Attitudes to Policy on Ageing. Results of the Population Policy Acceptance Survey in Austria; Vegard Skirbekk, Age and Individual Productivity: A Literature Survey, Martin Spielauer, Intergenerational Educational Transmission within Families: Analysis and Microsimulation Projection for Austria; Maria Winkler-Dworak, Food Security, Fertility Differentials and Land Degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Framework; Reprints Gunnar Andersson, Children's experience of family disruption and family formation: Evidence from 16 FFS countries; Wolfgang Lutz, Brian C. O'Neill, and Sergei Scherbov, Europe's Population at a Turning Point

Is the Second Demographic Transition a useful concept for demography? Introduction to a debate

Aus dem Inhalt:Neue Beiträge Francesco C. Billari and Dimiter Philipov, Women’s education and entry into a first union: A simultaneous-hazard comparative analysis of Central and Eastern Europe; Norman Braun and Henriette Engelhardt, Diffusion Processes and Event History Analysis; Gudrun Exner, Rudolf Goldscheid (1870-1931) and the Economy of Human Beings: a new point of view on the decline of fertility in the time of the first demographic transition; Tomas Frejka and Jean-Paul Sardon, Fertility in Austria: Past, Present and the Near Future; Hans-Peter Kohler and Jose Antonio Ortega, Old Insights and New Approaches: Fertility Analysis and Tempo Adjustment in the Age-Parity Model; Ralf Kronberger, Welche Bedeutung hat eine alternde Bevölkerung für das österreichische Steueraufkommen?; Wolfgang Loibl, Simulation of suburban migration: driving forces, socio-economic classes, migration behaviour, and resulting land use patterns; Alexia Prskawetz, Jiang Leiwen, and Brian C. O'Neill, Demographic composition and projections of car use in Austria; Peter Schimany and Katja Zigova, Attitudes to Policy on Ageing. Results of the Population Policy Acceptance Survey in Austria; Vegard Skirbekk, Age and Individual Productivity: A Literature Survey, Martin Spielauer, Intergenerational Educational Transmission within Families: Analysis and Microsimulation Projection for Austria; Maria Winkler-Dworak, Food Security, Fertility Differentials and Land Degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Framework; Reprints Gunnar Andersson, Children's experience of family disruption and family formation: Evidence from 16 FFS countries; Wolfgang Lutz, Brian C. O'Neill, and Sergei Scherbov, Europe's Population at a Turning Point

Simulation of suburban migration: driving forces, socio-economic characteristics, migration behaviour and resulting land-use patterns

Aus dem Inhalt:Neue Beiträge Francesco C. Billari and Dimiter Philipov, Women’s education and entry into a first union: A simultaneous-hazard comparative analysis of Central and Eastern Europe; Norman Braun and Henriette Engelhardt, Diffusion Processes and Event History Analysis; Gudrun Exner, Rudolf Goldscheid (1870-1931) and the Economy of Human Beings: a new point of view on the decline of fertility in the time of the first demographic transition; Tomas Frejka and Jean-Paul Sardon, Fertility in Austria: Past, Present and the Near Future; Hans-Peter Kohler and Jose Antonio Ortega, Old Insights and New Approaches: Fertility Analysis and Tempo Adjustment in the Age-Parity Model; Ralf Kronberger, Welche Bedeutung hat eine alternde Bevölkerung für das österreichische Steueraufkommen?; Wolfgang Loibl, Simulation of suburban migration: driving forces, socio-economic classes, migration behaviour, and resulting land use patterns; Alexia Prskawetz, Jiang Leiwen, and Brian C. O'Neill, Demographic composition and projections of car use in Austria; Peter Schimany and Katja Zigova, Attitudes to Policy on Ageing. Results of the Population Policy Acceptance Survey in Austria; Vegard Skirbekk, Age and Individual Productivity: A Literature Survey, Martin Spielauer, Intergenerational Educational Transmission within Families: Analysis and Microsimulation Projection for Austria; Maria Winkler-Dworak, Food Security, Fertility Differentials and Land Degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Framework; Reprints Gunnar Andersson, Children's experience of family disruption and family formation: Evidence from 16 FFS countries; Wolfgang Lutz, Brian C. O'Neill, and Sergei Scherbov, Europe's Population at a Turning Point

Old Insights and New Approaches: Fertility Analysis and Tempo Adjustment in the Age-Parity Model

Aus dem Inhalt:Neue Beiträge Francesco C. Billari and Dimiter Philipov, Women’s education and entry into a first union: A simultaneous-hazard comparative analysis of Central and Eastern Europe; Norman Braun and Henriette Engelhardt, Diffusion Processes and Event History Analysis; Gudrun Exner, Rudolf Goldscheid (1870-1931) and the Economy of Human Beings: a new point of view on the decline of fertility in the time of the first demographic transition; Tomas Frejka and Jean-Paul Sardon, Fertility in Austria: Past, Present and the Near Future; Hans-Peter Kohler and Jose Antonio Ortega, Old Insights and New Approaches: Fertility Analysis and Tempo Adjustment in the Age-Parity Model; Ralf Kronberger, Welche Bedeutung hat eine alternde Bevölkerung für das österreichische Steueraufkommen?; Wolfgang Loibl, Simulation of suburban migration: driving forces, socio-economic classes, migration behaviour, and resulting land use patterns; Alexia Prskawetz, Jiang Leiwen, and Brian C. O'Neill, Demographic composition and projections of car use in Austria; Peter Schimany and Katja Zigova, Attitudes to Policy on Ageing. Results of the Population Policy Acceptance Survey in Austria; Vegard Skirbekk, Age and Individual Productivity: A Literature Survey, Martin Spielauer, Intergenerational Educational Transmission within Families: Analysis and Microsimulation Projection for Austria; Maria Winkler-Dworak, Food Security, Fertility Differentials and Land Degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Framework; Reprints Gunnar Andersson, Children's experience of family disruption and family formation: Evidence from 16 FFS countries; Wolfgang Lutz, Brian C. O'Neill, and Sergei Scherbov, Europe's Population at a Turning Point

Women’s education and entry into a first union. A simultaneous-hazard comparative analysis of Central and Eastern Europe

Aus dem Inhalt:Neue Beiträge Francesco C. Billari and Dimiter Philipov, Women’s education and entry into a first union: A simultaneous-hazard comparative analysis of Central and Eastern Europe; Norman Braun and Henriette Engelhardt, Diffusion Processes and Event History Analysis; Gudrun Exner, Rudolf Goldscheid (1870-1931) and the Economy of Human Beings: a new point of view on the decline of fertility in the time of the first demographic transition; Tomas Frejka and Jean-Paul Sardon, Fertility in Austria: Past, Present and the Near Future; Hans-Peter Kohler and Jose Antonio Ortega, Old Insights and New Approaches: Fertility Analysis and Tempo Adjustment in the Age-Parity Model; Ralf Kronberger, Welche Bedeutung hat eine alternde Bevölkerung für das österreichische Steueraufkommen?; Wolfgang Loibl, Simulation of suburban migration: driving forces, socio-economic classes, migration behaviour, and resulting land use patterns; Alexia Prskawetz, Jiang Leiwen, and Brian C. O'Neill, Demographic composition and projections of car use in Austria; Peter Schimany and Katja Zigova, Attitudes to Policy on Ageing. Results of the Population Policy Acceptance Survey in Austria; Vegard Skirbekk, Age and Individual Productivity: A Literature Survey, Martin Spielauer, Intergenerational Educational Transmission within Families: Analysis and Microsimulation Projection for Austria; Maria Winkler-Dworak, Food Security, Fertility Differentials and Land Degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Framework; Reprints Gunnar Andersson, Children's experience of family disruption and family formation: Evidence from 16 FFS countries; Wolfgang Lutz, Brian C. O'Neill, and Sergei Scherbov, Europe's Population at a Turning Point