Degenerative Tissue Changes Research Articles

DNA damage, inflammation and aging: Insights from mice.

Persistent DNA lesions build up with aging triggering inflammation, the body’s first line of immune defense strategy against foreign pathogens and irritants. Once established, DNA damage-driven inflammation takes on a momentum of its own, due to the amplification and feedback loops of the immune system leading to cellular malfunction, tissue degenerative changes and metabolic complications. Here, we discuss the use of murine models with inborn defects in genome maintenance and the DNA damage response for understanding how irreparable DNA lesions are functionally linked to innate immune signaling highlighting their relevance for developing novel therapeutic strategies against the premature onset of aging-associated diseases.

Anatomical Laser Microdissection of the Ileum Reveals mtDNA Depletion Recovery in A Mitochondrial Neuro-Gastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) Patient Receiving Liver Transplant.

mitochondrial neuro-gastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by thymidine phosphorylase (TP) enzyme defect. The absence of TP activity induces the imbalance of mitochondrial nucleotide pool, leading to impaired mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and depletion. Since mtDNA is required to ensure oxidative phosphorylation, metabolically active tissues may not achieve sufficient energy production. The only effective life-saving approach in MNGIE has been the permanent replacement of TP via allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell or liver transplantation. However, the follow-up of transplanted patients showed that gut tissue changes do not revert and fatal complications, such as massive gastrointestinal bleeding, can occur. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether the reintroduction of TP after transplant can recover mtDNA copy number in a normal range. Using laser capture microdissection and droplet-digital-PCR, we assessed the mtDNA copy number in each layer of full-thickness ileal samples of a naive MNGIE cohort vs. controls and in a patient pre- and post-TP replacement. The treatment led to a significant recovery of gut tissue mtDNA amount, thus showing its efficacy. Our results indicate that a timely TP replacement is needed to maximize therapeutic success before irreversible degenerative tissue changes occur in MNGIE.

Age-related changes in testicular morphometry and function in Egyptian donkeys.

This study aimed to assess the effects of age on testicular morphometry and function in donkeys. Testes and epididymides of 57 donkeys were harvested immediately after slaughtering. The donkeys were grouped: young (1-4 years old, n= 13); adult (5-15 years old, n= 25) and aged (>15 years old, n= 19). Each testis and epididymis were weighed separately. Testicular volume was calculated. Epididymal sperm was harvested by retrograde flushing method, and sperm parameters were evaluated. The testicular parenchyma was immunolabelled for BAX and COX2. Adult and aged donkeys had greater testicular weight and volume than young (p< .05). Epididymal sperm concentration, motility and viability were greater (p< .05) in adults and aged (931.8± 39.3 and 858.2± 33.2 × 106 /ml) than in young animals (316.3± 72.8× 106 /ml). Aged donkeys had a higher percentage of morphological sperm defects than the other categories (p< .05). Histological examination revealed the presence of age-related degenerative changes in testicular tissue of donkeys. Aged donkeys had higher COX2 protein expression than adult and young donkeys. BAX protein was overly expressed in adults than aged or young animals. In conclusion, advancement of age affects the testicular morphometry and function in donkeys.

Current Progress on Neuroprotection Induced by Artemisia, Ginseng, Astragalus, and Ginkgo Traditional Chinese Medicines for the Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease.

Aging is associated with the occurrence of diverse degenerative changes in various tissues and organs and with an increased incidence of neurological disorders, especially neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In recent years, the search for effective components derived from medicinal plants in delaying aging and preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases has been increasing and the number of related publications shows a rising trend. Here, we present a concise, updated review on the preclinical and clinical research progress in the assessment of the therapeutic potential of different traditional Chinese medicines and derived active ingredients and their effect on the signaling pathways involved in AD neuroprotection. Recognized by their multitargeting ability, these natural compounds hold great potential in developing novel drugs for AD.

Pain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a narrative review.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by loss of motor neurons, resulting in motor weakness of the limbs and/or bulbar muscles. Pain is a prevalent but neglected symptom of ALS, and it has a significant negative impact on the quality of life of patients and their caregivers. This review outlines the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, underlying mechanisms, and management strategies of pain in ALS to improve clinical practice and patient outcomes related to pain. Pain is a prevalent symptom among patients with ALS, with a variable reported prevalence. It may occur at any stage of the disease and can involve any part of the body without a specific pattern. Primary pain includes neuropathic pain and pain from spasticity or cramps, while secondary pain is mainly nociceptive, occurring with the progression of muscle weakness and atrophy, prolonged immobility causing degenerative changes in joints and connective tissue, and long-term home mechanical ventilation. Prior to treatment, the exact patterns and causes of pain must first be identified, and the treatment should be tailored to each patient. Treatment options can be classified into pharmacological treatments, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiepileptic drugs, drugs for cramps or spasticity, and opioid; and nonpharmacological treatments, including positioning, splints, joint injections, and physical therapy. The development of standardized and specific assessment tools for pain-specific to ALS is required, as are further studies on treatments to reduce pain, diminish suffering, and improve the quality of life of patients with ALS.

Natural Antioxidants can Improve Microplastics-Induced Male Reproductive Impairment in the African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus)

This study was conducted to explore the protective potential of three different antioxidant supplements, lycopene, citric acid, andChlorella, against reproductive injuries induced by microplastics (MPs) in freshwater mature male catfish. A total of 150 mature male African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were assigned to five treatment groups as follows: control group fish were fed with control diet, the second group fish were fed with 500 mg/kg MP diet, and the remaining three groups of fish were fed with 500 mg/kg MP diet plus lycopene (500 mg/kg diet), citric acid (30 g/kg diet), andChlorella(50 g/kg diet), respectively, for 15 days. Ingestion of MPs significantly decreased serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, sex steroid (testosterone and estradiol) levels and sperm count, spermatocrit, motility, and viability. It also induced histological alterations and degenerative changes in testicular tissues. Administration of lycopene andChlorellawith MP diets maintained hormone levels comparable to those in the control group, enhanced sperm quality, and decreased testicular histological damage.Chlorellawas more effective in enhancing sperm quality, and lycopene was more efficient in alleviating testicular tissue damage. Citric acid supplementation was irrelevant in mitigating MP-induced injury. This study indicated that both lycopene andChlorellaameliorated the MP-induced reproductive dysfunction by improving reproductive hormonal levels, sperm parameters, and histological configuration, whereas the citric acid dose used in this study was not effective in ameliorating the MP-induced reproductive stress. Additional research and monitoring of MP-induced pollution in freshwater ecosystems are required to avoid the severity of reproductive toxicity in freshwater fish.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ЛОСКУТА ШИРОЧАЙШЕЙ МЫШЦЫ СПИНЫ ПРИ ПОСТТРАВМАТИЧЕСКОЙ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ НЕСОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ВЕРХНЕЙ КОНЕЧНОСТИ

Objective: To improve the outcomes of surgical correction of upper limb dysfunction (ULD) using the latissimus dorsi flap (LDF). Methods: ULD occurred in 76 patients with Volkmann's ischemic contracture (VIC), post-traumatic soft tissue defects, and brachial plexitis in 57, 11, and 8 cases, respectively. Out of 57 patients with VIC, in 30 cases, a skin defect was observed along with severe degenerative changes in soft tissues, neurovascular bundles (NVBs) and tendons. Post-traumatic forearm defects (n=11) in 5 cases were accompanied by damage to the NVBs and tendons. In brachial plexitis, isolated injury to the musculocutaneous nerve occurred in 6 patients, and a combination of nerve lesions with radial nerve palsy – in 2 patients. Results: Transposition of LDF to the biceps brachii for the treatment of brachial plexitis, free muscle transplantation for the treatment of VIC and forearm soft tissue defects were performed in 8, 57, and 11 cases, respectively. Active forearm flexion after the muscle flap transposition was noted after 4 weeks. In contrast, after graft transplantation in VIC, the grip function restoration began after 6 months and improved within 1 year and beyond. Conclusion: Using the LDF in surgical correction of post-traumatic ULD allowed restoring the lost functions of the crushing grip and forearm flexion. For the forearm, only free flap transplantation with a relatively long period of limb function recovery is possible. In contrast, the traspositioned LDF to the biceps allows achieving the desired functional outcomes in the shortest possible time. Keywords: Upper limb, latissimus dorsi flap, Volkmann's contracture, soft-tissue defect, brachial plexitis.

Muscle–bone relationship in temporomandibular joint disorders after partial discectomy

ObjectivesTemporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) causes degenerative changes in TMJ tissues. The inter-tissue crosstalk that exacerbates illness and organic changes in bone secondary to TMJ-OA potentially affects the muscles; therefore, patients with a muscular disease might also suffer from bone disease. However, knowledge gaps exist concerning muscle pathology at the onset of TMJ-OA. In this study, we documented the pathogeneses of the bone and muscle at the onset of TMJ-OA using a mouse model. MethodsWe performed a partial resection of the TMJ disk to establish a mouse model of TMJ-OA. After the onset of TMJ-OA, we performed various measurements at 8, 12, and 16 weeks post-surgery in the defined groups. ResultsThe volume of the mandibular head in the TMJ-OA group was significantly greater than that in the control group. The temporal muscles in the TMJ-OA group were significantly deformed compared with those in the control group; however, between-group comparisons did not reveal significant differences in the mandibular head or temporal muscles after surgery. Therefore, we hypothesized that the degree of mandibular head hypertrophy would alter the temporal muscles. A subsequent analysis of the correlation between the bone and muscle confirmed that the deformity of the temporal muscle increased with increasing hypertrophy of the mandibular head. Temporal and masseter muscle contact was observed in 25% of surgical groups. ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that TMJ-OA progressed when organic changes occurred in bones and muscles, supporting the symbiotic relationship between bones and muscles.

Study of subacute renal toxicity of Bisphenol A in rats

Background and Aims: Bisphenol A (BPA) falls in the category of hormonal disruptors due to its widespread application, and several studies have revealed its toxicity in different doses. However, few studies have investigated the effect of BPA on the renal system. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of BPA on renal system function in rats. Materials and Methods: Initially, the rats were divided into 6 groups (n=6). Group 1 received only the carrier substance. The rats in the second to sixth groups were gavaged with BPA in 0.1, 1, 10, 50, and, 100 mg/kg/BW/day doses for 29 days, respectively. On the 30th day, blood samples were taken from the heart and kidney tissues were separated after collecting 24 h urine. Biochemical parameters including urea, creatinine, total urine and serum protein, and serum albumin were measured subsequently. Eventually, kidney tissue was sent to a laboratory for histological examination. Results: There was no significant difference in serum creatinine levels in rats treated with different doses of bisphenol A. However, its level in urine increased at 50 mg/kg dose, compared to 1 and 10 mg/kg doses (P&lt;0.001). Serum and urine urea increased significantly only at of 10 mg/kg dose, compared to 1 and 0.1 mg/kg doses (P&lt;0.001). Serum albumin was reduced at 100 mg/kg dose, compared to controls. Total serum protein decreased at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, compared to controls and increased in urine at 50mg/kg dose (P&lt;0.001). The protein/creatinine ratio increased significantly at doses of 1 to 50 mg/kg (P&lt;0.001). Histological examination also revealed that BPA caused degenerative, infiltration, and dilation changes in kidney tissue in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Based on the obtained data, BPA at 50 and 100 mg/kg concentrations could lead to kidney tissue damage in rats and subsequent renal failure.

OBSERVATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE FETUS AND PLACENTA OF PREGNANT WOMEN INFECTED WITH CYTOMEGALOVIRUS THROUGH ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION

In 2008-2018, 89 pregnant women registered at the Beaumonde Clinic were observed with only cytomegalovirus activity. Laboratory tests for cytomegalovirus were performed 4 times in total, and ultrasound examination was performed 3 times during pregnancy. The results were distributed as follows: (1) We could have assumed with high probability that we had reinfection processes and not a primary infection. (2) During the ultrasound examinations, no significant organic disturbances in the development of the fetus were detected. (3) In all cases, various morphological changes were observed in the placenta, which are not specific for CMV and are found during any infectious process: premature aging of the placenta, increase in thickness and enhanced calcification. Degenerative changes in placental tissues increase the risk of perinatal loss. (4) As a result of childbirth, all newborns were born without visible pathology. However, this did not rule out latent disease and later detected pathologies.

Crocin attenuates oxidative and inflammatory stress-related periodontitis in cardiac tissues in rats.

Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the supporting tissues around the teeth, causes significant inflammatory and oxidative changes in cardiac tissue. Crocin is the active constituent of Crocus sativus (saffron) which has antioxidant properties and is protective against cardiovascular disturbances. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of crocin on periodontitis-induced oxidative/inflammatory cardiac degeneration in rats in vivo. Thirty female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group, periodontitis group (PD) and periodonditis plus crocin group (PD+Cr). Experimental periodontitis was induced by placing silk ligatures on the maxillary second molar teeth for 30 days. Afterward, crocin (100 mg/kg body weight/day) was administered to the PD+Cr group and saline was administered to the PD group and the control group for 15 days. The subjects were sacrificed on the 45th day. Histological and biochemical analyses demonstrated that inducing periodontitis caused obvious damage to cardiac tissues which was significantly ameliorated by crocin (p < 0.05). Significant improvements in bone resorption parameters (cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen and bone alkaline phosphatase) were also observed in the PD+Cr group (p < 0.05). In addition, crocin caused significant reductions of malondialdehyde levels and total oxidant score while antioxidant levels (glutathione, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant score, and catalase) were significantly higher in PD+Cr group (p < 0.05). This study reveals that periodontitis may cause oxidative damage in cardiac tissue and crocin improves periodontitis-induced degenerative changes in heart tissue, which is associated with its antioxidant properties.

The use of probiotics for the correction of disturbances of metabolism in cows

Currently, there is a huge range of different feed additives on the market, which are widely used in animal husbandry, but they act simultaneously, i. e. by stopping their use the resulting effect is also lost. Metabolic disorders due to feeding errors begin imperceptibly without any precursors, and first of all this affects the biochemical parameters of the blood only later leads to alimentary diseases with deep often irreversible degenerative changes in organs and tissues. In practice, there are rarely disorders of any one type of metabolism more often there are combinations of various metabolic disorders, especially often this occurs in the absence of a complete balanced feeding. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of a probiotic drug based on Bacillus subtilis in the watering of lactating cows for the correction of metabolic disorders. In order to assess the actual presence of probiotics in the water during the experiment its analysis has been carried out. It has shown that in the water that enters the distribution tank the total microbial number was 9×10[sup]5[/sup] CFU/ml, and in the drinker this indicator was at the level of 3,8×10[sup]5[/sup] CFU/ml. Common coliform bacteria and thermotolerant coliform bacteria have been not detected. Studies have shown that when using the drug based on Bacillus subtilis containing five strains of bacteria in an amount of 0,01 %, which is 6 ml/head/day in the watering of lactating cows during the increasing the milk yield period there was a tendency to correct metabolic disorders. There was the decrease in the content of ketone bodies by 11,9 %, the increase in glucose by 34 % and the decrease in urea by 7,1 mmol/l.

Intervertebral Disc Regeneration Injection of a Cell-Loaded Collagen Hydrogel in a Sheep Model.

Degenerated intervertebral discs (IVDs) were treated with autologous adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) loaded into an injectable collagen scaffold in a sheep model to investigate the implant’s therapeutic potential regarding the progression of degeneration of previously damaged discs. In this study, 18 merino sheep were subjected to a 3-step minimally invasive injury and treatment model, which consisted of surgically induced disc degeneration, treatment of IVDs with an ASC-loaded collagen hydrogel 6 weeks post-operatively, and assessment of the implant’s influence on degenerative tissue changes after 6 and 12 months of grazing. Autologous ASCs were extracted from subcutaneous adipose tissue and cultivated in vitro. At the end of the experiment, disc heights were determined by µ-CT measurements and morphological tissue changes were histologically examined.Histological investigations show that, after treatment with the ASC-loaded collagen hydrogel implant, degeneration-specific features were observed less frequently. Quantitative studies of the degree of degeneration did not demonstrate a significant influence on potential tissue regeneration with treatment. Regarding disc height analysis, at both 6 and 12 months after treatment with the ASC-loaded collagen hydrogel implant a stabilization of the disc height can be seen. A complete restoration of the intervertebral disc heights however could not be achieved.The reported injection procedure describes in a preclinical model a translational therapeutic approach for degenerative disc diseases based on adipose-derived stem cells in a collagen hydrogel scaffold. Further investigations are planned with the use of a different injectable scaffold material using the same test model.

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data.

Therapies based upon whole-body biomechanical assessments are successful for injury prevention and rehabilitation in human athletes. Similar approaches have rarely been used to study equine athletic injury. Degenerative osteoarthritis caused by mechanical stress can originate from chronic postural dysfunction, which, because the primary dysfunction is often distant from the site of tissue injury, is best identified through modeling whole-body biomechanics. To characterize whole-body equine kinematics, a realistic skeletal model of a horse was created from equine computed tomography (CT) data that can be used for functional anatomical and biomechanical modeling. Equine CT data were reconstructed into individual three-dimensional (3D) data sets (i.e., bones) using 3D visualization software and assembled into a complete 3D skeletal model. The model was then rigged and animated using 3D animation and modeling software. The resulting 3D skeletal model can be used to characterize equine postures associated with degenerative tissue changes as well as to identify postures that reduce mechanical stress at the sites of tissue injury. In addition, when animated into 4D, the model can be used to demonstrate unhealthy and healthy skeletal movements and can be used to develop preventative and rehabilitative individualized therapies for horses with degenerative lamenesses. Although the model will soon be available for download, it is currently in a format that requires access to the 3D animation and modeling software, which has quite a learning curve for new users. This protocol will guide users in (1) developing such a model for any organism of interest and (2) using this specific equine model for their own research questions.

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data

Therapies based upon whole-body biomechanical assessments are successful for injury prevention and rehabilitation in human athletes. Similar approaches have rarely been used to study equine athletic injury. Degenerative osteoarthritis caused by mechanical stress can originate from chronic postural dysfunction, which, because the primary dysfunction is often distant from the site of tissue injury, is best identified through modeling whole-body biomechanics. To characterize whole-body equine kinematics, a realistic skeletal model of a horse was created from equine computed tomography (CT) data that can be used for functional anatomical and biomechanical modeling. Equine CT data were reconstructed into individual three-dimensional (3D) data sets (i.e., bones) using 3D visualization software and assembled into a complete 3D skeletal model. The model was then rigged and animated using 3D animation and modeling software. The resulting 3D skeletal model can be used to characterize equine postures associated with degenerative tissue changes as well as to identify postures that reduce mechanical stress at the sites of tissue injury. In addition, when animated into 4D, the model can be used to demonstrate unhealthy and healthy skeletal movements and can be used to develop preventative and rehabilitative individualized therapies for horses with degenerative lamenesses. Although the model will soon be available for download, it is currently in a format that requires access to the 3D animation and modeling software, which has quite a learning curve for new users. This protocol will guide users in (1) developing such a model for any organism of interest and (2) using this specific equine model for their own research questions.

Rapid Extracellular Matrix Remodeling via Gene‐Electrospun Fibers as a “Patch” for Tissue Regeneration

AbstractA break of extracellular matrix (ECM) balance can cause several degenerative changes in soft tissues. To reverse the imbalance fundamentally, a recently developed treatment, gene therapy, came to attention. However, the efficiency of the approach is limited because long‐term localized presence and bioactivity are difficult to achieve. Here, reconstituted lysyl oxidase‐like 1 (LOXL1) plasmids (pLOXL1) are loaded into nanoliposomes by a microfluidic chip, followed by encapsulation into the core layer of core–shell nanofibers by microsol‐electrospinning to achieve local accumulation and biological availability of the constructs and enable rapid ECM response. Results show that the pLOXL1‐Lipo@PLCL‐HA achieves the sustained release of pLOXL1 over a 30‐day period, with its transfection efficiency maintained above 50%. In a rabbit model of abdominal hernia, the long‐term collagen remodeling density is raised by over 90% in the pLOXL1‐Lipo@PLCL‐HA implanted animals compared to the control animals. The expression levels of ECM gene (COL1A1, COL3A1, Elastin, Fubilin5) are significantly increased. Collectively, this study establishes that pLOXL1‐Lipo@PLCL‐HA accelerates local ECM reconstruction via effective and reliable gene delivery as a potential base material of a “patch” for pelvic floor repairment, and identifies the key principles for design of LOXL1‐incorporated scaffolds for ECM regeneration.

COVID-19: a new emerging respiratory disease from the neurological perspective.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a challenging public health catastrophe worldwide. The newly emerged disease spread in almost all countries and infected 100 million persons worldwide. The infection is not limited to the respiratory system but involves various body systems and may lead to multiple organ failure. Tissue degenerative changes result from direct viral invasion, indirect consequences, or through an uncontrolled immune response. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spreads to the brain via hematogenous and neural routes accompanied with dysfunction of the blood–brain barrier. The involvement of the central nervous system is now suspected to be among the main causes of death. The present review discusses the historical background of coronaviruses, their role in previous and ongoing pandemics, the way they escape the immune system, why they are able to spread despite all undertaken measures, in addition to the neurological manifestations, long-term consequences of the disease, and various routes of viral introduction to the CNS.

Risk assessment of resurfacing implant loosening and femur fracture under low-energy impacts taking into account degenerative changes in bone tissues. Computer simulation

Background and objectiveDegenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system significantly reduce the quality of human life. Hip resurfacing is used to treat degenerative diseases in the later stages. After surgery, there is a risk of endoprosthesis loosening and low-energy fracture during daily physical activity. Computer modeling is a promising way to predict the optimal low-energy loads that do not lead to bone destruction. This paper aims to study numerically the mechanical behavior of the proximal femur, amenable to degenerative changes and subjected to hip resurfacing under low-energy impact equivalent to physiological loads. MethodsA numerical model of the mechanical behavior of the femur after hip resurfacing arthroplasty under low-energy impacts equivalent to physiological loads is presented. The model is based on the movable cellular automaton method (discrete elements), where the mechanical behavior of bone tissue is described using the Biot poroelasticity accounting for the presence and transfer of interstitial biological fluid. ResultsFor the first time, it is shown that a poroelastic model allows predicting the service life of endoprostheses, taking into account the individual characteristics of the bone tissues amenable to various degenerative diseases. The obtained results indicate that the changes in the bone properties have a significant influence on the critical forces corresponding to the first appearance of microcracks and the fracture formation. At the same time, their effect on the type of fracture is negligible. A much more impact on the type of fracture has the kinematic and dynamic conditions of the exposure. ConclusionsThe obtained results show the promise of using the proposed model for predicting the operational resource of resurfacing endoprostheses, taking into account the physiological features of the structure of the patient's bone tissues.

SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS ADIPOSE TISSUE DAMAGE AFTER RADIATION THERAPY IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS.

The analysis of long-term researches of the pathological changes arising in soft tissues at patients with a breast cancer as a result of radical surgical treatment and adjuvant radiotherapy is carried out in work. The article shows that the standard approach to postoperative radiation therapy, which is based only on the prevalence of the primary tumor process is not always justified. Very often it leads to excessive radiation load on the patient's body and the development of local acute and chronic radiation reactions of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and other soft tissues.In this regard, the question of differentiated purpose of radiotherapy acquires special value first of all at patients with small primary prevalence of tumor process. The paper presents the results of studies to study changes in the anterior chest wall in patients with breast cancer. In relation to the conduct of adjuvant radiotherapy more often need to use the concept of personalized radiation therapy. Radical operation, post-radiation early and late pathological changes in soft tissues, disturbance of microcirculation of lymph and blood, disturbance of innervation of vessels of an upper extremity, peripheral nerves in system of a cervical and plexus plexus, leads to intensive degen-erative and dystrophic changes in soft tissues of the upper. and causes morphological changes in them and further progression of reflex neurovascular and neurodystrophic disorders. Based on the data of adverse effects of radio-therapy on the skin and surrounding tissues, as well as to reduce excessive radiation exposure to the patient's body, a differentiated approach to the appointment of adjuvant radiation therapy.

Etiology, frequency and clinical signs of aseptic jumping joint inflammation in horses

Articular pathologies in horses participating in sports and kupkari are recorded mainly at the end of the autumn season, in winter and spring, in the republic's farms out of 466 horse heads, 44 heads (9.4%) had various aseptic inflammations, for example, 8 animals have acute synovitis, 21 horses have chronic synovitis and 15 animals have periarticular fibrositis, traumatic injuries are considered the main cause of joint disease in horses participating in the Kupkari. Under the influence of the above etiological factors, degenerative changes in cells and tissues are observed, as a result of which the necessary processes in the body are disrupted and, as a result, the protective properties of the body are reduced. The animal felt pain during passive movement, and low to moderate chromate levels were observed during movement. When you press your finger on one of the tubercles of the joint, the movement of fluid towards the second tubercle is clearly felt. In animals with periarticular fibrosis, the fibrous capsule increases, the ligaments thicken, and their elasticity decreases. At the onset of the disease, pain was observed on palpation of the joint capsule and ligaments, at rest no pain was observed, but severe lameness was observed during movement, work.