Deformation Plate Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Neural Network Models for Predicting Battery Pack Safety in Frontal Collisions

Amid concerns about environmental degradation and the consumption of non-renewable energy, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) has accelerated, with increasing focus on safety. On the road, battery packs are exposed to potential risks from unforeseen objects that may collide with or scratch the system, which may lead to damage or even explosions, thus endangering the safety of transportation participants. In this study, several predictive models aimed at assessing the safety performances of battery packs are proposed to provide a basis for data-driven structural optimization by numerically simulating the deformation of the battery base plate. Initially, a finite element model of the battery pack was developed, and the accuracy of the model was verified by performing modal analysis with various commercial software tools. Then, representative samples were collected using optimal Latin hypercube sampling, followed by collision simulations to gather data under different collision conditions. Next, the prediction accuracy of three models—PSO-BP neural network, RIME-BP neural network, and RBF neural network—was compared for predicting battery pack bottom shell deformation. Finally, the prediction accuracy of the models was compared based on error functions. The results indicate that these neural network models can accurately predict deformation under frontal collision conditions within the specified limits, with the RIME-BP model yielding the best performance beyond those limits. The developed neural network prediction model is able to accurately assess the mechanical response of battery packs under frontal collision, providing support for data-driven structural optimization. It also provides an important reference for improving the safety and durability of battery pack design.

Nonlinear equations of flexible plates deformations

Nonlinear equations of deformation of flexible plates are formulated in general nonorthogonal coordinates with taking into account incompatible local deformations. The following assumptions are used. 1. Displacements of the plate from the reference (self-stressed) shape are restricted by the kinematic hypotheses of Kirchhoff — Love. 2. Elementary volumes constituting the reference shape can be locally transformed into an unstressed state by means of a nondegenerate linear transformation (hypothesis of local discharging). 3. Transformations inverse to local unloading, referred to as implants, can be found from the solution of the evolutionary problem simulating the successive deposition of infinitely thin layers on the front boundary surface of the plate. Geometric spaces of affine connection that model the global stress-free reference shape are constructed. The following special cases are considered: Weitzenböck space (with non-zero torsion), Riemann space (with non-zero curvature) and Weyl space (with non-zero non-metricity).

Failure investigation and mitigation after experimental research reactor fuel plate deformation in an irradiation device

Failure investigation and mitigation after experimental research reactor fuel plate deformation in an irradiation device

Impact energy release characteristics and penetration behavior of high-density VNbTa medium-entropy alloys

This study systematically investigated the dynamic mechanical properties and penetration-damage behavior of high-density VNbTa medium-entropy alloys under dynamic loading. The split Hopkinson bar, impact energy release, and spaced-target plate tests were carried out. Results from the impact energy release test indicated that a significant chemical reaction and substantial energy release occurred when the alloy hit a rigid target plate at high speed. The spaced-target plate penetration test verified the combined destructive effect of the alloy’s kinetic and chemical energies during penetration, leading to large perforations and severe deformation of the rear target plate. Moreover, a shock-induced energy release model and a fragment cloud diffusion model were established, uncovering the energy release mechanism and fragment-cloud expansion law. These findings provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the design and application of high-density, high-energy structural materials.

Toward a Consistent Framework for Describing the Free Vibration Modes of the Brain.

Frequency-domain analysis of brain tissue motion has received increased focus in recent years as an approach to describing the response of the brain to impact or vibration sources in the built environment. While researchers in many experimental and numerical studies have sought to identify natural resonant frequencies of the brain, limited description of the associated vibration modes limits comparison of results between studies. We performed a modal analysis to extract the natural frequencies and associated mode shapes of a finite element model of the head. The vibration modes were characterized using 2D plate deformation notation in the basic medical planes. Many of the vibration modes characterized are similar to those found in previous numerical and experimental studies. We propose this characterization method as an approach to increase compatibility of results between studies of brain vibration behavior.

The Effect of Locking Head Inserts on the Biomechanical Properties of a 3.5-mm Broad Locking Compression Plate When Used in an Open Fracture-Gap Model.

To determine the effect of locking head inserts (LHI) on plate strain, stiffness, and deformation when applied to a 3.5-mm broad locking compression plate (LCP) in an open fracture-gap model. Six, 13-hole, 3.5-mm broad LCP were secured to epoxy bone models with a 10 mm central defect and 1 mm plate offset. Two peripheral locking screws were placed in each segment, with the remaining screw holes left unfilled. Three strain gauges were glued to each LCP at anticipated regions of maximum strain. Constructs underwent cyclic uniaxial loading at a rate of 20 mm/min to 400 N in three different configurations (Configuration 1: no LHI, Configuration 2: 3 LHI, Configuration 3: 9 LHI). LHI were tightened to 4 Nm of torque. A data acquisition system was used to collect implant strain during testing. Construct stiffness and deformation were recorded by the biomechanical testing machine. Maximum implant strain was recorded at the central screw hole directly over the simulated fracture gap in all configurations (Mdn 1,837.3 µε [interquartile range: 1,805.1-1,862.0]). There was no difference in implant peak-to-peak strain with addition of LHI at all three gauges (Gauge 1 [p = 0.847], Gauge 2 [p = 0.847], Gauge 3 [p = 0.311]). Similarly, peak-to-peak displacement (p = 0.069) and axial construct stiffness (p = 0.311) did not change with the addition of LHI. The addition of LHI to a 3.5-mm broad LCP construct was not shown to have an effect on plate strain, stiffness, or deformation.

Experimental ballistic tests in alumina ceramic/Kevlar targets at outdoors military range

This study explores the relevance and limitations of conducting ballistic tests in outdoor shooting ranges without specialized laboratory equipment. While these methods lack the precision and control of fully equipped laboratories, they provide a cost-effective and practical alternative for evaluating material and armor performance in resource-limited contexts. Tests were carried out using 7.62 × 51 mm and 9 × 19 mm ammunition at velocities of 832 and 350 ms1, respectively. Depth of Penetration (DOP) measurements were obtained directly from the deformed metallic backing plate, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed to examine post-impact ceramic fragments. Results showed that higher areal density targets (65.41 kg·m2) offered greater resistance to 7.62 × 51 mm ammunition, while lower-density targets (53.15 kg·m2) were fully penetrated. Against 9 × 19 mm ammunition, targets with 64.85 and 65.41 kg·m2 densities effectively minimized deformation of the backing plate. Enhanced areal density improved ballistic efficiency, with certain targets meeting NIJ-0101.06 standards, indicating their potential for use in personal armor systems.

Fluid–structure interaction analysis of a piezoelectric wave energy converter positioned at the wave surface

The hydroelastic effects of an elastic plate and its piezoelectric characteristics under wave forces are examined in this study. The hydroelastic analysis models fluid motion and hydrodynamic pressure using viscous flow theory, solved through a combination of the Reynolds–averaged Navier–Stokes equations, the continuity equation, and the shear stress transport turbulence model. The finite element method is employed both to solve the hydroelastic motion of the plate and to calculate the static electric field. Unlike previous studies where the piezoelectric plate was fully submerged in water, this work places the plate on the wave surface. This approach serves two purposes: to increase the static pressure difference between the upper surface and lower surface of the plate and to amplify the wave-induced forces. A detailed analysis of strain energy, plate deformation, and electric voltage distribution is also presented.

Analysis of the influence of surface deformation on the stability of overhead transmission lines and countermeasures

This study analyzed the impact of surface deformation on the stability of overhead transmission lines and proposed corresponding countermeasures. The research first explored the mechanical effects of tower tilt, displacement, and suspension point changes caused by surface deformation on transmission lines. These effects include redistribution of conductor tension and deviation of insulator strings. Through mathematical models and engineering approximations, the specific effects of tower foundation settlement and horizontal displacement along the line direction on the operating conditions of various levels of overhead lines were analyzed in detail. The research has shown that surface deformation can cause suspension points to become stress concentration areas, leading to deformation or damage of suspension plates and their fixing components, thereby affecting the stability of the power system. To accurately assess these impacts, it is recommended to use high-precision measuring instruments for regular data collection and analysis. In addition, this study emphasizes the importance of considering the role of additional forces in structural design and selecting tower materials with sufficient strength, stiffness, and corrosion resistance. Finally, this paper proposes a series of maintenance and adjustment measures, such as re-tensioning wires, adjusting tower positions, or adding additional support structures, to ensure the safe and stable operation of the line.

Asymptotic analyses on field-induced bending deformations of multi-layered hard-magnetic soft material plates

Asymptotic analyses on field-induced bending deformations of multi-layered hard-magnetic soft material plates

Stress state and mechanics of glacier shelvescollapse

The stress state of ice shelves using numerical modeling is studied. An ice shelf is modeled by an elastic plate floating on water and attached to the ice cover at a grounding point. An analytical solution for the elastic bending of the plate is obtained and it is shown that the maximum tensile stresses on the lower surface of the glacier near the grounding point can reach values of 5×107 Pa, significantly exceeding the limiting strength values of the glacier. The fragmentation of a glacier that occurs when a glacier moves under conditions of constrained compression has been studied. It is shown that deformations of the ice plate are accompanied by the formation of zones of localization of inelastic deformations (ice ridges). A comparison was made of the calculated relief of the plate surface after localization of deformations with the pattern of hummocking of the Larsen Glacier, visible on satellite images.

Ship Hull Steel Plate Deformation Modeling Based on Gaussian Process Regression

The linear heating and formation of steel plates is one of the most critical technologies in shipbuilding. Excellent technology not only provides good hydrodynamics for the hull but also affects the whole hull construction cycle and cost. In the heating and formation of a steel plate, the material, size, and thickness of the steel plate; heating temperature; heating position; and many other factors affect the formation of a steel plate. It is a very difficult process to know the influence relationship between various factors. In this study, a steel plate model is established by the Gaussian regression method, which can predict the steel plate deformation according to the selected steel plate material, size and thickness, heating temperature, and heating position. The accuracy of the model was evaluated, and the Gaussian process regression model has a better accuracy compared to other machine learning algorithm models. Finally the model visualization; designing the UI; selecting the steel plate material, size, and thickness; and inputting the heating temperature, the deformation magnitude, and stress magnitude of the steel plate can be obtained. The model can provide guidance to field workers for the heating and formation of hull steel plates and achieve efficient and fast formation of target steel plates.

Numerical Investigation of the Squeezing Flow of Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid (Cu-Al2O3-TiO2/H2O Between Two Parallel Plates in a Darcy Porous Medium with Viscous Dissipation and Heat Source

This work aims to investigate numerically the influence of viscous dissipation and heat source on the magnetohydrodynamics squeezing flow of water-based ternary hybrid nanofluids between two parallel plates in a Darcy porous medium. The nanoparticles Cu, Al2O3, and TiO2 are dispersed in a base fluid H2O, resulting in the creation of a ternary hybrid nanofluid Cu-Al2O3-TiO2-H2O. This study examines the deformation of the lower plate as the upper one advances towards it. The numerical results are computed using the 3-stage Lobatto IIIa method, which is specially implemented by Bvp4c in MATLAB. The effects of various parameters are visually illustrated through graphs and quantitatively shown in tables. The absolute skin friction of the ternary hybrid nanofluid is seen to be approximately 5% higher than that of the regular nanofluid at the lower plate and at most 7% higher than that of the nanofluid at the upper plate. The heat transmission rate of the ternary hybrid nanofluid is higher at the upper plate compared to the lower plate.

Evaluation of grafts fixation techniques for temporomandibular joint reconstruction with medial femoral condyle flap: A numerical study

Reconstruction for large-scale temporomandibular joint (TMJ) defects can be challenging. Previously, we utilized the medial femoral condyle (MFC) flap for TMJ reconstruction. However, the optimal fixation method remains uncertain. In this study, finite element analysis was used to study the effects of three different fixation types of bone graft: overlap type, bevel type, and flush type. Models of different fixation types of MFC flap were reconstructed from CT images. A standard internal fixation model for extracapsular condylar fracture was also included as a control. Displacement of bone graft, deformation of plates and screws, and stress distribution of plates, screws, and cortical and cancellous of the bone graft were analyzed by finite element analysis to investigate their biomechanical features. The displacement of the bone graft and deformation of plates and screws in three different fixation types showed no significant difference. The overlap type and flush type of fixation displayed the lowest and highest stress respectively. All three fixation types could satisfy the mechanical requirement and face no risk of breakage and the major displacement of the MFC bone graft. These results provide insights into the optimal fixation approach for MFC bone grafts, offering valuable guidance and reference for clinical application.

The influence of heating sequence on deformation of steel plate in induction heating process

The line heating formation of a complex curved plate needs multiple heating lines. Heating sequence is an important factor of influence on the formation to obtain the curved surface plate of a particular shape. The paper uses the elastic-plastic inherent strain finite element model to study the overall deformation of a steel plate in different heating sequences. Meanwhile, it carries out experiments on the induction heating of two roll bending plates with multiple heating lines, using the heating sequence as the only variable. The difference in height between the calculation value and measurement value of the two plates meets the engineering application requirements. The elastic-plastic inherent strain finite element model can be used to calculate the deformation of the steel plate in different heating sequences. The three-dimensional surface location and hypothesis test analysis of data on difference between two steel plates show that the heating sequence of multiple heating lines has a significant effect on steel plate deformation.

Numerical simulation of combined action of explosion shock wave and prefabricated fragments

Abstract This article is based on the finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA to numerically simulate the damage and failure process of prefabricated fragments coupled with explosive shock waves. Obtain the initial velocity law of prefabricated fragments of different shapes and sizes driven by explosive shock waves. Numerical simulations were conducted on three modes of action (fragment action, shock wave action, and coupling action between fragments and shock waves), and it was found that the maximum destructive power was achieved under the coupling action of fragments and shock waves. Under the coupling effect of fragments and shock waves, the maximum deformation of the target plate gradually decreases as the blast distance increases; The law that as the thickness of the target plate increases, the maximum deformation of the target plate gradually decreases.

Study on predicting plate deformation under double charges coupled loading based on GBR-RFR stacking model

Abstract In modern information warfare, quickly and accurately destroying enemy key targets is crucial. The single damage mode of traditional ammunition no longer meets the demands of complex combat environments. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the damage modes and plastic deformation of targets under double charges coupling to achieve precision strikes. This paper studies the predictive model of plate deformation under double charges coupling. A double charges synchronous explosion was used as the means of coupling shock wave loading, and double charges experiments on the damage to Q235 metal plates were conducted. Based on the experimental results, a three-dimensional finite element numerical simulation model was established and its accuracy was verified. Further simulation conditions were added, and data on the plastic deformation at the center of the metal plate under double charges synchronous loading were calculated. A predictive model for the plastic deformation at the center of the metal plate was constructed based on the GBR-RFR stacking model, thereby obtaining a predictive model for the plastic deformation at the center of the metal plate under double charges synchronous loading. Through dual-source synchronous explosion experiments and finite element numerical simulations, plastic deformation data at the center of Q235 metal plates under different loading conditions were obtained. Validation results show that the finite element simulation model can accurately predict the deformation of the plate. On this basis, the predictive model constructed based on the GBR-RFR stacking model demonstrates high prediction accuracy, providing an effective method for predicting the deformation of metal plates under double charges synchronous loading.

Three-dimensional peridynamic modeling of damage and penetration in composite plates exposed to localized explosive blasts

Localized failures in composites can lead to catastrophic consequences in some vehicles and systems, such as airplanes and submarines. The paper presents a new three-dimensional (3D) peridynamic model to explore the localized explosive effects on composite plates. The study utilizes the peridynamic method to simulate fractures and deformations in composite plates when exposed to localized explosive blasts. Accurate prediction of composites' performance during explosive blast events is crucial in the design process to avoid the deadly effects of their failures. This study highlights the following novelties: (1) We present, for the first time, a novel 3D mesh-free model to simulate the fracture and damage behavior of composite plates when exposed to explosive blasts; (2) The adopted numerical modeling technique enables highly efficient simulations of fractures and failures in composites when compared with other mesh-based numerical models; (3) We introduce a new mathematical framework to reflect the explosive pressure loads through different composite layers; (4) The study provides an accessible and efficient tool for engineers and researchers to enhance the design of composites in several industries instead relying on limited-access commercial software packages. In addition to the previous novelties, the paper presents a new parametric study that investigates the performance of several composite plates, such as titanium-aramid and aluminum-aramid composites, in explosive blast scenarios. Moreover, the roles of explosive mass and plate thickness in the failure mechanisms of composites are examined.

Numerical Simulation Analysis on Anti-Penetration Characteristics of Al/UHMWPE Composite Plates Against Tungsten Alloy Fragment

Abstract With the rapid growing demand for armor protection systems that prioritize reduced weight, Al/UHMWPE composite plates have become a promising option in armor protection field. In this work, the finite element model of the Al/UHMWPE composite plates against tungsten alloy fragment was established firstly to investigate the influence of the interfacial strength on the ballistic performance. In addition, both the failure mechanisms and energy-absorbing performance of AI/UHMWPE composite plates were also systematically explored. Numerical simulation results indicate that lower interfacial strength can more accurately simulate the phenomenon of sub-laminates separation under high-speed penetration conditions. The failure mechanisms of Al/UHMWPE composite plates involve sequential processes including deformation of the Al alloy plate, tensile deformation of the UHMWPE laminated plate, fracture of the sub-laminate, and finally, delamination of the UHMWPE laminated plate. Furthermore, the specific energy absorption (SEA) was utilized to quantify the ballistic performance between Al alloy plate and UHMWPE plate, demonstrating that UHMWPE plate significantly dominates, with a capability of 16.4 J/(kg/m2), accounting for 53.4% of total SEA.

The effect of hull angles on ice loads, based on the measured shell plate deformations of a detachable bow on lake Saimaa

The effect of hull angles on ice loads, based on the measured shell plate deformations of a detachable bow on lake Saimaa