Definitive Text Research Articles

Solid and drift geology in forensic investigations

Abstract Forensic geology, forensic geoscience and geoforensics (see the text for definitions) are largely concerned with searches for buried objects or the use of sediment and soil analysis as evidence. Geophysics, remote sensing, geostatistics, geochemistry and geomorphology are considered part of these disciplines. Traditional outcrop geology is not often considered, with very few publications considering the role of mapped and logged geology. This work comprises a review of the few published works, followed by a range of case studies that demonstrate how traditional, outcrop-scale drift and solid geology can be used in forensic geology. These include: using geology in the search for buried explosives and human remains; the logging of solid and drift geology for analysis of disputed rock quality; and modelling groundwater flow from an illegal landfill site. Geological mapping may assist in limiting a search area or in understanding what failed in a search or forensic investigation. The scale of forensic geology discussed bridges the gap between the two traditions of forensic geology outlined above: that of searching large areas of ground and trace evidence analysis.

Poetry after Faust

Traust changes everything. To say that it calls into question the very idea of poetic genres is to state the obvious. In this respect it belongs to the same general historical movement as the realistic novel; and it certainly shares with the novel what Bakhtin calls the latter's heteroglot quality, its rejection of the general poetic preference for a maximally unitary language.1 But on the other hand, Faust is definitely neither itself a kind of novel nor an instance of the novelization (in Bakhtin's sense) of some other literary type. In fact it can reasonably be regarded as antithetical to the novel, insofar as it exhibits a resistance to the medium of the printed book. Novels take to the culture and exigencies of printed books like fish to water,2 whereas poetry-given that it can never shake off at least a shadow of its historical affiliation with musical performance-is never entirely comfortable on the printed page. And in contexts that involve an opposition between poetry and the novel, I think we may expect to find Faust on the side of poetry-an expectation that is of course gestured at by the fact that practically all of Faust is in verse. But the relation between Faust and the print medium has a dimension that goes far beyond whatever musicality might be attributed to its form.The resistance of poetry in general to print is a prior resistance, originating in conditions that obtained long before the print medium existed. The resistance of Faust to the print medium is a posterior resistance that is focused on one specific characteristic of an already existing culture of printed books: the permanence and unalterability of the texts contained in those books. In manuscript cultures it is understood that a book may be altered, accidentally or deliberately, every time it is read or copied; there is, strictly speaking, no definitive text. But when a printed book is published, ordinarily in a large number of identical copies, the text appearing in those copies simply is, definitively, the work-at least until another edition appears. 3This is the aspect of print culture that Faust resists. For Faust is not the kind of literary work that can have a definitive form. It is a complicated publicistic endeavor, extending over a long period of time and involving the publication of a great deal of ancillary material. If we count the final version, which Goethe finished preparing for the press but did not live to see printed, the work itself appeared during his lifetime in five different guises, all fragmentary but the last, and all of which were included in various editions of his collected works, thus implying, in each case but the last, that the endeavor was very likely destined to remain a mere collection of fragments.For most of Goethe's life, in other words, Faust was not a work, but rather a publicly available project awaiting revision-which is what practically every text is in a manuscript culture. And this impression-of a text somehow only provisionally finished, a text with ragged or blurry edges-is perpetuated even after his death by the paralipomena that he himself had carefully collected and preserved for publication. Indeed, if we can believe the testimony of Johann Daniel Falk, Goethe kept a Walpurgissack into which he threw little poems die auf Hexenscenen im 'Faust,' wo nicht auf den Blocksberg selbst, einen nahern Bezug hatten,4 poems that, if published posthumously, would have the character of both belonging to Faust and yet not belonging. Or inside the work itself, we think especially of the topical/ satirical quatrains that make up the Walpurgisnachtstraum. Most of the allusions in those little poems would probably have been understood by spectators or readers more or less contemporary with their composition, whereas modern readers (including most readers in the 1830s, after the whole work's final publication) will understand practically none of them without scholarly footnotes to help out. …

Strategies for conserving plants through (re) introduction

Gardeners know how hard it is to keep a plant alive and thriving in a world where everything seems to like killing plants. Restoration ecologists know the difficulties associated with restoring and maintaining diversity into degraded sites. Biogeographers understand the challenges associated with predicting how changing climates will impact the future distributions of species. Putting these together, and we see the challenge facing plant conservation in the twentyfirst century. Increasing the resiliency of biodiversity by augmenting populations of rare plants with new populations planted in anticipation of changing climates is a logical process for conservation. Yet this is management strategy is characterized by limited success. Our empirical legacy of re-establishing plant populations is not strong. Our scientific justification for choosing relocation sites is plagued with high structural uncertainty. Our capacity to predict the impacts of selecting a subset of genotypes for relocation leaves is low. This poor prognosis for translocation is perhaps the best argument for maintaining strong in situ conservation within historic distributions combined with strong ex situ programs as a backstop. Understanding that the challenge of maintaining plant diversity through the twenty-first century will only become more difficult through time, the driving question is can we do better? If we are to succeed, we must do better, because failure in this endeavor will be coupled with extinction in the wild. The Center for Plant Conservation (CPC) does not often engage in the production of books, but when it does, it does so in a thoughtful, provocative and productive manner. In 2012, the CPC, along with the Society for Restoration Ecology, once again teamed up with Island Press to produce this edited volume on plant reintroductions, with an emphasis on changing climates. On three previous occasions, the CPC has sponsored an edited volume that became the definitive text for plant conservation issues of that time (Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants; Falk DA, Holsinger KE (eds) (1991); Restoring Diversity: Strategies for Reintroduction of Endangered Plants; Falk DA, Millar CI, Olwell M (eds), (1996); Ex Situ Conservation, Guerrant EO, Jr, Havens K, Maunder M (eds) (2004)). Each of these landmark books is notable for a common feature: a detailed, prescriptive appendix that defining best management practice approaches to the topic on hand. This feature has been carried forward to Plant Reintroductions in a Changing Climate for one of the most useful components of the book for both practitioners and scientists. These best practice guidelines provide critical information for the researcher who wants to contribute to practice. The Appendix provides a detailed list of how one would go about a conservation translocation that considers future climate, linking the decisions and the scientific uncertainties to guide the researcher toward actionable science. If scientists M. W. Schwartz (&) John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail: mwschwartz@ucdavis.edu

Treatment of Central Sleep Apnea in US Veterans

There are no standard therapies for the management of central sleep apnea (CSA). Either positive pressure therapy (PAP) or supplemental oxygen (O(2)) may stabilize respiration in CSA by reducing ventilatory chemoresponsiveness. Additionally, increasing opioid use and the presence of comorbid conditions in US veterans necessitates investigations into alternative titration protocols to treat CSA. The goal was to report on the effectiveness of titration with PAP, used alone or in conjunction with O(2), for the management of CSA associated with varying comorbidities and opioid use. This was a retrospective chart review over 3 years, performed at a VA sleep disorders center. The effects of CPAP, CPAP+O(2), and BPAP+O(2), used in a step-wise titration protocol, on consecutive patients diagnosed with CSA were studied. CSA was diagnosed in 162 patients. The protocol was effective in eliminating CSA (CAI ≤ 5/h) in 84% of patients. CPAP was effective in 48%, while CPAP+O(2) combination was effective in an additional 25%, and BPAP+O(2) in 11%. The remaining 16% were non-responders. Forty-seven patients (29%) were on prescribed opioid therapy for chronic pain, in whom CPAP, CPAP+O(2), or BPAP+O(2) eliminated CSA in 54%, 28%, and 10% cases, respectively. CPAP, CPAP+O(2), and BPAP+O(2) each produced significant declines in the AHI, CAI, and arousal index, and an increase in the SpO(2). The data demonstrate that using a titration protocol with CPAP and then PAP with O(2) effectively eliminates CSA in individuals with underlying comorbid conditions and prescription opioid use. Comparative studies with other therapeutic modalities are required.

Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools, and techniques of organizational change

The world we live in continues to change at an intense rate. In order to succeed over the next few years, organizations must adapt to tough market conditions by changing their strategies, their structures, their boundaries, their mindsets, their leadership behaviours and of course their expectations of the people who work within them. Ideal reading for anyone who is currently part of, or leading, a change initiative, Making Sense of Change Management is the definitive text in the field of change management, with over 30,000 sales to date. Aimed at students and professionals alike, it provides comprehensive coverage of the models, tools and techniques of successful change management with a focus on individual, team and organizational change to help you apply each concept to unique situations. Now in its 4th edition, it includes a new chapter on exploring the integration of change management with project management and a completely revised and updated section on culture change that takes into account emerging thinking and practice.

Sustaining the Cherokee Family: Kinship and the Allotment of an Indigenous Nation

The allotment policy carried out in Indian Territory from 1887 to 1934 divested tribes of their common landholdings despite treaty guarantees. While Angie Debo's And Still the Waters Run (1940) is the definitive text exposing the resulting “orgy of exploitation,” Rose Stremlau's Sustaining the Cherokee Family, a community study of three-dozen families in Chewey, Oklahoma, points out “that is not the whole story, at least not for Cherokees” (p. 5). Stremlau argues that allotment was not simply a policy aimed at dividing communal lands into individually owned tracts, but it was a “profoundly gendered” program that targeted the most intimate aspects of Indian peoples' lives—their families (p. 18). Yet, despite this, Cherokee households remained “egalitarian, flexible, inclusive, and decentralized” (p. 22). Instead of stripping Cherokee people of the most basic features of their society—kinship, hospitality, reciprocity, and communalism—allotment led Cherokee people, both those who participated and those who resisted, to draw upon traditional Cherokee values and respond in a calculated and informed manner.

Medical Management Guidelines for the Provision of Dental Care

OPEN ACCESSJuly 3, 2012Medical Management Guidelines for the Provision of Dental Care Michael Siegel, DDS Michael Siegel, DDS Nova Southeastern University Google Scholar More articles by this author https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.9191 SectionsAboutAbstract ToolsDownload Citations ShareFacebookTwitterEmail AbstractAbstractThe purpose of this module is to assist health care professionals (dental, medical, nursing, pharmacy, and allied) in recognizing commonly occurring medical considerations that frequently arise in the provision of dental care. The intended outcome of this guide is to provide oral health and access to care for the patients entrusted to our care. This necessitates that the health care professionals work together in an effort to exchange their expertise so as to maximize the dental and medical prognosis for the patient. This guide is not intended as a definitive text on the diagnosis and management of oral and maxillofacial pathology, nor is it a treatise on internal medicine. This guide includes the most commonly encountered medical issues that arise in the routine provision of dental care. The literature cited is current at the time of publication; the user of this guide should ensure that the literature utilized in their clinical decision making is current. Both medical and dental educators can utilize this guide as a template for modifying their curricula. The initial iteration of this guide has been made available to all dental students and specialty residents in the classroom and is directly accessible in Nova Southeastern University's patient care electronic record (AxiUm). Users reference this guide in order to assess the patient in light of current medical guidelines that might alter the dental treatment plan. This guide is then used as the basis for the structuring of a medical consultation to the patient's primary care provider. Faculty have used this guide in ordering laboratory testing, consulting with the primary medical provider, in patient evaluation, and in constructing lectures. Educational Objectives By the end of this module, the learner will be able to: Determine the need to request consultation with the medical or dental care provider.Develop an understanding of the commonalities of medical and dental patient management by working collaboratively with dental and medical professionals to foster a climate of mutual respect and shard values centered on the oral healthcare needs of patients.Utilize the published guidelines for antibiotic premedication of dental patients prior to invasive dental care to prevent indiscriminate use of antibiotic medications.Apply guidelines for anticoagulation and steroid supplementation for dental procedures.Recognize the need to alter standard prescription protocols. The user will recognize the impact of drugs and medical therapies on oral health (including candidiasis, dental caries, periodontal disease, and xerostomia).Recognize treatment needs for oral conditions associated with AIDS, chemotherapy and chronic systemic conditions.Order medical or dental laboratory testing.Provide appropriate informed consent to the patient.Support a team approach to oral, overall health maintenance, and treatment needs through responsive and respectful communication between dental and medical providers. Sign up for the latest publications from MedEdPORTAL Add your email below FILES INCLUDEDReferencesRelatedDetails FILES INCLUDED Included in this publication: BOHC Toolkit.pdf Resource File Medical Management Guidelines for the Provision of Dental Care.doc To view all publication components, extract (i.e., unzip) them from the downloaded .zip file. Download editor’s noteThis publication may contain technology or a display format that is no longer in use. Copyright & Permissions© 2012 Siegel. This is an open-access publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license.KeywordsGuideMedical Dental InterfaceBuilding Oral Health Capacity (BOHC) CollectionOral-Systemic Health InteractionReferral and Consultation Disclosures None to report. Funding/Support None to report. Loading ...

THE DARK-MATTER WORLD: ARE THERE DARK-MATTER GALAXIES?

We attempt to answer whether neutrinos and antineutrinos, such as those in the cosmic neutrino background, would clusterize among themselves or even with other dark-matter particles, under certain time span, say 1 Gyr. With neutrino masses in place, the similarity with the ordinary matter increases and so is our confidence for neutrino clustering if time is long enough. In particular, the clusterings could happen with some seeds (cf. see the text for definition), the chance in the dark-matter world to form dark-matter galaxies increases. If the dark-matter galaxies would exist in a time span of 1 Gyr, then they might even dictate the formation of the ordinary galaxies (i.e. the dark-matter galaxies get formed first); thus, the implications for the structure of our Universe would be tremendous.

Review

134 The Michigan Historical Review the Klan’s circle and linked the Klan’s social and cultural fascination to its political appeal. Left without enough examination are key issues such as Prohibition enforcement and a state anti-Catholic school bill, as well as other state and national political concerns. Nonetheless, by focusing primarily on the social and cultural dimensions of the Klan movement, Fox offers readers a fascinating, deeply researched, and original work, one of the very best community studies yet produced about the 1920’s Klan. Leonard J. Moore McGill University William Greenleaf. Monopoly on Wheels: Henry Ford and the Selden Automobile Patent. 1961; repr., Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2011. Pp. 302. Bibliography. Index. Notes. Paper, $24.95. In 1879, patent attorney and tinkerer George B. Selden applied for a U.S. patent for an “improved road engine,” a broad claim covering the use of a gasoline internal-combustion engine in a road-going vehicle. Selden then exploited legal loopholes to delay his patent’s issue until 1895, when gasoline-powered cars were starting to catch on. Selden never built a car. The vehicle described in his patent bore little resemblance to those built in 1895. And, most critically, the gasoline cars made in 1895 were developed independently; their creators neither knew of nor benefited from Selden’s plans. Nevertheless, his broadly conceived patent meant that anyone producing a gasolinepowered car owed Selden royalties—beginning in 1895 and for many years thereafter until the patent was struck down in court. The fledgling automobile industry was shaken to its core. Selden teamed with an East Coast conglomerate called the Electric Vehicle Company (derisively known as the “lead cab trust”), which began to target patent-infringing firms. Many companies “in the crosshairs” decided to give in rather than face costly lawsuits, and out of their acquiescence a patent pool was formed in 1903, the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers (ALAM). Like other pools, the ALAM limited entry to licensed firms. It also brought suit against unlicensed companies—those that refused to accept the legitimacy of the Selden patent and pay tribute, or those that sought but were denied entry into ALAM. These “independents” typically shared a more radical vision of the automotive future, one of mass-produced everyman’s cars Book Reviews 135 rather than the high-cost, low-volume machines that dominated ALAM members’ lineups. Among the independents, one in particular stood out: Henry Ford. Sued for patent-infringement in 1903, Ford fought back. A protracted battle ensued, which was not resolved until 1911, when on appeal ALAM’s claims were dismissed and the Selden patent rendered virtually worthless. The East Coast trust was smashed, and firms like Ford were free at last to churn out simple, cheap, and honest cars for the masses. This is a well-known tale. Anyone familiar with the history of the automobile will have heard it time and again. Why is this so? Because of William Greenleaf’s Monopoly on Wheels: Henry Ford and the Selden Automobile Patent, which was first published in 1961. Based on exhaustive research into the Selden case, this masterful book is a modern classic, a page-turner that reads more like a novel than what it is: a discourse on the minutiae of patent and technological history. Long out of print, Greenleaf’s book has become prohibitively expensive. Few have ever seen an original copy, let alone owned one or contemplated assigning it to students. Indeed, our collective familiarity with its story is largely due to subsequent summaries written by others. Fortunately, Wayne State University Press has now stepped in and reissued Greenleaf’s book as an inexpensive paperback (it has done the same for other unobtainable works, including Charles Sorensen’s My Forty Years with Ford). Accessible, intelligent, and rich in detail—if occasionally unabashed in its praise for Mr. Ford—Monopoly on Wheels remains the definitive text on the Selden suit. Only now, you won’t have to eat instant noodles for a year to afford a copy. David N. Lucsko Auburn University Adam Jortner. The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier. New York: Oxford University Press...

Corrigendum: Data weighting in statistical fisheries stock assessment models

and the associated footnote should be “bSee text for definitions of S2, S3, and S4.” Also, the third sentence of the last paragraph of the section headed Methods allowing for correlations should be as follows: “Thus we treat Ojy as being equal to P bxbOjby= P bOjby and calculate its variance using the standard approximation for the variance of a ratio of two random variables (eq. 10.17 of Stuart and Ord 1987), which produces VarðOjyÞ 1⁄4 S2 þ E2jyS3 2EjyS4, where S2 1⁄4 P b ðxbcjbyEjbyÞ, S3 1⁄4 P bðcjbyEjbyÞ, and S4 1⁄4 P bxbðcjbyEjbyÞ.”

Computer forensics: cybercriminals, laws, and evidence

An Updated Edition of the Definitive Computer Forensics Text Updated to include the most current events and information on cyberterrorism, the second edition of Computer Forensics: Cybercriminals, Laws, and Evidence continues to balance technicality and legal analysis as it enters into the world of cybercrime by exploring what it is, how it is investigated, and the regulatory laws around the collection and use of electronic evidence. Students are introduced to the technology involved in computer forensic investigations and the technical and legal difficulties involved in searching, extracting, maintaining, and storing electronic evidence, while simultaneously looking at the legal implications of such investigations and the rules of legal procedure relevant to electronic evidence. Significant and current computer forensic developments are examined, as well as the implications for a variety of fields including computer science, security, criminology, law, public policy, and administration.

Exploring patterns in dictionary definitions for synonym extraction

AbstractAutomatic determination of synonyms and/or semantically related words has various applications in Natural Language Processing. Two mainstream paradigms to date, lexicon-based and distributional approaches, both exhibit pros and cons with regard to coverage, complexity, and quality. In this paper, we propose three novel methods—two rule-based methods and one machine learning approach—to identify synonyms from definition texts in a machine-readable dictionary. Extracted synonyms are evaluated in two extrinsic experiments and one intrinsic experiment. Evaluation results show that our pattern-based approach achieves best performance in one of the experiments and satisfactory results in the other, comparable to corpus-based state-of-the-art results.

Re-considering the Field of Policing: A Review ofThe Policing Web

Jean-Paul Brodeur’s last book, The Policing Web (2010),1 was initially entitled ‘‘A Treatise on Policing.’’ The Concise Oxford English Dictionary (9th ed.) defines treatise as a ‘‘written work dealing formally and systematically with a subject.’’ The Policing Web is undoubtedly a treatise and a very significant one at that. It is a tour de force that will undoubtedly become for decades a crucial reference work and a definitive text on policing, for scholars, policy analysts, and senior police practitioners. A central feature of this work, and one that sets it apart from other texts on policing published in English, is that it systematically avoids the Anglo-American centrism that has characterized so much of this literature. This is a significant, and much needed, achievement. This book is quintessentially ‘‘Brodeur.’’ It is thorough, it is critical, it is deeply rooted in philosophy, it is exceptionally well researched, and it is written in a recognizably ‘‘Brodeur style’’ – a style that is authoritative and that does not ‘‘suffer fools gladly.’’ Particularly appealing is the fact that it is refreshingly personal – it is full of insights from his research and writing – while at the same time it is utterly scholarly.

A Practical Approach to Anesthesia Equipment

This paperback, full-color book is ideally suited for anesthesiologists, residents, and nurse anesthetists who need a concise, practical, easily accessible reference on anesthesia equipment. Written by the authors of the definitive text Understanding Anesthesia Equipment, A Practical Approach to Anesthesia Equipment covers the most commonly used machines and devices and addresses common problems and pitfalls that affect clinical situations. The book is written in outline format and thoroughly illustrated with full-color photographs and line drawings--Provided by publisher.

Chronic Mitral Stenosis

A 40-year-old man with history of closed mitral valvotomy performed for rheumatic mitral stenosis 10 years prior was admitted to our hospital with atrial fibrillation and dyspnea on exertion. Posteroanterior (Figure 1) and lateral (Figure 2) chest radiographs exhibited the following classic findings of chronic mitral stenosis. Figure 1. Chest radiograph, posteroanterior view. See text for definition of numbers. Figure 2. Chest radiograph, lateral view. See text for …

John Dewey's philosophy of spirit, with the 1897 lecture on Hegel

The question of how far Dewey's thought is indebted to Hegel has long been a conundrum for philosophers. This book shows that, far from repudiating Hegel, Dewey's entire pragmatic philosophy is premised on a philosophy of spiritinspired by Hegel's project. Two essays by Shook and Good defending this radical viewpoint are joined by the definitive text of Dewey's 1897 Lecture at the University of Chicagoon Hegel's Philosophy of Spirit. Previously cited by scholars only from the archival manuscript, this edited Lecture is now available to fully expose the basic concern shared by Hegel and Dewey for the full and free development of the individual in the social context. Dewey's and Hegel's philosophies are at the center of modern philosophy's hopes for advancing human freedom.

IMPROVISATION IN THE GENESIS AND STRUCTURE OF THE QUIJOTE

7 0 Y I M P R O V I S A T I O N I N T H E G E N E S I S A N D S T R U C T U R E O F T H E Q U I J O T E R O B E R T O G O N Z Á L E Z E C H E V A R R Í A The concept of ‘‘definitive text’’ is based on religion or on exhaustion. – Jorge Luis Borges I wish to propose a relatively new idea about the Quijote: that the book’s genesis and structure depend on improvisation, with improvisation also being one of its main themes because it is at the root of self-reflexivity, one of the most discussed features of the Quijote and the novelistic genre that Cervantes’s work seems to have initiated. By self-reflexivity I mean how the novel came to be written, the various stages of its creation, and the identity and role of the author. Although traditionally bound as one volume, the Quijote is not one but two novels (Parts One and Two, as they are known), so I will then take them up in the order that they appeared , in 1605 and 1615, because each has a separate genesis and a di√erent structure. Cervantes did not set out to write the Quijote as we know it – a long narrative, with a loose and repetitive plot involving two protagonists , protracted multiple and varied journeys, and adventures which lead up to the hero’s return home and his death. Although 7 1 R there are lingering debates about his intentions, it seems clear to me and others that what Cervantes wrote at first was a novella, in the Italian style of Boccaccio and Matteo Bandello; it was roughly the same length as those that he published later as novelas ejemplares , as well as the ones that he inserted in Part One, like the ‘‘Curioso impertinente’’ (‘‘The Man Who Was Recklessly Curious’’ in Edith Grossman’s translation, which is the one I am using). The original story of what became the Quijote centered on a petty country nobleman who went mad because he read too many chivalric romances and decided to become a knight-errant himself. It took up the first five or six chapters of Part One in its final form, from the time Alonso Quijano decides to turn himself into Don Quijote until he is brought back home by his neighbor Pedro Alonso, battered and beaten, after the misadventure with the merchants from Toledo. The conclusion of this primitive tale might have been the scrutiny of Quijano’s library by the barber and the priest, who were gleefully assisted by Quijano’s niece and his housekeeper. It is possible that in those early chapters Cervantes followed the plot of a minor one-act play involving a fellow whose madness consisted of trying to become one of the heroes in the Spanish ballads. These were very popular in the sixteenth century because many rekindled the memory of the wars against the Moors. But some critics have argued that the play came after the Quijote and imitated it instead. Be that as it may, the point is that Cervantes ’s narrative model when he conceived the Quijote was the novella, a lengthy short story or a short novel centered on a single protagonist – a mature man not unlike other older protagonists found, for example, in his play El viejo celoso (The Jealous Old Man) or his novella El celoso extremeño (The Jealous Man from Extremadura). Older protagonists are not common in fiction, and one of the unique features of the character Don Quijote is precisely that, because of his age, he is beyond what Freud would call the ‘‘family romance’’: the reader learns next to nothing about Don Quijote’s family and very little about his background. His personality and his decision to become a knight are not determined by the past; they are the product of choices not governed by necessity, which is consistent with the aura of improvisation that we find in the novel...

The Ethos Aquatic: Benjamin Franklin and the Art of Swimming

The Ethos Aquatic:Benjamin Franklin and the Art of Swimming Scott Cleary (bio) When the Well's dry, we know the Worth of Water. —Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard's Almanac, 1746. Benjamin Franklin knew the worth of water, for perhaps more than any other natural element it sparked his immense curiosity. He relates in the Autobiography that he had a "strong inclination" (53) and "Hankering" (58) for the sea, and water in its various forms of sea water, lake water, rivers, and rain would play a role in many of his major scientific experiments. Water was central to Franklin's discovery of electricity, his early invention of swimming paddles for maneuvering in water, and his meteorological studies of air and attraction, the movement of tides, and stilling of water by oil. Yet the means of assessing water's worth, while often thought to be these experiments, are also to be found in Franklin's musings on and appreciation for the one human activity that permits not only interaction with the water but a way of asserting control in and through the water: swimming. Found in his tracts on education, letters to friends, and the Autobiography, swimming is a mode of both physical exertion and mental focus that Franklin practiced, taught, and advocated as a skill central to a full and meaningful expression of human possibility, a scientifically and culturally regulated biomechanical event that integrated several mechanisms by which Franklin helped take a recognized eighteenth-century phenomenon that was essentially "dry"—a specialized skill lacking mass appeal—and transformed it into a popular and socially acceptable activity. Swimming was practiced by civilizations going back to the Egyptians. In England, traditionally considered the country that popularized organized swimming, the first manual of swimming instructions was Everard Digby's De Arte Natandi, originally published in 1587, and translated into English by Christopher Middleton in 1595 as A Short Introduction for to learne to Swimme.1 In his note to the reader, Middleton explains that his translation is meant "not to derogate [Digby's] worth," but to show that [End Page 51] Digby has done for swimming what "Virgill [did] for the Tillage of the Earth, Vigetius for Military profession, Hipocrates and Gallen for Phisick, Justinian for the Law, Aristotle, Tullie, Euclides, Boetius, Ptolomeus, for the liberall sciences, Pomponius Mela for Cosmography, or Mercator for the Globes of the world" (A2v). Clearly, swimming is a keystone cultural activity, worthy of a place in a distinct intellectual matrix where it responds to a human need for both intellectual and physical development, while simultaneously increasing the store of human knowledge and our understanding of human nature. "Nature" would become a key word for Digby, who argues that "although it be by none praised, yet doth nature itself preferre it sufficiently, especially in man, which above all foules of the air, fishes of the sea, and beasts on earth, or other creatures whatever, excelleth in this facultie" (A3r). Not only does swimming "preserve a man's life" (A3r), thus equating swimming with "phisick," it is also essentially instinctual: humans are natural swimmers, and better at it than even the fishes themselves.2 As it is instinctual, it is also a perfectible skill, and Digby's manual attempts to reclaim for swimming the status it should have as an expression of humanity's better nature, with instructions and diagrams explaining how to "swim like a dog," "find a lost object in the water," "sitte in the water," and wondrously, "swim like a dolphin" (A3r). Able to be structured and systematized, swimming represents a suite of skills whose acquisition represents the perfectibility of human nature, and the best of human achievement. With a practice venue as close by as any river, stream, or pond, swimming was an "art" available to all willing to try, and Middleton's translation demonstrates that swimming was too important a skill to leave only for those who could read Latin. This necessity is in part borne out by the popularity of Middleton's translation: it was published throughout the seventeenth century, and alongside Digby's original, would be the model for the eighteenth century's definitive swimming text, Melchisedec Thevenot's L'Art de...

Properties of the bare, passivated and doped germanium nanowire: A density-functional theory study

Using first-principles calculations based on density-functional theory, we systematically investigated the structural, energetic, and electronic properties of bare, hydrogen-passivated as well as doped germanium nanowires oriented along [0 0 1] direction. The bare nanowires with different diameters (from ∼5.65 Å to ∼19.96 Å) initially cut from the bulk Ge crystal in rod-like forms, are all metallic after relaxation. To better mimic the actual growth process, the hydrogen atoms were used to terminate the dangling bonds on the surface of bare wires which have been already relaxed, and subsequently the whole system containing H was relaxed again. Taking H–GeNW(57) as a prototype, we investigated both adsorption and substitution doping of wire by Al (group IIIA) and P (group VA) impurities. In the case of adsorption, the MO and the B b sites (see text for definitions) are the most preferential sites for Al and P, respectively, and P adatom also breaks its nearest Ge–Ge bond below to form a Ge–P–Ge bond. The impurity-induced band appears and crosses the Fermi level, making the wire become metallic. In the case of substitution, impurity atom substituted at the edge site was seen more favorable than that in the core site, and leads to usual p-type (Al) or n-type (P) behavior similar to the substitutional doped bulk Ge crystal. This behavior is reverse if impurity atom is adsorbed on the wire. Furthermore, for both adsorption and substitution of Ge nanowires, the charge density analysis indicates the formed Al–Ge or P–Ge bond mainly shows a covalent character, and the P–Ge bonding is much stronger than the Al–Ge bonding. The electronic properties of these doped germanium nanowires can be used in nanoscale device applications.

Do planetary encounters reset surfaces of near Earth asteroids?

Processes such as the solar wind sputtering and micrometeorite impacts can modify optical properties of surfaces of airless bodies. This explains why spectra of the main belt asteroids, exposed to these ‘space weathering’ processes over eons, do not match the laboratory spectra of ordinary chondrite (OC) meteorites. In contrast, an important fraction of Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs), defined as Q-types in the asteroid taxonomy, display spectral attributes that are a good match to OCs. Here we study the possibility that the Q-type NEAs underwent recent encounters with the terrestrial planets and that the tidal gravity (or other effects) during these encounters exposed fresh OC material on the surface (thus giving it the Q-type spectral properties). We used numerical integrations to determine the statistics of encounters of NEAs to planets. The results were used to calculate the fraction and orbital distribution of Q-type asteroids expected in the model as a function of the space weathering timescale, t sw (see main text for definition), and maximum distance, r ∗, at which planetary encounters can reset the surface. We found that t sw ∼ 10 6 yr (at 1 AU) and r ∗ ∼ 5 R pl, where R pl is the planetary radius, best fit the data. Values t sw < 10 5 yr would require that r ∗ > 20 R pl, which is probably implausible because these very distant encounters should be irrelevant. Also, the fraction of Q-type NEAs would be probably much larger than the one observed if t sw > 10 7 yr. We found that t sw ∝ q 2, where q is the perihelion distance, expected if the solar wind sputtering controls t sw, provides a better match to the orbital distribution of Q-type NEAs than models with fixed t sw. We also discuss how the Earth magnetosphere and radiation effects such as YORP can influence the spectral properties of NEAs.