Deformation Conditions Research Articles

Bioinspired adaptive lipid-integrated bilayer coating for enhancing dynamic water retention in hydrogel-based flexible sensors

While hydrogel-based flexible sensors find extensive applications in fields such as medicine and robotics, their performance can be hindered by the rapid evaporation of water, leading to diminished sensitivity and mechanical durability. Despite the exploration of some effective solutions, such as introducing organic solvents, electrolytes, and elastomer composites, these approaches still suffer from problems including diminished conductivity, interface misalignment, and insufficient protection under dynamic conditions. Inspired by cell membrane structures, we developed an adaptive lipid-integrated bilayer coating (ALIBC) to enhance water retention in hydrogel-based sensors. Lipid layers and long-chain amphiphilic molecules are used as compact coating and anchoring agents on the hydrogel surface, mimicking the roles of lipids and membrane proteins in cell membranes, while spare lipids from aggregates within hydrogels can migrate to the surface to combat dehydration under deformation. This lipid-integrated bilayer coating prevents the water evaporation of hydrogels at both static and dynamic states without affecting the inherent flexibility, conductivity, and no cytotoxicity. Hydrogel-based sensors with ALIBC exhibited significantly enhanced performance in conditions of body temperature, extensive deformation, and long-term dynamic sensing. This work presents a general approach for precisely controlling the water-retaining capacity of hydrogels and hydrogel-based sensors without compromising their intrinsic physical properties.

Effect of the flow behavior and dynamic recrystallization of EH420 marine steel on the morphology evolution of martensite substructures

The hot deformation behavior of EH420 marine steel was investigated by isothermal compression tests in the temperature range of 850~1050°C and the strain rate range of 0.01~10s−1. A high-temperature constitutive model and a hot processing map were developed. The results indicated that the microstructure of EH420 marine steel after hot deformation was mainly bainite and lath martensite. The martensite blocks gradually coarsened with the increase in temperature within the range of 950~1050°C/0.01s-1, and the average width increased from about 0.7 μm to 2.3 μm. At high strain rates, martensite blocks became coarse and disordered due to flow instability. The flow stress curve showed a single peak when the strain rate was low. There were more dynamic recrystallization (DRX) structures, resulting in fine and ordered martensite blocks. Under the deformation conditions of 0.1~10s-1/1000°C, the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) decreased from 53.5% to 40.7% as the strain rate increased. Meanwhile, the hot deformation mechanism shifted from discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) to the combined effect of DDRX and dynamic recovery (DRV) and finally transformed into DRV. The flow stress derived from the constitutive model was consistent with the experimental results. The activation energy of EH420 marine steel was 3.16×105J/mol. The optimal hot processing parameters were 950~1050°C and 0.01~0.1s-1.

Performance prediction of 304 L stainless steel based on machine learning

With the development of testing technology and data mining methodologies, machine learning (ML) has been widely applied for predicting the performance of materials in various systems including stainless steel with improved performance. To address the limitations of traditional experimental and statistical methods in predicting the thermal deformation of materials, a predictive machine learning model was developed based on the data obtained from thermal simulation compression tests. Specifically, the Arrhenius and the Modified Johnson-Cook (J-C) Constitutive Model were developed utilizing experimental data to initially predict the rheological behavior of 1.52% Cu-304L stainless steel. Then, a physical metallurgy (PM)-guided Back Propagation (BP) model was developed, and Genetic Algorithm (GA), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), and Mind Evolutionary Algorithm (MEA) were incorporated into the model for optimization purposes, respectively. Finally, the results indicate that the PM-MEA-BP model exhibits superior predictive performance, accurately forecasting the texture evolution of 304L stainless steel with random crystal orientation under rolling deformation conditions. Additionally, the present work also clearly demonstrated that the model not only satisfies precision requirement but also has certain guiding significance for optimizing process parameters and forecasting the microstructure and properties of stainless steel.

FEM Analysis of Crane Hooks with Different Cross Section

In this paper the 3D model of the crane hook was realized using Autodesk Inventor Professional 2025 and finite element analysis, was performed using Ansys Workbench, in order to determine the state of stress, deformation and safety factor, by applying restrictions and loads conditions. Two materials were chosen, for crane hook, in accordance with the specialized literature. The materials taken for static analysis was Stainless Steel AISI 1020 and 34CrMo4. The FEM analysis of a crane hook provides critical information for evaluating the design's structural integrity, identifying potential problem areas, and ensuring that the hook can safely carry the loads it is intended to handle.

Morphology and Properties of the Laser-Irradiated Composition “Chrome Coating — Copper Substrate”

Introduction. During pulsed laser processing and modification of the surface of non-ferrous alloys and coatings based on them, several still unresolved issues arise. In particular, the extreme thermal deformation conditions of laser processing are not linked to the peculiarities of structure formation and formation of properties in irradiated “coating — copper substrate” compositions. A metal physical analysis of the possibility and reasons for increasing the adhesion strength of coatings to a metal (copper) substrate during high-speed laser processing is insufficiently substantiated and evidence-based. To make a reasonable choice of technological parameters for the surface hardening mode of non-ferrous alloy products, as well as for obtaining high-quality workable composite layers on their surface, it is necessary to solve the above issues and tasks. The aim of this article is to determine the possibility and conditions for increasing the adhesion strength of a chrome coating to a copper substrate under laser irradiation of the composition.Materials and Methods. Metal physical studies in the work were carried out on samples of non-ferrous alloys of the Cu–Zn system with a chrome electrochemical coating with a thickness of 20 μm. The “copper substrate — chrome coating” composition was irradiated at a Kvant-16 installation with a radiation power density of 70–250 MW/m2. Metallographic structural analysis, scanning probe microscopy, and durometric studies were used in the work.Results. It has been calculated that the dynamic and thermal stresses arising in the laser-irradiated compositions “chrome coating — copper substrate” were about 320 MPa. Metal physical studies revealed that, in extreme thermal deformation conditions of laser treatment, the effect of contact melting was manifested at the boundary of the coating with the copper base. Dynamic recrystallization occurred in the surface layers of the irradiated L62 copper alloy, resulting in the formation of grains with a size of 4.5–5.0 μm on the surface of the alloy with an initial grain size of 25 μm.Discussion and Conclusion. It has been found that the adhesion strength of a chrome coating to a copper alloy substrate increased laser irradiation at a radiation power density of 150 MW/m2. This was due to the formation of a transition region 2–4 μm deep in the contact zone with a structure consisting of sections of mutually insoluble solid solutions based on chromium and copper. Based on the analysis of the copper —chromium state diagram and the model of the temperature field under laser irradiation of the chromium coating, it was suggested that contact melting occurred in the transition zone from the coating to the copper substrate. It was shown that thermostrictive stresses, the calculated quantitative values of which were about 320 MPa, had an initiating effect on the observed processes of structure formation in the laser irradiation zones. It was found that such a level of stresses arising in copper alloys under laser irradiation was sufficient for plastic deformation and dynamic recrystallization of the metal and contributed to the formation of a fine-grained structure (4.5–5.0 μm) with an initial grain size of 25 μm. An analysis of the results of studies of irradiated compositions "coating — copper substrate" allowed us to conclude that they expanded the technological capabilities of the laser method of hardening materials and ensure guaranteed high performance of irradiated products with coatings

CORRESPONDENCE OF NUMERICAL MODELS OF LANDSLIDE-PRONE SLOPE TO PHYSICAL OBJECTS OF RESEARCH

Purpose. The purpose of this work is to substantiate the adequacy of numerical models to real physical objects, which significantly depends on how precisely the physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil massif are determined. This especially applies to the determination of critical geometric parameters of slopes. Methodology. Generalization of well-known research in geomechanics and geotechnics, which used an approach to determine the main mechanical characteristics of the soil massif based on the analysis of the deformed state, including critical, real objects, and subsequent back-calculations. Findings. According to the methodology in accordance with the specified approach, all objects under investigation, regardless of their final purpose, are classified according to a justified classification feature. For each class, the following basic real objects are selected, on which irreversible changes in the deformation state have occurred. If the geological structure, hydrogeology of the rock massif, external influences, as well as the geometric parameters of such a destructive process, which is a landslide, are known, then through reverse calculations it is possible to find such averaged physical and mechanical characteristics, the use of which for the appropriate class of selected objects will allow to build and investigate an adequate geomechanical model. Originality. A methodical approach to the determination of physical and mechanical characteristics by their selection, using cases of manifestations of the stress-strain state of pre-classified real objects, is proposed. Practical value. Determining the critical conditions of natural slopes and artificial slopes based on the assessment of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil massif as a whole by means of reverse calculations will allow to safely design the construction of buildings and structures on the slopes and ensure the reliable operation of open pit mining operations.

Deformation pseudo-twinning of the L21-ordered intermetallic superlattice

Ordered intermetallic materials are promising candidates for applications in extreme environments due to the strong localized bonding schemes that stabilize the structures against degradation. Here, we investigate the propensity for deformation twinning modes in the L21-ordered MnCu2Al intermetallic by inducing a state of severe plastic deformation. Post-mortem microstructural analysis reveals the presence of meso-scale deformation twins accompanied by a high degree of nano-scale crystalline heterogeneity. The orientation relationship between the parent and twin structures is consistent with activation of the 〈111〉{112} deformation twinning mode. Ab initio generalized stacking fault energy curve calculations corresponding to 〈111〉{112} twinning shear suggest that the magnitude of the twinning partial is 14〈111〉{112} and results in the local formation of a metastable orthorhombic phase within the pseudo-twin. This work highlights the discrepancy between the deformation modes of ordered/disordered structures and promotes an increased awareness for the role that long-range chemical order plays in determining deformation modes.

Dynamic Recrystallization Simulation of PH13-8Mo Stainless Steel by Cellular Automata Method Based on Laasraoui–Jonas Dislocation Density Model

The Gleeble-1500 hot simulation experimental equipment was used to investigate the effects of hot simulation compression on PH13-8Mo stainless steel with strain rates ranging from 0.1 to 10 s−1 and deformation temperatures ranging from 900 to 1150 °C. The stress–strain charts for each deformation condition clearly show the characteristics of dynamic recrystallization behavior. The rheological stress rises as the deformation temperature falls and the strain rate rises. A coupled Laasraoui–Jonas (L–J) model was developed based on the discovery that the dislocation density is crucial to the nucleation and micro-structure evolution of dynamic recrystallization during thermal deformation. The findings demonstrate that the model accurately captures the combined action of dynamic reversion and recrystallization inside the material during hot compression of PH13-8Mo stainless steel and that as deformation rises, the dislocation density first increases and subsequently drops. For calculations and numerical simulations of the evolution of the micro-structure under hot compression, the created model was integrated into the DEFORM-3D finite element simulation program. The projected micro-structure evolution of the PH13-8Mo stainless steel under various deformation circumstances is compared to the measured grain distribution, grain size, and the degree of dynamic recrystallization in the metallographic pictures. The fact that the simulated result plots resemble the metallographic charts so closely demonstrates that the L–J dislocation density model can reliably forecast how dynamic recrystallization of PH13-8Mo stainless steel would behave under hot compression.

Influence of AlCoCrFeNiCuSn HEA reinforcement particles on the plastic flow behaviour of the friction stir processed composite material under constrained confined deformation conditions

In the present investigation, an AlCoCrFeNiCuSn high entropy alloy (HEA) reinforced (with 2.5, 5, 7.5 weight percentage (wt.%)) AA7050-based metal matrix composite has been developed by utilising the friction-stir processing (FSP) technique. Further, the representative volume element (RVE) based finite element analysis (FEA) model and macro-mechanical static indentation FEA model have been developed to analyze the plastic deformation of developed composite material under constrained confined deformation conditions at a load range of 4.90 to 49.03 kN. The microstructural investigation confirms the fair distribution of AlCoCrFeNiCuSn HEA particles in the AA7050 matrix. The micro-mechanical RVE-based FEA model and macro-mechanical static indentation FEA model were successfully validated with experimental and analytical models (ECM and FPM) with less than 5% percentage difference. The yield strength of matrix material was increased with 6.51%, 10.47%, and 15.19% by increasing the AlCoCrFeNiCuSn HEA reinforcement particle with 2.5wt.%, 5wt.%, and 7.5wt.% respectively. Further, the tensile strength of matrix material was increased with 1.88%, 3.93%, and 10.49% by increasing the AlCoCrFeNiCuSn HEA reinforcement particle with 2.5wt.%, 5wt.%, and 7.5wt.% respectively. Additionally, Composition 1 (AA7050/2.5wt.% AlCoCrFeNiCuSn HEA), composition 2 (AA7050/5wt.% AlCoCrFeNiCuSn HEA) and composition 3 (AA7050/7.5wt.% AlCoCrFeNiCuSn HEA) show 7.39%, 11.91% and 22.16% more Meyer’s hardness than matrix material.

Strength and plasticity coordination improvement mechanism in network structure TiBw/TA15 composite via multi-DOF forming

TiBw/TA15 composite with network TiB whisker (TiBw) reinforcement architecture, exhibits high strength but limited plasticity, presenting a significant challenge in enhancing the plasticity of TiBw/TA15 composites. In the current work, strength and plasticity coordination improvement of TiBw/TA15 composite is achieved through the application of multi-degrees of freedom forming (multi-DOF forming) technology. The α phase spheroidization behaviour and strength-plasticity coordination improvement mechanisms are investigated. The results elucidate that increasing deformation amount through multi-DOF forming leads to more pronounced α phase spheroidization and refinement. This effect is attributed to the generation of substantial strain along the deformation path, particularly in the regions where hard TiBw particles rotate (i.e., the tips of TiBw). Additionally, the impediment of dislocation movement by TiBw causes dislocations to accumulate along these rotation regions via single slip and cross slip mechanisms, thereby accelerating the α phase spheroidization process. Furthermore, with increasing deformation amount, the strength and plasticity are coordinately improved. The tensile strength and elongation increase linearly from 972 MPa to 1239 MPa (increased by 27.5 %) and from 5.6 % to 7.9 % (increased by 41.1 %) as the deformation condition advanced from the sintered state to the 40 % deformation condition, respectively. Improved plasticity can be attributed to the refinement of grains and TiBw, promoting more uniform plastic deformation and reducing stress concentrations during tensile testing. The strengthening mechanisms encompass load transfer strengthening facilitated by TiBw, grain refinement strengthening and dislocation pinning effect caused by TiBw.

Mode shape area difference method for sparse damage detection in beam‐like structures

AbstractThis article develops the mode shape area difference (MSAD) method for detecting sparse damage in beam‐like structures under serviceability conditions. MSAD enhances the static deformation area difference (DAD) damage detection method by extending its application to the modal domain. MSAD leverages the sensitivity of mode shapes to the damage, enabling damage detection and localization through the quantification of area differences between functions of modal displacements and their derivatives. To test the applicability of the method to real modal data that is affected by measurement noise resulting in different accuracies on which the modal displacements are estimated, method is evaluated under different levels of artificial noise added to the theoretical mode shapes derived from numerical model of a simply supported reinforced concrete beam. The noise level is defined by a maximum noise amplitude representing the maximal permutation in each component of normalized mode shape. Additionally, the threshold value of noise level from within the reliable estimation of damage based on MSAD method is determined. It is confirmed that MSAD method requires mode shapes with exceptionally low noise levels and demands precise estimation of all mode shape components, thereby reducing its applicability to real experimental data.

Machine learning-Assisted spiral fiber Bragg Grating-Based flexible dual-parameter sensing

The ability of flexible sensors to bend or fold freely offers great advantages in sensing ability and adaptability to harsh environments. Moreover, compared with typical electrical effect based flexible sensors, optical based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) flexible sensors offer much greater ease of networking and resistance to electromagnetic interference, making them suitable for distributed multi-point strain measurements in complex environments. In this paper, two FBGs with no overlapping reflective spectra are shallowly embedded in the surface layer of a flexible thin-cylinder substrate to form a dual-parameter flexible strain sensor. However, it is crucial for the changes in direction and curvature parameters of FBG strain sensors under deformation to be accurately understood to characterize the current deformation state of the flexible sensor. Moreover, conventional peak tracking demodulation methods often fail to account for distortion in the reflected spectrum of a spiral FBG under stress. Hence, a multi-output convolutional neural network learning model is constructed to simultaneously identify the bending direction and curvature radius of the flexible sensor using machine learning methods. Experimental results show that the flexible dual-parameter FBG sensor has precisely recognize angles to within 2° across a 360° range, with a curvature recognition accuracy of 99.1%, offering precision sensing performance suitable for highly demanding application scenarios such as bionic robots and flexible medical devices.

Investigating Optimum Hot Working Window of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Using Modified Dynamic Material Modeling

AbstractThis paper uses a modified dynamic material modeling (MDMM) suggested by Murty and Rao to develop processing maps (PM) of 2205 duplex stainless steels (DSS). Gleeble 1500D, a thermo-mechanical simulator was used to conduct single hit compression tests at a temperature between 850 and 1050 °C and strain rates of 0.001-5 s−1. Additionally hot compression tests at a strain rate of 15 s−1 and same temperature range were also conducted on a Bahr 805 dilatometer. As per general procedure acquired stress-strain data were corrected for friction and adiabatic heating, before constructing PMs at true strains of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8. Microstructures to validate the PM were prepared from safe domains and instability regimes belonging to PM of 0.8 true strain. Results showed that hot processing at intermediate to high strain rates and temperature leads to formation of flow instabilities such as mechanical twins and adiabatic shear bands. Safe domain located within the temperature range of (850-925) °C, strain rates of (2.6-15) s−1 and peak η = 35% gave an inhomogeneous microstructure with presumably non-uniform mechanical properties. This region was considered ideal for hot processing of 2205 DSS provided that deformation conditions are carefully controlled to optimise DRX. Low Z conditions also provided an optimum hot working for hot processing.

Contact phenomena between load-bearing skeletons of bowed fuel assemblies in PWRs with mixed cores

The paper presents a comprehensive method for modelling contact interactions between two different types of fuel assemblies within a mixed core. Particular emphasis is placed on the hexagonal fuel assemblies commonly found in VVER reactors. The presence of bowed fuel assemblies may induce mutual contact, resulting in temporary or permanent contact conditions. This interaction, in conjunction with the vibration of core components, can lead to fretting wear of the load-bearing skeletons of fuel assemblies. By using the proposed computational model and experimentally estimated fretting wear parameters, the method allows detailed analysis of fretting wear as a function of various factors. These factors include operating conditions, distribution of fuel assembly types within the mixed core, burn-up state of contacting assemblies and the shape of their static deformation.

Strain-insensitive stretchable triboelectric tactile sensors via interfacial stress dispersion

The accuracy and reliability of flexible tactile sensors are often compromised by the deformation of functional materials and fluctuations in the structureactivity relationship during bending or stretching. In this work, a highly strain-insensitive stretchable triboelectric tactile sensor (SS-TTS) is developed via an interfacial stress dispersion strategy. By integrating softness-stiffness materials with an interfacial circular structure (ICS), the concentrated interfacial stress is induced to disperse onto a soft substrate, effectively suppressing strain in the sensing region during stretching. When the optimal geometric parameters of ICS (n=10, d = 6.0 mm) are used, the sensor demonstrates ultrahigh strain insensitivity (98 %) in the stretchable range of 0–70 % with a wide pressure range up to 150 kPa. Furthermore, the SS-TTS is seamlessly incorporated into a wearable wristband for precise monitoring of pulse signals regardless of human wrist size. This demonstrates its potential for personalized health monitoring applications. Additionally, a 3×3 triboelectric sensor array is constructed to function as a strain-insensitive stretchable touch panel for tactile imaging and trajectory recognition, further expanding the sensor's versatility. This work paves the way for the future design of stretchable electronics tailored for intelligent sensing applications under deformable conditions.

Strain-engineered stretchable substrates for free-form display applications

With the growing potential of the Internet of Things, displays are being utilized to provide various types of information in every aspect of daily life, leading to the expansion of form-factor-free displays. Stretchable displays are considered the ultimate goal in form factor innovation, and they are not limited to rectangular shapes with deformation characteristics suited to target applications. Because reliable stretchable displays should be robust under uniaxial and biaxial strain, there have been efforts to tailor mechanical stress with promising strategies from structural and material perspectives. This review focuses on strain-engineering stretchable substrates for free-form display applications. First, we introduce deformable substrates with structural stretchability, achieved by incorporating buckling and Kirigami structures into plastic films, and we systematically analyze the tensile deformation characteristics based on design elements. In addition, we examined intrinsically stretchable elastomeric substrates, which have gained considerable attention due to recent advances in material and processing technologies. Their spatial modulus patterning is studied by applying optimized design principles, achieved through network alignment and crosslinking control in homogeneous elastomers, as well as by incorporating heterogeneous structures within the elastomer materials. Finally, we discussed state-of-the-art stretchable display applications employing strain-engineered stretchable substrates, focusing on advantageous materials and structures based on the display components, processes, and target deformation characteristics. Building on this foundation, we discuss the development of next-generation free-form displays and aim to contribute to their application in various static and dynamic deformation environments.

Effects of TiB2 particles on deformation behavior, softening mechanisms and recrystallization texture of hot-compressed Fe-TiB2 composites

Fe-TiB2 composites, also termed as high modulus steel, offer a promising solution to the challenge of achieving both lightweight and high stiffness materials. However, the presence of TiB2 particles in Fe-TiB2 composites results in poor hot-workability. Therefore, understanding the effects of TiB2 particles on the hot deformation behavior, dynamic recrystallization (DRX), and microstructural evolution of Fe-TiB2 composites is crucial for optimizing their hot-working process. In this study, we elucidated the effects of TiB2 particles on deformation behavior and dynamic softening behavior by conducting a series of isothermal compression tests on as-cast Fe-TiB2 composites and as-cast base alloys (control group) at temperatures of 800–1200 °C, strains of 0.36–1.2, and strain rates of 0.01–1 s⁻1. Using electron backscatter diffraction, we characterized the microstructures of composites and base alloys, showing that TiB2 particles induce a DRX process through particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) at low temperatures and promote continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) at high temperatures. The presence of TiB2 particles have significantly affected the dislocation movement and distribution, which changes the deformation energy distribution and thus facilitates different DRX behaviors under various thermal deformation conditions. Additionally, the microstructure resulting from DRX through PSN exhibits significant texture weakening and grain refinement, presenting a promising method for fabricating ultrafine-grained Fe-TiB2 composites.

Self-healing Polymer-clay Nanocomposite Hydrogel-based All-in-one Stretchable Supercapacitor

Stretchable supercapacitors are promising energy storage devices for the next generation of stretchable systems. However, having a stable and durable electrical energy output is challenging under various deformation conditions such as bending, twisting, and stretching. In this work, we report a novel all-in-one stretchable supercapacitor using a polymer-clay nanocomposite (PCN) hydrogel as the base for both the electrode and electrolyte layers. To prepare the hydrogel electrode, hybrid nanoparticles composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and manganese dioxide were synthesized and incorporated into the PCN hydrogel. The hydrogel electrode showed an elongation at break up to 6511 %, ultimate tensile strength of 29.2 kPa, and energy at break of 1.6 MJ m−3. The final hydrogel supercapacitor was assembled by sandwiching a PCN hydrogel electrolyte layer (containing a LiCl salt solution) between two layers of hydrogel electrode, realizing an areal capacitance of 45.6 mF cm−2 at 0.5 mA cm−2. The device also showed self-healing ability.

Calculation and analysis of wet clutch sliding torque based on fluid-solid coupling dynamic behavior

The fluid dynamics equations of groove cavity and non-grooved gap are established and combined to obtain fluid load bearing model. Considering the chain effect among local deformation, the deformation equation of friction surface under fluid-solid coupling load is developed to characterize reconstructed friction gap. The internal pressure and external load are used to iteratively solve the distribution of film thickness and contact area. An improved sliding torque calculation model is established by the microscopic state of fluid motion and solid deformation instead of fitting friction coefficient by multiple conditions. The accuracy of torque model is proved by sliding test. The influence of applied pressure, relative speed and lubricant flow on torque is weakened in turn according to fluid-solid state analysis.

Research on the Theoretical Models of FRP-Confined Gangue Aggregate Concrete Partially Filled Steel Tube Columns

FRP-confined gangue aggregate concrete partially filled steel tubes (CGCPFTs) can not only effectively enhance the performance of coal gangue concrete, but also fully exploit the elastic-plastic mechanical behavior of the steel tubes. However, research on theoretical models that can describe their mechanical properties is yet to be conducted. To fill this gap, theoretical models for structural design and analysis were proposed for CGCPFTs. For the analytical model, based on the available experimental data, a prediction method for the stress–strain behavior of the gangue aggregate concrete in CGCPFTs, which is confined only by FRP and partly confined by both FRP and the steel tubes, was first proposed. Additionally, the condition for the synergetic deformation of the two confined states of gangue aggregate concrete within the CGCPFT was proposed. Based on the condition, an iterative incremental process was developed which subsequently allows for the theoretical calculation of the load–displacement curve for the CGCPFT under monotonic axial compression. For the design model, by introducing the constraint contribution coefficient of the steel tube, the existing closed-loop calculation formula for the stress–strain relationship of FRP-confined concrete was revised. Furthermore, by expressing the axial and lateral stresses of the steel tube as a unified circumferential effect on the concrete, the calculation methods for the ultimate strength and strain in the closed-loop formula were redefined, thus achieving the prediction of the stress–strain behavior of CGCPFTs. The comparison with the test data obtained by the author and their team revealed that both the analysis and design models could provide accurate predictions.