Deformation Of Components Research Articles

Determination of mechanical properties of Bi12TiO20 crystals by nanoindentation

Bi12TiO20 (BTO) single crystal was grown by Czochralski method and investigated mechanically by nanoindentation measurements. X-ray diffraction pattern of the crystal presented one intensive peak around 37.95° associated with (330) plane of cubic crystalline structure. Nanoindentation experiments were performed at various loads between 5 and 100 mN. Hardness and Young's modulus of the crystal were determined by Oliver-Pharr method. The hardness-load dependency exhibited behavior of indentation size effect. True hardness value of BTO crystal was revealed as 4.4 GPa. Young's modulus decreased with increase of load and load-independent Young's modulus was found around 93 GPa at high loads. The load-dependent elastic and plastic deformation components were calculated and it was observed that the dominant component in BTO single crystal is plastic deformation at the applied loads. The present paper reports for the first time the mechanical characteristics of the BTO single crystal by carrying out nanoindentation experiments.

Model of deformation growth dynamics during filled polymer materials mechanical tests under cable production conditions

With the introduction into highly filled halogen-free plastics production, the mechanical strength of which in operation directly depends on the flame retardant content and application technology, it becomes important to control the cable sheath mechanical characteristics in a fireproof design. Polymeric materials and their compositions are viscoelastic materials for which the mechanical properties depend on the stress time. The results of estimating the deformation samples rate elongation from the uniaxial stretching time at different dilution rates of the clamps in the mechanical characteristics determining process for halogen-free cable plastics in regulatory tests under production conditions are presented. It is shown that the inner and outer layers of the halogen-free plastic cable sheath have significantly different values of the plasticity normative parameter: differences evidence in the polymer structure in the inner and outer layers of the sheath due to the forced deformation process during extrusion, which is forced polymer structure orientation. Elongation relative deformation experimental dependences δL(t) of the samples on the uniaxial stretching time at different clamps dilution speeds are given, which illustrate confirmed by a large data array the dependencies shape reproducibility δL(t) for different in structure similar filled halogen-free polymers. The strain rate dependence model on tensile time as the sum of instantaneous-elastic, viscoelastic and instantaneous-plastic (irreversible) is proposed: dε/dt = λпр exp ( – t/λпр) + {∫ λ1 exp(–τ/λ1).exp[–(t–τ)/λ2]dτ]}/Δt. The appropriate parameter estimates of the named samples deformation components obtained by approximating the experimental data by the proposed model are given. The proposed model, firstly, explains the presence characteristic relative deformation maximum (t = tm) as a two interdependent deformation processes superposition with different aftermath λ. Secondly, it allows to specify the requirements for testing: with increasing the clamps dilution speed, the maximum time tm decreases significantly, respectively, the higher the clamps dilution speed, the smaller interval time Δt between a successive sample control section length measurements. This conclusion was experimentally confirmed for a specific material at a speed of 250 mm/min

Wedge-less oblique supracondylar femoral osteotomy and casting for genu valgum in older children and young adults

BackgroundGenu valgum is one of the commonest deformities seen by the orthopaedicians. The most common cause is idiopathic but genu valgum secondary to nutritional deficiency is also fairly common in developing and third world countries. Supracondylar osteotomy and internal fixation with plate and screws, is the treatment of choice in older children and young adults, which is costly, requires a wide exposure, a second surgery for implant removal and risk of infection is more. This study was undertaken to measure the outcome of simple oblique percutaneous wedge-less metaphyseal supracondylar osteotomy of the distal femur and casting in older children and adolescents with Genu Valgum in a small centre catering mostly to patients from middle and low income households. Patients and methodsPatients aged between 12 and 22 years with genu valgum deformity with a tibiofemoral angle ≥15°, and an intermalleolar distance of more than 7 cm in unilateral and more than 10 cm in bilateral cases, who are not amenable to be treated with guided growth techniques, were included. Patients having knee instability, restriction of knee range of motion, genu recurvatum, tibial deformity component, open physis, were excluded from the study. The correction was undertaken by a simple supracondylar wedge-less metaphyseal short oblique osteotomy of the distal femur followed by immobilization with a long leg plaster of Paris cast. Functional outcome was assessed using Böstman et al. score. Results46 limbs in 29 patients with a mean age of 14.5 years were operated. The mean follow-up of patients was 6 months. The preoperative radiological tibiofemoral angle (TFA) had a mean value of 19.89° which improved to a mean of 5.31° postoperatively. Intermalleolar distance (IMD) improved from a mean of 13.81 cm to 3.15 cm post-correction. Mean Lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA) improved from 77.11° to 87.20°. Knee score was excellent in all patients at 3 months and 6 months post intervention. There were no serious complications except superficial plaster sores in 4 patients, which healed uneventfully and temporary restriction of knee range of motion in 5 patients. All patients achieved a full range of knee motion after physical therapy. ConclusionSupracondylar wedge-less short oblique metaphyseal distal femoral osteotomy and immobilization with plaster of Paris cast is a simple, cheap, safe & viable option for the correction of genu valgum deformity originating from distal femur, with minimal complications in older children and adolescents with limited growth potential, especially in low income countries and small centres.

Whiffletree based supports for self-adjustable hydrostatic bearings

Hydrostatic bearings are superior in terms of their friction and load carrying characteristics when compared to contact based bearings, but non-usable in applications with non-constant curvature counter surfaces. A possible solution to this limitation is the introduction of deformable hydrostatic bearings components that cope with these required deformations. To reduce the required deformation of a single bearing pad, multiple pads can be connected through a so-called whiffletree support system. In this work, a symmetric whiffletree based hydrostatic bearing embodiment is introduced. A 2D quasi-static model is introduced that allows for determining the kinetostatic and path following properties of such a type of bearing. Design considerations are given regarding the joint rotational-, normal-, and shear stiffness of each individual joint, as well as basic bearing layout. The potential of a whiffletree suspended bearing is presented through the use of a case study.

Accuracy and Efficacy of Software-guided Bony Realignment in Periarticular Deformities of the Lower Limb.

Aim and objectiveSoftware-guided realignment is proposed as an easy and accurate method of achieving simultaneous multiaxial correction. The accuracy and efficacy in periarticular problems have not been investigated fully. This study investigates the results and possible clinical benefits.Materials and methodsA retrospective review was performed in 24 patients with 27 periarticular deformities of the lower limb treated by the Ilizarov technique. Bony realignment was achieved by a software-guided hexapod realignment device. The deformity category, deformity severity score (DSS) and individual deformity component scores were measured for objective quantification of each deformity. The periarticular level, number of manoeuvres, correction period and any difficulties in the execution of the correction manoeuvre were noted. Pre-procedure and post-procedure values of deformity parameters were analysed to estimate the accuracy and efficacy of the realignment device.ResultsThe correction manoeuvre was accomplished successfully in all patients except two. The mean correction period was 14.9 days (range, 5–38 days). The mean pre-procedure DSS was 18.7 (range 6.3–27.3), which reduced to a mean post-procedure value of 1.5 (range, 0–7.9) with a 92.0% deformity correction (p-value < 0.001)). There was a significant reversal of individual deformity components. DSS values were achieved to an excellent level (< 3.5) in 25 deformities and to good and poor levels in one deformity, respectively.ConclusionSoftware-guided realignments are effective for accurate realignment of periarticular deformities using Ilizarov fixators. These devices offer simultaneous multidimensional corrections even in complex multiplanar deformities and simplify the task of deformity correction.Clinical significanceThe present study assesses the accuracy and efficacy of software-guided realignments using novel concepts of deformity category, DSS and individual deformity component scores, which may overcome some of the shortcomings of conventional assessment methods.How to cite this articleSingh P, Sabat D, Dutt S, et al. Accuracy and Efficacy of Software-guided Bony Realignment in Periarticular Deformities of the Lower Limb. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2021;16(2):65–70.

Estimation and verification of the yield deformation of reinforced concrete members

This paper focuses on the development and verification of a unified calculation method for estimating the yield of reinforced concrete (RC) beams, columns, and walls deformation considering flexural deformations, shear deformations, and bar slip deformations. Each component of yield deformation is considered independently, and the estimated yield deformation is the sum of these three parts. To verify the accuracy of this method, yield deformation results from a database of experimental results from tests performed in Japan on RC components was compared against those predicted by the proposed methods. The results show that the proposed method provides a reasonable prediction of the yield deformation and show that the proposed method has a better estimate of yield deformation than other previous methods. Sensitivity analysis on the influence of the rigidity reduction rate due to the shear effect, and the anchorage length in the bar slippage calculation, was performed. It was found that the rigidity reduction rate factor could influence the accuracy for walls. The influence of other material and member characteristics are also discussed herein.

Association of First Metatarsal Pronation Correction With Patient-Reported Outcomes and Recurrence Rates in Hallux Valgus.

The purpose of this study was to determine if a postoperative decrease in first metatarsal pronation on 3-dimensional imaging was associated with changes in patient-reported outcomes as measured by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) physical function, pain interference, and pain intensity domains or recurrence rates in patients with hallux valgus (HV) who undergo a first tarsometatarsal fusion (modified Lapidus procedure). Thirty-nine consecutive HV patients who met the inclusion criteria and underwent a modified Lapidus procedure had preoperative and ≥2-year postoperative PROMIS scores and had first metatarsal pronation measured on preoperative and at least 5-month postoperative weightbearing CT scans were included. Multivariable regression analyses were used to investigate differences in the change in PROMIS domains preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively between patients with "no change/increased first metatarsal pronation" and "decreased first metatarsal pronation." A log-binomial regression analysis was performed to identify if a decrease in first metatarsal pronation was associated with recurrence of the HV deformity. The decreased first metatarsal pronation group had a significantly greater improvement in the PROMIS physical function scale by 7.2 points (P = .007) compared with the no change/increased first metatarsal pronation group. Recurrence rates were significantly lower in the decreased first metatarsal pronation group when compared to the no change/increased first metatarsal pronation group (risk ratio 0.25, P = .025). Detailed review of this limited cohort of patients who underwent a modified Lapidus procedure suggests that the rotational component of the HV deformity may play an important role in outcomes and recurrence rates following the modified Lapidus procedure. Level III, retrospective cohort study.

A New Payload Swing Angle Sensing Device and Its Accuracy.

Measuring the swing angle of a crane load is a relatively well-known but unsatisfactorily solved problem in technical practice. This measurement is necessary for the automatic stabilization of load swing without human intervention. This article describes a technically simple and new approach to solving this problem. The focus of this work is to determine the accuracy of the measuring device. The focus of this work remains on the design, the principle of operation of the equipment, and the determination of accuracy. The basic idea is to apply the strain gauge on an elastic, easily deformable component that is part of the device. One part of the elastic component is fixedly connected to the frame; the other part is connected to the crane rope by means of pulleys close to the rope. In this way, the bending of the elastic component in proportion to the swing angle of the payload is ensured.

Deformation characteristics and a safety monitoring model of high arch dam affected by valley narrowing deformation

Valley narrowing deformation was monitored during the first impoundment period of some high arch dam projects in China, which may affect the working behavior of dams. Dam deformation upstream was one of the most intuitive influences of valley narrowing deformation on arch dam, which makes dam safety evaluation difficult. In this paper, based on detailed monitoring data of a high arch dam project, the temporal-spatial evolution characteristics, and the mutual relationship of valley and dam deformation were analyzed. The influence of valley narrowing deformation on dam deformation was simulated by 3D Finite Element Method (FEM). According to the analysis results, an arch dam deformation safety monitoring model, considering the effect of valley deformation, was established in which the dam deformation was decomposed as water pressure, temperature, valley deformation, and time-effect components. Further, the typical process of valley deformation was analyzed using the proposed model and the decomposed components were separated. Research shows that the safety monitoring model can express the influence of various components on arch dam deformation comprehensively, and monitor the dam deformation quickly and accurately. The proposed model can be used to analyze and predict the arch dam deformation, and evaluate the dam behavior.

A novel class of universal relation for incompressible isotropic electro-viscoelastic materials

The present paper proposes a novel class of universal relation for incompressible isotropic electro-viscoelastic materials. A new universal relation valid for all nonlinear electro-viscoelastic isotropic materials is established. The proposed relation connects the stress and deformation components for any electro-viscoelastic material in an assigned constitutive family. A continuum mechanics-based electro-viscoelasticity theory is utilized to develop the relation, following the second law of thermodynamics. A new class of controllable deformation family in shearing motions based on the proposed universal relation is also obtained. In general, the proposed universal relation may help the modelers and materialist community in characterizing the material behavior, which was often ignored.

Determining the tempo of exhumation in the eastern Himalaya: Part 1. Geometry, kinematics and predicted cooling ages

AbstractQuantitative integration of cross‐section geometry, kinematics and cooling ages requires notably more complicated kinematic and exhumation pathways than are typically assumed with a simple in‐sequence model of cross‐section deformation. Incorporating measured basin thickness and depositional ages, determined from magnetostratigraphy or young detrital zircon fission track cooling ages, provide further constraints on the timing of fault motion, as changes in shortening rate that may not alter bedrock cooling ages can affect the depositional age of foreland basin strata. Thermokinematic models of balanced cross‐sections in Arunachal Pradesh, NE India demonstrate that the kinematic sequence and shortening rate exert the largest control over the pattern of predicted cooling ages for the region, by dictating the location and timing of rock uplift and exhumation (cooling) over ramps. The best fit to the measured bedrock cooling ages and basin constraints is achieved with a kinematic sequence involving early foreland propagation of four Lesser Himalayan faults combined with variable shortening rates. Fast rates (25–30 mm/yr) are required to accompany early foreland propagation at ca. 14–13 Ma followed by slower rates (18–20 mm/yr) until 10 Ma. Shortening rates increase to ca. 25–35 mm/yr at ca. 10 Ma until ca. 5–7 Ma. A decrease in shortening rate occurs between 7 and 5 Ma, with rates of 9–15 mm/yr until the present. Although non‐unique, the updated cross‐section geometry and kinematics highlight the components of geometry, deformation and exhumation that must be included in any valid cross‐section model for this portion of the eastern Himalaya such as the location of active ramps, and location and age of two key fault systems, the Bomdila imbricate zone and the thrust faults that form the Lumla duplex. Less unique are the specific geometries of faults, thickness of strata they carry, shortening rates, particularly between 14–8 Ma, and model parameters such as topography, heat production and flexure.

Principal component analysis of alpha-helix deformations in transmembrane proteins.

α-helices are deformable secondary structural components regularly observed in protein folds. The overall flexibility of an α-helix can be resolved into constituent physical deformations such as bending in two orthogonal planes and twisting along the principal axis. We used Principal Component Analysis to identify and quantify the contribution of each of these dominant deformation modes in transmembrane α-helices, extramembrane α-helices, and α-helices in soluble proteins. Using three α-helical samples from Protein Data Bank entries spanning these three cellular contexts, we determined that the relative contributions of these modes towards total deformation are independent of the α-helix's surroundings. This conclusion is supported by the observation that the identities of the top three deformation modes, the scaling behaviours of mode eigenvalues as a function of α-helix length, and the percentage contribution of individual modes on total variance were comparable across all three α-helical samples. These findings highlight that α-helical deformations are independent of cellular location and will prove to be valuable in furthering the development of flexible templates in de novo protein design.

Mathematical modelling and development of a computational algorithm for the study of thermo-stressed state of a heat-resistant alloy

The problem of increasing the thermal stability of structural elements made of heat-resistant metals and alloys operating in a complex force and thermal field is one of the key priorities of modern high technology research. The most important case is the study of the thermal stability of structural elements in real conditions of heat fluxes with varying intensity, with a complex configuration of heat-insulated local surfaces and internal point heat sources. Many basic load-bearing structural elements operating in a large thermal field (elements of gas turbine and jet engines, etc.), are made of heat-resistant alloys. The physical feature of such alloys is that the coefficient of thermal expansion and the modulus of elasticity of the material strictly depends on the temperature distribution field, that is, the coefficients are a function of temperature. The purpose of this study is to simulate a thermo-stressed state in rod elements of a structure based on the law of conservation of energy, in the presence of a heat flux applied on the lateral surface, which varies along the coordinate in a linear manner. To solve the outlined problem, a potential energy minimisation method is used in combination of a quadratic finite element with three nodes. As a result, from the condition of the minimum of the functional defining the potential energy, a resolving system of linear algebraic equations is obtained. All possible natural boundary conditions are taken into account. In this system, all integrals used are calculated analytically. Moreover, the law of conservation of energy is fulfilled for each of the equations of the resulting system. As a result, the values of displacement, deformation and stresses were calculated, as well as the values of elastic temperature and thermoelastic components of deformations and stresses for a specific example.

Seismic performance of a new type of precast shear walls with non-connected vertical distributed reinforcement

To eliminate the shortcomings in the grouting sleeve and other connection forms in precast concrete shear wall structure induced by the poor grouting, difficult quality assurance, low construction efficiency, and high cost, a new type of monolithic assembled concrete shear wall structure with non-connected vertical distributed reinforcement was proposed in this paper. The new shear wall structure is composed of middle precast wall panels and cast-in-place boundary members. The vertical distributed reinforcement in the middle precast wall panels is not connected between the upper and lower floors. This technique was based on the normal section bearing capacity of equal strength and inclined section bearing capacity of equal strength compared with the cast-in-place shear wall structure. Three full-scale models of precast shear walls and one cast-in-place contrast specimen were tested for their seismic performance under pseudo-static loading. All precast specimens are cast based on the manufacture specification of the factory. By analysis of test results, including the failure modes, load-lateral drift hysteresis curves, bearing capacity, hysteretic characteristics, deformation components, ductility, rigidity degeneration, energy dissipation, and strain distribution, all the specimens were obtained and compared. Comparisons between test results indicate that the proposed shear walls have a similar bearing capacity as that of the cast-in-place shear wall and improved energy dissipation and ductility. Moreover, the specimen with inclined reinforcement performs better in drift capacity compared to companion specimens. The contribution of flexural deformation to the total displacement of each specimen is the largest, follow by the contribution of shear deformation, and the contribution of slip is the smallest. The strain of non-connected vertical distributed reinforcement of the precast panel did not yield during the loading process. The cross-section of the precast shear wall panel conforms to the assumption of plane cross-section according to the strain distribution before the reinforcement yields.

Microstructural and crystallographic characterization of 455 MPa sour service plates with low Mn high temperature processed alloy concept and its association with drop weight tear test performance

The aim of this study was to analyze the mechanical properties of a X65 low Mn and high Nb steel for sour service application, particularly the drop-weight-tear test (DWTT) performance in order to establish correlation with the microstructural and crystallographic features of a steel with complex microstructure. Samples were analyzed at 55%, 65% and 75% of deformation during the finishing stage of rolling. The characterization of the samples involved electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique for the determination and volume fraction quantification of the microconstituents and crystallographic texture analyses. The results showed that the plate with 55% of deformation displayed the lowest level of strength and the lowest DWTT shear area, while the plate with 65% of deformation exhibited the highest strength and DWTT toughness levels. EBSD results indicated that the plate produced with 65% of deformation had the largest dislocation density among all three samples and showed the highest intensity of the texture components concentrated along the α-fiber, particularly in the vicinity of the {113}<110> and {112}<110> components, responsible for activating ductile fracture, while samples 55% and 75% had a broader spread towards {001}<110>, and an overall higher intensity of the rotated cube components that favor cleavage fracture. For the plate with 75% of deformation, the mean flow stress (MFS) result suggested that partial recrystallization occurred during the finishing stage of hot rolling which was also proved by EBSD.These findings have proven that low Mn steels processed at high temperatures have a crucial dependency on Nb for the development of deformation textures that will help sustain high levels of fracture toughness, particularly when dealing with heavy plates for offshore applications. It has been observed that this steel concept is inclined to experience loss of toughness due to the softening of austenite during the finishing stage of rolling, even though the temperatures were below the no-recrystallization temperature, and a proper rolling schedule must be selected to mitigate this effect.The overall results showed that a rolling scheduled aiming at increasing the volume fraction of acicular ferrite and reducing the polygonal ferrite together with a higher level of strain and crystallographic texture consisting of high intensity deformation components, will result in a better combination of strength and toughness.

Characteristics of welding distortion and residual stresses in thin-walled pipes by solid-shell hybrid modelling and experimental verification

Welding distortion in thin-walled pipes is a prominent and common problem, deteriorating the dimensional accuracy and even increasing the failure risk. The objective of this study is to improve our understanding of welding behaviors and mechanism of thin-walled pipes and thus provide reference for developing control schemes. A solid-shell hybrid model was developed to analyze the characteristics of welding distortion and residual stress distribution with improved modelling and calculation efficiency. The hybrid modeled results agreed well with the experimental measurements and conventional full solid model. It was observed that the welding deformation in seam-welded pipes presents a combined form incorporating convex bending on the circumstance and axial bending toward the weld side besides the shrinkage in both directions. The maximum distortion was observed in the two ends of weld line. Self-restraint characteristics of pipe structures were clarified by analytical solutions to analyze the bending distortions in both hoop and axial directions. For welding residual stresses, the axial stress near the weld line was high tensile stress, and the value on the inner surface was slightly larger than the outer one. The hoop stress near the weld was compressive on the outer surface and tensile on the inner side with similar magnitude. The correlation between welding inherent deformation components and pipe diameter was further clarified using the proposed hybrid model. Effect of shell element percentage and size on simulated results was also discussed to provide a reference for the application of the solid-shell hybrid model.

Application of the Concepts of Short and Long Solutions for the Evaluation of the Natural Frequencies of Vibration of Cylindrical Shells

On the basis of the Vlasov semimomentless theory, we present the approximations of the natural frequencies of vibration of cylindrical shells in the explicit form with regard for the deformation component. It is shown that the influence of this component is insignificant. We determine the limits of applicability of the approximating formulas and compare them with the data from the available literature. It is shown that the experimental data are satisfactorily described by the obtained dependences. Within the limits of applicability of the deduced relations, they better describe the low-frequency range of the spectrum of vibrations of cylindrical shells. We also present equations for the frequencies and modes of vibration for various possible conditions of support of the shells and propose simple engineering relations for the analysis of the frequency spectra of vibrations.

Separation of Deformation Components in Polymer Textile Materials

Separation of Deformation Components in Polymer Textile Materials

Ориентационные характеристики возбуждения прецессии намагниченности на интерференционной решетке, создаваемой фемтосекундным лазером.

The subject of investigation in this work is the excitation of magnetization precession in magnetic film on the surface of which is formed the temperature relief which is formed by interference picture formatted by preliminary divided ray from femtosecond laser. It is mentioned the discovered in experiment the dependence of excitation efficiency from the orientation of magnetic field applied in the plane of film. The main aim of this work is the theoretical interpretation of observed orientation dependence. The realized in experiment scheme “pump-probe” is described. The whole geometry of task is proposed. This geometry includes in oneself the magnetic film with formed in its surface interference picture and applied in the plane of film the constant field. It is shown that by the thermal expansion in the film the elastic waves two types are excited; the surface Rayleigh waves and leaky longitudinal waves. The projections of wave-vectors of propagating waves to plane of film are normal to the strips of interference picture. The orientation of field may change from to longitudinal to transverse from the same strips. The components of deformation tensor of Rayleigh and leaky waves are determined. The precession of magnetization in the coordinate system connected with field is investigated. By using the apparatus of crossing matrixes it is found the components of deformation tensor are determined. In the frame of linear approach in this system the task about excitation of magnetization precession by elastic deformations by Rayleigh and leaky waves is solved. The dynamical component of magnetization precession which ensures the light polarization rotation which passes along the normal to the plane of film is found. It is shown that the angle of rotation is straight proportional to the tensor deformation components with the summarization with the resonance character of precession magnetization dependence from the value of magnetic field. The dependence of polarization rotation from orientation of field which is applied in the plane of film is found. It is shown that by the orientation of field along and across the interference stripes the rotation of polarization plane is absent. Between these extreme orientations the dependence has appearance as two maxima divided by deep minimum. The received results are compared with data of experiment. It is found the quality and in some cases quantity correlation. The recommendations for further development of work are proposed.

A FIBER BEAM ELEMENT FOR THE FINITE PARTICLE METHOD CONSIDERING SHEAR AND TORSION DEFORMATON

To improve the accuracy of the finite particle method (FPM) for solving structural elastoplastic problems, the fiber beam model is combined with the solution framework of FPM. The formulas for solving the particle internal forces of the FPM fiber beam element considering shear and torsion deformation are deduced. The element uses the Timoshenko beam theory to describe the deformation state of the beam section. The displacements of an arbitrary point on the section are determined by the element pure deformation components in the element. The three-dimensional constitutive relationships of fiber materials are used in the element to consider the coupling effects between bending, shear and torsion deformation. Several numerical tests are conducted. The results show that the proposed fiber beam element can effectively simulate the elastoplastic behavior of the structure and shows higher accuracy than the plastic hinge method.