Deformation Curves Research Articles

Effect of High-Temperature Deformation Twinning on the Work Hardening Behavior of Fe-38Mn Alloy during Hot Shear-Compression Deformation.

The effect of high-temperature deformation twinning on the work hardening behaviors of Fe-38Mn alloy during hot shear-compression deformation was investigated. The discovery of micro-shear bands and deformation twinning is significant for continuous work hardening, and this represents an important step toward gaining a complete understanding of the effect of deformation twinning on work hardening behaviors. Deformation twinning is widely acknowledged to accommodate plastic strain under cold deformation, even under severe plastic deformation. At present, the equivalent stress vs. strain curves for hot shear-compression deformation of Fe-38Mn alloy exhibit the characteristics of continuous work hardening. In addition, continuous work hardening is classified into five stages when considering high-temperature deformation twinning.

Aramid Honeycomb Cores under Constant Pressure: Unveiling the Out-of-Plane Compression Deformation.

The primary challenge during the secondary bonding process of full-height honeycomb sandwich structures is the aramid honeycomb core's height shrinkage. This paper systematically investigated the height evolution behavior of the honeycomb core by using a creep testing machine. The results showed that the out-of-plane compression deformation curve of aramid honeycomb cores is mainly divided into three stages: the dehumidification stage, the pressurization stage and the creep stage. Under conditions of high temperature and pressure, height shrinkage was attributed to the dehydration caused by moisture infiltration, and the compression creep resulted from the slippage of polymer molecular chains. Dehydration shrinkage is stable, whereas compression creep reflects typical viscoelastic polymer characteristics. By employing the viscoelastic Burgers mechanical model and applying the nonlinear surface fitting method, the total height shrinkage deformation behavior of the aramid honeycomb core during the curing process can be accurately predicted by summing the above three stages. This research contributes valuable insights for the manufacturing process of honeycomb sandwich structures.

Water–salt migration and deformation characteristics in gravelly sulfate saline soil under the effect of localized fine sand accumulation

The water-salt migration law and deformation characteristics of coarse-grained saline soils have been extensively studied and illustrated. However, owing to the influence of the chemical composition and physical properties of the soils, coarse-grained soils are prone to localized soil absorption during mixing and compaction. This type of working condition of the existing localized fine sand accumulation layers is seldom discussed in the literature. In this study, water-salt migration and deformation of natural gradation specimens and specimens with localized fine sand accumulation layers in natural gradation were monitored and detected for the field fill conditions in an airport embankment project using self-designed test equipment based on nine freeze–thaw cycle physical simulation tests at environmental temperatures ranging from −30 °C to 25 °C. Under the freeze–thaw cycle, compared with the natural gradation, the specimens with localized fine sand accumulation layers had a higher influence on water and salt migration, which indicates that the depth range of drastic changes in water and salt increased by 80% and 84%, respectively. The cumulative deformation curves under the effects of natural gradation and localized fine sand accumulation exhibited similar trends. The difference between the deformation of the natural samples and samples with localized fine sand accumulation layers was 16% when the salt content of the upper part of the roadbed was 0.3%. In addition, the cumulative vertical settlement deformation of the specimens decreased with an increase in the salt content of the upper part of the roadbed and gradually transformed into vertical uplift deformation. The results of this study provide a basis for the selection of materials for airport roadbed backfill and their application in construction in seasonally frozen areas.

Experiment and analysis of physical, mechanical, and viscoelastic properties of the roots and stalks of green leafy vegetables.

Green leafy vegetables are an essential component of Chinese leafy vegetables. Due to their crisp stems and tender leaves, orderly harvester generally causes significant mechanical clamping damage. The physical and mechanical properties of green leafy vegetables are one of the important basis to design the orderly harvester. At the same time, they provide important parameters for the simulation and optimization of harvester. So, this paper measured the physical characteristic parameters of roots and stems of green leafy vegetables. Then, based on the TMS-Pro texture analyzer, the elasticity modulus of the roots and stems of green leafy vegetables were measured. The static friction coefficient, dynamic friction coefficient, and restitution coefficient of green leafy vegetables root-root, stem-stem, root-steel, and stem-steel were measured separately using a combination method of inclined plane and high-speed photography. Uniaxial compression creep experiments were carried out on whole and single leaf of green leafy vegetables using the TA.XT plus C universal testing machine. The constitutive equation of the four-element Burgers model was used to fit the deformation curve of the sample with time during the constant-pressure loading stage. The fitting determination coefficients R2 were all higher than 0.996, which verified the reasonable validity of the selected model. The above experimental results provide a parameter basis and theoretical support for the design and discrete element simulation optimization of orderly harvester critical components of green leafy vegetables.

Research on Hot Deformation Rheological Stress of Al-Mg-Si-Mn-Sc Aluminium Alloy.

The hot compression simulation testing machine was utilized to conduct compression experiments on an Al-Mg-Si-Mn alloy containing the rare earth element Sc at a deformation temperature ranging from 450 to 550 °C and a strain rate of 0.01 to 10 s-1. The study focused on the hot deformation behavior of the aluminum alloy, resulting in the determination of the optimal range of deformation process parameters for the alloy. The relationship between material flow stress, deformation temperature, and strain rate was described using the Arrhenius relationship containing thermal activation energy based on the stress-strain curve of hot compression deformation of aluminum alloy. This led to calculations for structural factor A, stress index n, and stress level parameters as well as thermal deformation activation energy to establish a constitutive Formula for hot deformation rheological stress of aluminum alloy and calculate the power dissipation factor η. Through this process, an optimized range for the optimal deformation process parameter for aluminum alloy was determined (deformation temperature: 490~510 °C; strain rate: 0.05 s-1) and verified in combination with mechanical properties and microstructure through hot extrusion deformation trial production.

Research on the Optimal Design of Retaining Piles of a Wide Metro Tunnel Foundation Pit Based on Deformation Control

Engineers pay more and more attention to the economic benefits of foundation pit engineering. At present, the optimal design of the foundation pit supporting structure mainly focuses on strength and functional design, and there is no mature theoretical design method for deformation control. In this paper, a method for calculating the overall deformation of a foundation pit supporting structure based on the principle of minimum potential energy is proposed. Based on this method, the optimal design of the foundation pit of Guangzhou Baiyun District Comprehensive Transportation Hub Metro Station is realized. The deformation calculation results and optimization design scheme are validated by finite element numerical simulation and field monitoring data. The results show that the proposed theoretical algorithm predicts the pile deformation curves better than the finite element method, suggesting the proposed theoretical method is reasonable and the optimization scheme of the retaining pile is feasible. In the optimized design, the deformation of the foundation pit retaining pile is controlled by its push-back effect. The proposed deformation calculation method can realize the overall deformation calculation of the foundation pit supporting structure.

Investigation on the fatigue crack propagation of rock-concrete interface under fatigue loading below the initial cracking load

The fatigue crack propagation of the composite rock-concrete interface under constant-amplitude flexural fatigue loading below the initial cracking load was investigated in the present study. Fatigue pre-crack initiation and propagation tests were first conducted on three types of rock-concrete interfaces under three-point bend loading. It was shown that for the rock-concrete interface, the damage evolution throughout the fatigue loading process can be divided into deceleration and acceleration stages according to the rate curves of flexural stiffness, deformation and crack propagation. The crack propagation rate exhibited two distinct regions when plotted on a log scale, namely the small-crack growth region and the long-crack growth region. The small-crack growth region for the studied rock-concrete interfaces was not particularly pronounced. The long-crack growth region was the Paris’ law region and included both the acceleration and part of the deceleration stages. Based on the experimental results, the fatigue crack propagation rate in the Paris’ law region was then described using the empirical Paris’ law. The exponent m1 in the Paris’ law was found to be approximately constant, with a value of m1 ≈ 21 for the rock-concrete interface. The pre-factor C1 was found to be dependent on both the load ratio R and the type of the rock-concrete interface (represented by an elastic mismatch parameter α). By introducing R and α into the empirical Paris’ law, an adjusted Paris’ law was proposed. The adjusted Paris’ law can describe the fatigue crack propagation rate in a unified way for the same rock-concrete interface of different R and different interfaces in the scope of this research. Based on the adjusted Paris’ law, the fatigue cycles during the crack propagation and fatigue lifetimes of all tested rock-concrete interface specimens were reasonably predicted. For practical applications, an approach was suggested involving a combination of the adjusted Paris’ law and a material coefficient β (approximately β ≈ 0.143 in this study) to estimate the fatigue lifetimes of structures or specimens with existing pre-cracks at the rock-concrete interface.

Axial performance of concrete-filled GFRP tube columns jacketed by outer stainless steel tube and sandwiched concrete

The concrete-filled FRP tube (CFFT) column, a prevalent and crucial structural element in marine environments, requires reinforcement measures to enhance its operational performance. This paper introduces a novel strengthening technology involving sandwiched concrete and stainless steel tube jackets. By conducting axial compression tests on two CFFT columns and nine reinforced columns, the failure modes, load-axial deformation curves, and load-strain relationships were analysed in this study. Additionally, the influence of outer steel tube thickness (3.0 mm, 4.0 mm, 5.0 mm) and sandwiched concrete strength grades (C50, C60, C70) on the axial compressive performance of the reinforced columns was investigated. The findings indicated that the proposed reinforcement method effectively mitigated the brittle failure associated with the original CFFT column. The external stainless steel tube played a crucial role in restraining lateral deformation of the internal CFFT column, thereby enhancing the axial compressive bearing capacity. Through theoretical analysis on the components in reinforced columns, a calculation formula for the axial compressive capacity of the reinforced column was derived according to the unified theory and the double-shear unified strength theory.

Three-dimensional modeling of the mechanical tensile behavior of metal weft-knitted fabric made from NiTi wire

In this work, the reasons for the difference between the deformation curves of TiNi wire and the metal knitted fabric made of it under uniaxial tension in the load-unload cycle have been investigated. Experimental stress-strain diagrams of NiTi wire under uniaxial tension to rupture and in the load-unload cycle have been obtained. The phase composition of the wire at each loading stage was investigated. The load curves of the NiTi wire under uniaxial tension has three linear sections corresponding to the following evolution of phase composition: up to 2% there is a section of elastic deformation of 91% austenite; in the strain range from 2% to 11% there is a plateau section associated with direct phase transformation from austenite to monoclinic martensite; the strain range from 11% to 18% is a linear hardening section associated with deformation of 69% monoclinic martensite. An accurate geometric model was developed and the stress-strain state of the metal weft-knitted fabric was evaluated to understand the mechanism of the transition from superelastic to hyperelastic deformation behavior. Direct phase transformation in metal weft-knitted web starts at a relative strain of 8% at a stress of 278 MPa. The stress reaches the ultimate strength of the wire of 684 MPa at a strain of 16.3%, and increasing the strain up to 20% causes the formation of new defect areas, mainly where the loops are in contact with each other. The calculated cyclic curve of the periodic unit cell of the metal weft knitted fabric is typical of hyperelastic materials and differs from the deformation curve of the titanium nickelide wire.

Research on the control of high-fill roadbed with tunnel slag in karst sections

In this study, based on the Kaihua section of the G205 (China) national highway reconstruction project, the construction area of the K4+550–K4+940 section was chosen to conduct settlement control research on the high-fill roadbed of the karst section within the construction area. The viability of using clayey gravel and tunnel slag as roadbed fill was evaluated through laboratory soil tests. The construction technology of grouting was used to manage the substructure of the karst section. After installing prestress anchors on the top of the foundation, a ‘layered’ filling scheme was utilised to fill the tunnel slag and clayey gravel. The Flac3D simulation software was used to contrast the deformation curves of key nodes on unanchored and anchored roadbeds. The test results indicate that the California bearing ratio satisfies the requirements of the specification and that the uniaxial compression strength of the tunnel slag satisfies the requirements of the specification when the clayey gravel is near the optimal moisture content and dry density and when the compaction is controlled within 94%. The use of prestress anchors can strengthen the rock and soil layers of the foundation and reduce the plastic zone distribution. This paper provides a corresponding engineering experience for the treatment of high-fill roadbeds in karst areas.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Fracture Behavior of Extruded Wood-Plastic Composites under Bending.

The ability of wood-plastic composites (WPCs) to withstand various loads and resist plastic failure is attracting more and more interest due to the global increase in demand for WPCs by over 6 million tons per year. Among the most important and innovative research methods are those based on fracture mechanics-their results enable material designers to optimize the structures of these hybrid polymer composites at the nano, micro and macro levels, and they allow engineers to more accurately evaluate and select functional, sustainable, long-lasting and safe product designs. In this study, standard single-edge notched bending (SENB) tests were used to analyze the fracture toughness of two different extruded WPCs along the longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) directions of extrusion. In addition to their resistance to crack propagation, critical fracture criteria, initial contact stiffness, fracture parameters and fracture surfaces, the mechanical properties of these composites were also investigated. The results showed that WPC-A coded composites withstood higher loads until failure in both directions compared to WPC-B. Despite the larger data spread, both types of composites were more resistant to crack propagation in the T direction. Mode II of crack propagation was clearly visible, while mode III was not as pronounced. The experimental results and the numerical finite element (FE) model developed up to 58% of the maximum load correlated well, and the obtained deformation curves were best approximated using cubic equations (R2 > 0.99). The shear stress zone and its location, as well as the distribution of the equivalent stresses, had a major influence on crack propagation in the fracture process zone (FZP).

An Assessment of Some Mechanical Properties of Harvested Potato Tubers cv. Spunta

Mechanical properties of vegetables or crop materials play a noteworthy part in designing new related implements. These properties can be extracted from force–deformation curves. Several factors, such as soil preparation, irrigation, and pre- and post-harvest treatments influence them. The core objective of this investigation work was to analyze force–deformation curves obtained from compression, penetration, and shear tests of potatoes (Spunta cv.) produced with three tillage implements. The potatoes cv. Spunta were cultivated in loamy sand soil under the center-pivot irrigation system. The tillage implements used were a disc harrow plow, chisel plow, and moldboard plow. The trials were performed at a constant planting depth (15 cm) below the soil and a single plowing speed of 5.4 km/h. All data were expressed as an average of five replicates ± standard deviation. The force–deformation curves analysis showed that the modulus of elasticity for potatoes cv. Spunta ranged from 4.32 to 5.8 N/mm, the bioyield force ranged from 84.25 to 114.12 N, and rupture forces ranged from 100.90 to 139.78 N. Furthermore, the results showed that the average values of the elastic and plastic ranges were 3.0 and 2.1 mm, respectively. The mean value of hardness was 1671.53 N·mm. No significant differences were observed with respect to the two planting seasons, but tillage implements had a significant impact on the characteristics extracted from the compression tests. The mean of the maximum forces required to penetrate the potato during the penetration stage were 41.24 N, 44.86 N, and 47.16 N for potatoes produced with the disc harrow plow, chisel plow, and moldboard plow, respectively. Similarly, the means of the maximum forces required to cut the potato in the shear stage were 724.38 N, 761 N, and 773.43 N for the disc harrow plow, chisel plow, and moldboard plow, respectively. The force–deformation curves showed that additional information might be required to obtain a complete description of the potato quality necessary to harvest potatoes cv. Spunta using harvesting and handling equipment with reduced economic loss. An extensive study of the soil characteristics and the above-mentioned properties is also recommended. The results obtained about the mechanical characteristics of potatoes cv. Spunta can be useful in providing information that aids in designing potato harvesting machines and in potato products factories.

Current dependence of output voltage and discharge capacity of a tertiary battery

Tertiary batteries (TBs), which can be charged by a temperature change (ΔT), are prospective energy-harvesting devices. In this work, we investigated the variations in the output voltage (VTB) and discharge capacity (QTB) with current (I) of NaxCo[Fe(CN)6]0.87/NaxNi[Fe(CN)6]0.94 TBs (ΔT of 30 K) per unit weight of total active materials at 45 °C. Reflecting the battery resistance R, VTB(I) decreases with increasing I as VTBIRI=VTB0−MRI, where M is the total weight of the active material. We found that QTB(I) had values that were slightly smaller than those obtained by incorporating only the voltage-drop effect, QTBIRI=QTB(0)×VTBIR(I)VTB(0). The deviation between the observed QTB(I) and QTBIR(I) can be accurately explained in terms of the I-induced deformation of the discharge curve.

Photosynthetic variation and detoxification strategies based on cadmium uptake, non-protein thiols, and secondary metabolites in Miscanthus sacchariflorus under cadmium exposure.

Miscanthus sacchariflorus is previously demonstrated to be a potential candidate for remediation of cadmium (Cd) pollution. To explore its resistance strategy to Cd, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to determine the variations of photosynthetic activity in leaves and physiological response in roots of this plant. Results showed that the root of M. sacchariflorus was the primary location for Cd accumulation. The bioconcentration factor in the roots and rhizomes was >1, and the translocation factor from underground to aboveground was <1. Throughout the experimental period, treatment with 0.06 mM Cd2+ did not significantly alter the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, or carotenoid. By contrast, treatment with 0.15 and 0.30 mM Cd2+ decreased the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid; caused the deformation of the chlorophyll fluorescence transient curve; reduced the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II; and increased the contents of non-protein thiols, total flavone, and total phenol. These results indicate that M. sacchariflorus has good adaptability to 0.06 mM Cd2+. Moreover, the accumulation of the non-protein thiols, total flavone, and total phenol in roots may promote the chelation of Cd2+, thus alleviating Cd toxicity. This study provides theoretical support for using M. sacchariflorus to remediate Cd-polluted wetlands.

Ligamentous Augmentation to Prevent Proximal Junctional Kyphosis and Failure

Study Design: Biomechanical cadaveric study (level V). Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of polyethylene bands looped around the supra-adjacent spinous process (SP) or spinal lamina (SL) in providing strength to the cephalad unfused segment and reducing junctional stress. Background: Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is a pathologic kyphotic deformity adjacent to posterior spinal instrumentation after fusion constructs. Recent studies demonstrate a mismatch in stiffness between the instrumented construct and nonfused adjacent levels to be a causative factor in the development of PJK and proximal junction failure. To our knowledge, no biomechanical studies have addressed the effect of different methods of polyethylene band placement at the proximal junction. Materials and Methods: Twelve fresh frozen cadavers were divided into 3 groups of 4: pedicle screw-based instrumentation from T10 to L5 (“control”), T10–L5 instrumentation with a polyethylene band to the T9 “SP,” T10–L5 instrumentation with 2 polyethylene bands to the T9 “SL.” Specimens were tested with an eccentric (10 mm anterior) load at 5 mm/min for 15 mm or until failure occurred. Failure was defined by the inflection point on the load versus deformation curves. Linear regression was utilized to evaluate the effect of augmentation on the load-to-failure. Significance was set at 0.05. Results: Fractures occurred in all specimens tested. The mean peak load to failure was 2148 N (974–3322) for the SP group, and 1248 N (742–1754) for the control group (P &gt; 0.05) and 1390 N (1080–2004) for the SL group. No difference existed between the control group and the SP group in terms of fracture level (P &gt; 0.05). Net kyphotic angulation shows no differences among these 3 groups (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: Although statistical significance was not achieved, ligament augmentation to the SP increased mean peak load-to-failure in a cadaveric PJK model.

Normalized analysis of deformation for deep excavation diaphragm walls under different neighboring building conditions

This study investigates the impact of neighboring buildings on diaphragm wall deformation during deep excavation for building foundations. Prior numerical analyses predominantly utilized surface loading models, overlooking the influence of neighboring basements. Employing the finite-element method with PLAXIS 3D AE software, we assess the effects of neighboring structures on deep excavation. Our simulation adopts the top-down construction method, employing plate elements to represent diaphragm walls Temporary retaining support measures are implemented using H-shaped steel assemblies with preloaded anchors to simulate realistic excavation conditions. Neighboring building structures are accurately modeled using plate elements. Our findings reveal that the lateral displacement of the diaphragm wall varies with the depth of neighboring basements. At depths approximately half that of the excavation depth, the displacement significantly increases, reaching approximately 1.7 times the excavation depth and stabilizing thereafter. When neighboring buildings are about twice the excavation depth away, the deformation curve of the wall converges to that of "no loading," suggesting negligible influence on diaphragm wall deformation beyond this distance. Additionally, within one excavation depth, the maximum lateral displacement depth tends to be closer to the surface as the distance to the diaphragm wall decreases. Beyond a distance of one excavation depth from the diaphragm wall, the maximum lateral displacement position is approximately at the excavation face. This study significantly contributes to the comprehension of neighboring structures' influence on diaphragm walls during deep excavation, providing crucial insights for enhancing safety measures.

Volume change characteristic of compacted bentonite during hydration upon high suction change: Experimental study and constitutive simulation

The assessment and predicting of volume change characteristic in compacted bentonite during hydration upon high suction change are crucial considerations in the design and construction of geological repositories. However, the mechanism for volume change behavior of bentonite upon suction change path is not yet well understood. Existing elastoplastic models show some limitations for describing hydration deformation of compacted bentonite upon high suction change path. In this work, suction-controlled hydration deformation tests were conducted on compacted GMZ01 bentonite under constant vertical stresses. The various forms of void ratio-suction curves observed suggested that the swelling-collapse behavior during hydration was influenced by the over-consolidation ratio (OCR). Furthermore, it was observed that each hydration deformation curve (e-lns) exhibited a saturation suction value. When the suction decreased to the saturation suction, the bentonite reached a state where further hydration was no longer possible, resulting in the absence of additional swelling or collapse deformation. The unique relationship between saturation suction and stress applied, i.e. critical saturated state (CSS) curve was proved to existed, which dividing the stress space (s-p plane) into unsaturated and saturated zones. A model framework with the concept of CSS curve was introduced and the suction-induced volume change equation was determined based on the tests results. The simulation results of hydration deformation tests demonstrated excellent agreement with the experimental data. The test results in this work provide the important mechanical parameters for the design and construction of geological repositories. Meanwhile, the proposed model could describe volume change characteristic of compacted bentonite during hydration upon high suction change, showing great significance for the safety assessment of repositories.

Method for Determining Foundation Bearing Capacity Based on Pressuremeter Test Curve

The pressuremeter test is a horizontal in-situ load test that can objectively reflect the lateral strength and deformation characteristics of the tested soil. The existing methods for determining the characteristic values of foundation bearing capacity through pressuremeter tests are mainly based on the pressure values corresponding to the starting and ending points of the straight line part of the lateral pressure load deformation curve, which has significant uncertainty. Based on the characteristics of the p-s curve, this article uses a cubic polynomial to fit the p-s curve, and the goodness of fit is greater than 0.99; gives a method for determining the characteristic values of foundation bearing capacity based on the pressure value at the inflection point of the p-s curve; and obtains the bearing capacity of the silty clay layer and the fine sand layer in the depth range of 46.0 meters. The calculation results show that compared with the near line method, the relative error of the bearing capacity characteristics of the foundation is within 20%, which can meet the engineering needs. This provides a new approach for determining the bearing capacity of foundations through lateral pressure tests.

Bearing–curling interaction of austenitic stainless steel thin sheet bolted connections

The bearing–curling interactive behaviour and capacities of austenitic stainless steel thin sheet bolted connections are studied in this paper, underpinned by testing and numerical modelling. Experiments were firstly conducted on 26 austenitic stainless steel thin sheet bolted connection specimens, including 19 specimens designed with curling and 7 specimens designed without curling. The test failure loads, failure modes, load–in-plane elongation curves and load–out-of-plane deformation curves were fully reported. The experimental programme was followed by a numerical modelling programme, where finite element models were firstly developed to repeat the experimental results and then used to carry out parametric studies to generate a numerical data pool. Based on the obtained numerical data, the influences of end distance, edge distance, longitudinal spacing, transverse spacing and sheet thickness on failure loads of austenitic stainless steel thin sheet bolted connections were discussed. The test and numerical data were used to assess the existing design provisions, as given in the European code and American specification. The assessment results revealed that the European code led to overall accurate but scattered failure load predictions, while the American specification was shown to result in overly unsafe and scattered failure load predictions.

Improving the lateral load resistance capacity of cellular lightweight concrete (CLC) block masonry walls through ferrocement overlay

Cellular lightweight concrete (CLC) block masonry is an eco-friendly building material gaining popularity in both developed and developing countries. Despite its increasing use, the material's behavior under seismic loading remains insufficiently understood. This research involved quasi-static testing of two full-scale CLC blocks masonry walls strengthened with ferrocement overlay. One of the strengthened walls was subjected to confinement, while the other was unconfined. The aim was to assess their seismic performance by comparing force deformation curves, damping, stiffness degradation, and structural performance levels with non-strengthened walls. The findings indicate that the strengthened masonry outperformed the unreinforced version, suggesting that CLC block masonry exhibits potential for effective performance in low to moderate seismic zones.