Definitive Text Research Articles

A search for triple collision orbits inside the domain of the free-fall three-body problem

We look for triple collision orbits which are collisionless before triple collision. We developed a procedure of fixing the positions of these orbits inside the initial condition plane of the free-fall three-body problem as a natural consequence of the use of symbol sequences. Before looking for these orbits, an error regarding the relation between triple collision points and binary collision curves is corrected, that is, we confirmed that the intersections of binary collision curves of different generations (see the text for definition) are not the initial points of triple collision orbits but of the orbits with plural binary collisions along their trajectories. Then, we numerically established that a triple collision point (i.e., a point of the initial condition plane whose orbit ends at triple collision) can be found as an intersection of three cylinders of the same generation. We do not obtain triple collision orbits with symbol sequences shorter than eight digits. We obtained 11 triple collision points inside the initial condition plane. The orbits starting from these points have finite lengths in the future and in the past since the problem is free fall. These orbits start at triple collision, expand the size until the free-fall states, and go back to triple collision. Thus, these are time symmetric with respect to the time of free fall. Two types of triple collision orbits are identified. One type of orbits starts with a positive triangle formed with three bodies and ends at triple collision also with a positive triangle. The other type starts with a positive triangle and ends with a negative triangle.

Concept embedding to measure semantic relatedness for biomedical information ontologies.

There have been many attempts to identify relationships among concepts corresponding to terms from biomedical information ontologies such as the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). In particular, vector representation of such concepts using information from UMLS definition texts is widely used to measure the relatedness between two biological concepts. However, conventional relatedness measures have a limited range of applicable word coverage, which limits the performance of these models. In this paper, we propose a concept-embedding model of a UMLS semantic relatedness measure to overcome the limitations of earlier models. We obtained context texts of biological concepts that are not defined in UMLS by utilizing Wikipedia as an external knowledgebase. Concept vector representations were then derived from the context texts of the biological concepts. The degree of relatedness between two concepts was defined as the cosine similarity between corresponding concept vectors. As a result, we validated that our method provides higher coverage and better performance than the conventional method.

Golden anniversary of Fourier optics: guest editorial.

In 1968, Professor Joseph W. Goodman published the first edition of Introduction to Fourier Optics, which also laid the foundation of this field. For half a century, the book has been the definitive teaching and reference text, well known in particular for its clear and insightful writing. At OSA's Imaging and Applied Optics Congress 2018, a special event was organized to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the book, with a series of talks covering the teaching and scientific development of Fourier optics.

The Real Tales of Hoffmann: Origin, History, and Restoration of an Operatic Masterpiece by Vincent Giroud and Michael Kaye

Reviewed by: The Real Tales of Hoffmann: Origin, History, and Restoration of an Operatic Masterpiece by Vincent Giroud and Michael Kaye Melissa Cummins The Real Tales of Hoffmann: Origin, History, and Restoration of an Operatic Masterpiece. By Vincent Giroud and Michael Kaye. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017. [xvii, 565 p. ISBN 9781442260832 (hardcover), $130; ISBN 9781442260849 (paperback), $75; ISBN 9781442260856 (e-book), $71.] Music examples, illustrations, chronology, discography, filmography, videography, appendices, index. During his lifetime, Jacques Offenbach composed more than 120 musical stage works. As was his habit, he altered and amended each opérette and opera multiple times during the rehearsal process and even expanded or completely reworked them years after their premieres. This penchant for revision, and the fact that Offenbach died before the last rehearsal, left his final opera, Les contes d'Hoffmann, without a definitive version. In his essay on the various productions, George Loomis describes the problem presented by Offenbach's untimely death: "Hoffmann is perhaps unique among operas by having a performance tradition that has conditioned audiences to expect to hear unauthentic music that they are reluctant to be without" (p. 123). In their book The Real "Tales of Hoffmann": Origin, History, and Restoration of an Operatic Masterpiece, Vincent Giroud and Michael Kaye do not attempt to solve the issue by constructing an authentic version of the work. Rather, they provide background information, Offenbach's own rewrites, and past production details that allow conductors choosing performance editions to make informed decisions. As the authors state in their joint introduction, "little is available in English regarding Offenbach and Les contes d'Hoffmann," adding, "sadly, there is not even a decent scholarly biography of the composer in English" (p. xiii). Giroud himself is one of the few authors to address these subjects; his book French Opera: A Short History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010) contains a brief overview of Offenbach's career (pp. 188–94) and includes a two-page summary of how Hoffmann was altered from the composer's original intent (pp. 193–94). In the note that ends the chapter, Giroud alludes to the then-forthcoming Kaye and Jean-Christophe Keck edition of the opera (Mainz: Schott, 2006) that became the foundation of The Real "Tales of Hoffmann" (p. 328n120). In this subsequent book, Giroud expands on the ideas initially presented in his brief summary and, along with the other authors invited to contribute essays, describes a more complete background of the opera's genesis and evolution. Three essays by Giroud, four by Kaye (and one coauthored), one by Charlie Richards, and one by George Loomis form the first part of the book. They [End Page 673] begin with a background of E. T. A. Hoffmann himself and the impact of his writings in France before Jules Barbier and Michel Carré wrote the play that influenced Offenbach's opera. The next three essays, by Giroud and Kaye, detail the creation and reception of the play and offer a brief biography of both Barbier and Carré. Musical versions of Hoffmann that predated Offenbach's rendering are discussed in Kaye's next essay, ending with a description of the composer's unrealized opéra-féerie version of material later worked into the full-length opera. Essays 6 and 7, by Richards and Giroud, respectively, describe how Barbier turned his play into a libretto and altered the text to fit couplet form. The concluding essays, by Kaye, Loomis, and Giroud, detail chronologically how, when, where, and by whom the opera was performed. These essays also describe changes in the work by the various conductors who staged Hoffmann and their divergence from Offenbach's original intentions. The final essay of this section provides a summary of changes in the opera over time and makes a case for Kaye's critical edition, which is based on the extant Offenbach sketches for the unfinished parts of Hoffmann. As stated above, the authors do not intend this edition to be the "definitive text" but rather aim "to provide all the necessary information so that opera theaters can make the best possible informed decision about what version they wish to stage" (p. 139). Part 2 of the book includes...

Completing the Final Volume of The Writings of Herman Melville

Completing the Final Volume of The Writings of Herman Melville Robert A. Sandberg [Correction] Published Poems (2009) “Billy Budd, Sailor” and Other Uncompleted Writings (2017) Though Harrison Hayford passed away in 2001, the foundation he laid down while editing and publishing thirteen of the fifteen volumes of the Northwestern-Newberry (NN) The Writings of Herman Melville enabled the editors who survived him to complete the publication of the remaining two volumes. This foundation consisted of the editing and bibliographical procedures that he, Hershel Parker, and G. Thomas Tanselle devised and implemented to produce reliable and definitive texts and of the capacity to follow these procedures that he fostered in the many students, colleagues, and scholars that he mentored or inspired to participate in the enterprise. The completion of the entire Northwestern-Newberry series, aptly characterized as a “mandate fulfilled” by Hershel Parker in his contribution to this set of essays, involved some fifty-two years, many more than the number originally estimated for the project’s completion. Some of the unanticipated delays can be explained in terms of expired grants and subsequent searches for support and funding, but others were due to the editors being unwilling to proceed unless the work could be done according to established editorial and bibliographical procedures and standards. By 2010—nearly thirty years after I had first begun working with manuscripts that would be included in the final volume—all but one of the fifteen volumes of the NN series had been published. It was then that I joined the other editors in a seven-year effort to complete the last volume of the series to be published, “Billy Budd, Sailor” and Other Uncompleted Writings. Hayford was my mentor in the years when I first began to study Melville’s writings and work with the manuscripts; in the years following his death, as we worked to complete the final volume, he was my inspiration. I first met Hayford when taking a seminar on Melville while I was a graduate student in the department of English at Northwestern University (1979–83). Taking courses with Hayford had some unique benefits. When other Melville scholars were in town (often staying at Hayford’s home), he would [End Page 34] invite them to make a guest appearance in a class he was teaching; memorable among these visits were those paid by Viola Sachs and Howard P. Vincent. I will never forget my first visit to the Melville Room that Hayford had established for the Northwestern-Newberry project. Located in Chicago’s Newberry Library, it housed more than a score of file cabinets containing offprints of essays on Melville and his writings, a section of shelves containing dissertations on Melville, locked glass cabinets containing first editions of Melville’s writings, and, off in a corner of one of the rooms, the Hinman collator that was used to compare early editions, letter by letter, comma by comma. The Newberry Library—designed by architect Henry Ives Cobb and completed in the fall of 1893—with its grand architecture and collections of rare books, maps, music, and manuscripts was a fitting home for the Melville Room. I will always remember the tour of the Newberry Library given me by Richard Colles Johnson, a Newberry librarian and Associate Editor of the NN series. Sometime in the winter of 1981 I joined with other Northwestern graduate students of Hayford—including Mary K. Bercaw and Robert D. Madison, who went on to contribute to many volumes in the NN series—to do research for the NN edition and catalog the offprints, dissertations, and books that were continually being added to the Melville Room. It was also around this time that I first met Alma MacDougall—the NN editor who was to oversee the production of so many NN volumes—when we spent late afternoons and evenings proofing galleys of Israel Potter. Towards the end of Spring quarter 1981, there came an unexpected offer that I could not refuse: Hayford invited me to assist him on a research tour of selected libraries in New England to look for undiscovered papers related to Melville. Those who knew Hayford know that he did not drive. In return for...

Katie's Canon: Enfleshing Womanism, Mentoring, and the Soul of the Black Community

Katie's CanonEnfleshing Womanism, Mentoring, and the Soul of the Black Community Stacey M. Floyd-Thomas (bio) When I think about Dr. Katie Geneva Cannon, I cannot help but acknowledge the great debt I owe—and so it's a privileged obligation to pay tribute to her life, lessons, and legacy, which made my own womanist beginnings possible. In essence, I am speaking of the "origin story" of when and where I first met Dr. Cannon. I first began pondering the relationship between faith and ethics as a schoolgirl, while listening to my grandmother teach the central affirmations of Christianity within the context of a racially segregated society. My community of faith taught me the principles of God's universal parenthood, which engendered a social, intellectual, and cultural ethos that embraced the equal humanity of all people. Yet, my city, state, and nation declared it a punishable offense against the laws and mores for blacks and whites to "travel, eat, defecate, wait, be buried, make love, play, relax and even speak together, except in the stereotyped context of master and servant interaction."1 It was 1991 when I discovered and read those words and the 174 pages that followed them. As I stood amid the stacks of Candler School of Theology's Pitts Theological Library, I became wrapped up in the work, witness, and words of Katie Cannon's definitive text Black Womanist Ethics. Prior to this chance encounter, I did not even know the name Katie Cannon. But her explicit naming of her approach as "womanist ethics" quickened my soul, opened my mind, and set my feet on a course toward becoming the womanist ethicist I am today. "Womanism," as Katie Cannon framed it, took my mind to where my soul had always been. [End Page 101] After receiving word from Religion Department Chair John Raines that I had received the Future Faculty Fellowship at Temple University, I promptly shared my excitement with Dr. Cannon. She was a bit hesitant during that conversation because she was unsure whether I would accept admission to Temple's graduate program given that I had more competitive offers elsewhere but, as I affirmed to her on the phone that day, "I'm not applying to a school, I'm applying to be mentored by you." At that time, I had no idea that I was the first student of hers to make this appeal. But she was to be the first black woman teacher-mentor I would experience in my academic career. As in all things, she took note of it and wrote me the following words in a letter before I met her in fall 1993: Greetings from Kannapolis, NC! I write to you from my parents' kitchen table where I shared with my mother, Ms. Corine, that you are to be my first doctoral student. I want to be the first to offer congratulations to both of us! It's apparent that you really want to study womanist ethics. . . . The particular usefulness of womanist ethics is (1) to know and do justice to the moral resources and tradition of Black women's lives; (2) to help black women remember, redeem and reproduce the moral wisdom that they utilize; and (3) to engage Black women and other feminists of color who have given up on the community of faith so we might gain new insights concerning the reasonableness of theological ethics in deepening our character, consciousness and capacity in our collective struggle for survival. These are my criteria, and this is the work, I believe, both our souls must have. In my mind, the real-life palpability, scholarly precision, and engaging pedagogy of her womanist work captured and distilled the most essential truths about human nature, in general, and black women, in particular. That's why I think Katie Cannon was bigger than life to so many of us. It's no surprise that we liken so many of her professional exploits to epic superhero sagas. Each one of us writing in this section can attest to Katie Cannon being a superhero—boldly going where so many others had never gone before in order to articulate the truths that some called...

Al-Masā'il fī al-tibb: Ḥunain ibn Isḥāq's historic medical text with a distinctive style of Islamic medical education.

The golden age of Islamic medicine (800 to 1300 CE) is a notable period in medical history. Medical education in this period of time was significant and systematic in Islamic territory. In the early Golden Age of Islamic Medicine, Abū Zayd Ḥunain ibn Isḥāq al-'Ibādī, an exceptional scholar and translator, emerged. He was known as Johannitius in medieval Europe. Al-Masā'il fī al-tibb lil-Mutāllimīn (Questions on Medicine for Students) was written by Hunain ibn Isḥāq. This book remains a definitive text on Islamic medicine and has been printed and published widely in Europe. Al-Masā'il fī al-tibb is written in the style of questions and answers which is distinct from the conventional writing style of medical books on Islamic medicine. The current article reviews Al-Masā'il fī al-tibb and its distinguishing style, the question and answer format. Today, the question-and-answer method is a popular method of medical education, and clinical teachers tend to use it in medical education because of the advantages it offers. The use of this method in Al-Masā'il fī al-tibb for education and examination of medical students by Ḥunain ibn Isḥāq reflects a great improvisation in medical education and introduces him as the leading developer of the question-and-answer method in Islamic medical education.

Getting the Story Joan Didion's Aesthetic Transformation

Many contemporary readings of Joan Didion, not to mention her public profile, present her early journalism as her crowning achievement. Works such as Slouching Towards Bethlehem and The White Album are venerated as definitive Didion texts. However, Didion's work, in particular her journalism and memoir, underwent a radical change following these texts. This change can be witnessed in the transformation of Didion's style and politics between Slouching Towards Bethlehem and her later work, which often appeared in the New York Review of Books under the editorial guidance of the late Robert B. Silvers. This article tracks this change, identifying Didion's move away from surety and an objective voice towards ambivalence, subjectivity and nuance in search of a specific ideal of truth. I argue that the development of Didion's style, both aesthetic and poetic, reflects a political evolution and a reconstitution of what it might mean to approach truth on a personal and journalistic level, and this has a particular resonance given present conversations around truth in journalism and politics.

A Lost Theory of American Emergency Constitutionalism

In the wake of the Civil War, Columbia Law School professor Francis Lieber, architect of some of the Lincoln administration's most important legal strategies, set out to write a definitive text on martial law and the emergency power. Lieber's text would have summed up his view of the legal lessons of the Civil War. Lieber died in 1872, leaving an unfinished manuscript to his son, Guido Norman Lieber, soon to become the Judge Advocate General of the Union Army. Norman Lieber worked on the manuscript but never finished it. Hidden deep in the younger Lieber's papers in the National Archives, the manuscript summarizes a strand of thinking about constitutional emergencies that first emerged in the controversies over slavery, then animated Emancipation and the broader legal strategy of the Lincoln White House, before running headlong into the post-war backlash signaled by the Supreme Court's 1866 decision inEx Parte Milligan. Building on debates over martial law in Anglo-American empire, the Liebers’ thinking embraced a forceful but constrained approach that made a cabined form of necessity the central principle of emergency governance in the modern state.

Maximum Period of Gestation: Legal and Medical Conundrum of Child’s Legitimacy under Islamic Law

The legitimacy of a child born to a legally married couple is indubitable. However, it becomes problematic when a woman appears to be pregnant for a longer time period than the usual period of gestation following her husband’s demise or after the completion of the waiting period (istibra). The unavailability of definitive legal texts (nusūs) either from the Qur’ān or Sunnah for the maximum period of gestation has triggered exertingindependent juristic reasoning (ijtihad) by Muslim scholars. Therefore, this paper explores scholars’ dissent and legal implications for the maximum period of gestation from the classical Islamic literature buttressed with scientific medical perspectives. The paper adopts a qualitative doctrinal approach by revisiting classical books along with the available modern literature. The research finds that even though most of the views held by classical scholars are inconsistent with the modern medical perspective with the exception of the Zahiri School of Law, exceptional cases cannot be ruled out.

Resident Workshop Standardizes Patient Handoff and Improves Quality, Confidence, and Knowledge.

Residency programs are required to instruct residents in handoff; however, a handoff curriculum endorsed by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education does not exist. Although curricula are available, we preferred to use a curriculum that could be taught quickly, was easy to implement, and used a mnemonic that resembled current practices at our institution. We designed and implemented a novel handoff educational workshop intended to improve resident confidence and performance. In this observational study, pediatric residents across postgraduate training years during winter 2014-spring 2015 participated in two study segments: a handoff workshop with questionnaires and handoff observations. Co-investigators developed and led an interactive workshop for residents that emphasized a standardized approach using the SIGNOUT mnemonic (see text for definition). The effect of workshop participation on handoff abilities was evaluated using a validated, handoff evaluation tool administered before and after the workshop. Qualitative feedback was obtained from residents using pre- and postworkshop surveys. Forty-three residents participated in the workshop; 41 residents completed handoff observations. Improvements were noted in clinical judgment (P = 0.02) and organization/communication (P = 0.005). Pre- and postworkshop surveys demonstrated self-perceived increases in confidence, comfort, and knowledge (P < 0.001). Improvements in handoffs, particularly in clinical judgment and organization/communication domains, suggest that a more standardized handoff approach is beneficial, especially for postgraduate year 1 residents. The novel, interactive workshop we developed can be taught quickly, is easy to implement, is appropriate for all resident training levels, and improves resident confidence and skill. This workshop can be implemented by training programs across all disciplines, possibly leading to improved patient safety.

The Rise in Divorce and Cohabitation: Is There a Link?

Over the past decades, divorce and cohabitation have increased dramatically throughout Europe. Divorce has fundamentally altered the institution of marriage from a life-long union to one that may dissolve. Cohabitation allows couples to live together without undertaking the vows of marriage, but also allows couples to avoid the potentially higher costs of divorce. Thus, divorce and cohabitation seem to be intrinsically linked. Here we theorize how the increase in divorce may be linked to the increase in cohabitation on the macro-, meso-, and micro- levels. Using focus group data from 8 countries, we explore how divorce may have changed attitudes and beliefs concerning marriage and cohabitation. We then investigate whether survey data and official statistics in 16 countries provide evidence consistent with a link. While exogenous factors have been important for the increase in cohabitation, we argue that the divorce revolution has been a catalyst for the cohabitation boom.

Omniscience and Religious Authority: A Study on Prajñākaragupta's Pramāṇavārttikālaṅkārabhāṣya ad Pramāṇavārttika II 8-10 and 29-33 by Shinya Moriyama

Reviewed by: Omniscience and Religious Authority: A Study on Prajñākaragupta's Pramāṇavārttikālaṅkārabhāṣya ad Pramāṇavārttika II 8-10 and 29-33by Shinya Moriyama Serena Saccone Review of Shinya Moriyama, Omniscience and Religious Authority: A Study on Prajñākaragupta'sPramāṇavārttikālaṅkārabhāṣya ad Pramāṇavārttika II 810 and 2933 Leipziger Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte Süd- und Zentralasiens, 2014, 313 pages T hough it had already beencompleted by 2011, Moriyama's Omniscience and Religious Authoritywas published only in 2014. In his acknowledgments, the author regretted his inability to incorporate studies that had been published after 2011. The work—a revised version of his PhD thesis, which had been defended in 2006—is one of the first attempts at a detailed investigation of a rather significant yet not sufficiently analyzed topic: namely, the Buddha's omniscience and its proof. 1In particular, the monograph concerns the treatment of these topics by Prajñākaragupta (ca. 750–810) while establishing a philologically reliable text of some portions of his Pramāṇavārttikālaṅkārabhāṣya. The book was completed soon after the publication of Sara McClintock's (2010) comprehensive monograph Omniscience and the Rhetoric of Reason: Śāntarakṣita and Kamalaśīla on Rationality, Argumentation, and Religious Authority, which concerns instead the Buddha's omniscience as treated in Śāntarakṣita's and Kamalaśīla's Tattvasaṅgrahaand Tattvasaṅgrahapañjikā. [End Page 188] Moriyama's book is an example of solid scholarship, in which philological precision, philosophical depth, and clarity of exposition all find their place. Prajñākaragupta is quite an original author within the Buddhist tradition of logic and epistemology ( pramāṇa); his Pramāṇavārttikālaṅkārabhāṣyais one of the most significant commentaries on Dharmakīrti's (around 600) Pramaṇavārttika. As Moriyama himself suggests, quoting Karin Preisendanz, 2there is a distinction between commentaries that are philosophically innovative and commentaries that are philosophically "unproductive" (1–2). He places Prajñākaragupta among those who innovate, pointing to the title of his work, that is, the "adornment" ( alaṅkāra) of the Pramāṇavārttika. This commentary addresses three of the four chapters of the Pramāṇavārttika, namely, the Pramāṇasiddhi, the Pratyaks.a, and the Parārthanumāna chapters. The commentary on the Pramāṇasiddhi, in particular, shows an "exceptional tendency to elaborate on religious issues that are independent of the original content of the Pramāṇavārttika" (3). The Sanskrit text of the bhaṣyahas been fully edited only once, and that was by Rāhula Sāṅkṛtyāyana in 1953; 3Moriyama considers this edition to be rather unreliable, since "it contains many typographical errors as well as some substantial mistakes" (99). Moriyama's critical edition of two portions of the text ( ad PramāṇavārttikaPramāṇasiddhi 8–10 and 29–33) is but one of several studies that have been carried out in recent years—such as those of Ono, Shigeaki Watanabe, and Franco––in order to improve on that edition and provide the scientific community with a more definitive text. The book is divided into two parts, which are preceded by a general introduction. The first part, consisting of four chapters, concerns the analysis of Prajñākaragupta's arguments on omniscience and religious authority. The second part contains the Sanskrit edition as well as the Tibetan text of Pramāṇavārttikālaṅkārabhāṣya adPV II 8–10 and 29–33, followed by an annotated English translation. Finally, an appendix lists all the quotations that are found in Jayanta's subcommentary on the passages edited by Moriyama. Throughout the book, Moriyama offers evidence based on the quotation of several relevant Sanskrit passages, along with their translations; at times, he discusses different translations for the same passage. In the introduction, while outlining the history of the concept of omniscience in Buddhist thought, Moriyama argues that Kumārila and Dharmakīrti's debate on religious authority was a turning point in the development of this concept. Dharmakīrti does not expressly talk about omniscience in the Pramāṇasiddhi; however...

The Epic Rhapsode and His Craft: Homeric Performance in a Diachronic Perspective by José M. González

BOOK REVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUS The Epic Rhapsode and His Craft: Homeric Performance in a Diachronic Perspective. By Jos e M. Gonz alez. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies (Hellenic Studies 47). 2015. Pp. xii, 821. This is a big book—666 pages of text, 154 of backmatter—because it is four books in one: an up-to-the-minute re-assessment of the “Homeric Question” (Part 1); a survey (Part 4) of post-classical rhapsody, with a prosopography of “stitchers of song” (the etymology of rhapsoidos that González affirms); a monograph-size analysis of some passages in Aristotle’s Rhetoric (Part 5); and an intricate, persuasive argument that no firm barrier divided “creative” singers from allegedly “reproducing” reciters of epic (Parts 2–3). González rightly says one can skip the first 170 pages and still read the rest “with profit” (6). The scholarship is impeccable, deeply grounded, and at times breathtakingly broad. Several results are of prime importance, and one can count many secondary gains (along with a score of cavils). In sum, González has given renewed prominence to vital topics, energetically clearing away intellectual deadwood and building an impermeable foundation for further explorations. The book is not an easy read: its bulked-up footnotes, at times covering two pages, its sustained attention to minor details not relevant to the outcome, its frequent quotation of secondary as well as primary sources (including untranslated French, German, Italian, and Latin), and its distracting, if at times fascinating, divagations all demand from the reader an epic appetite to digest every word. Yet, as with mountaineering, the resulting panorama is worth the labor. Such is the level of reference and argumentation that serious climbing here will be limited to professional Hellenists with a stake in the game, not the general reader or scholar of other literatures. Five major divisions comprise fourteen chapters. Part 1 (The “Homeric Question”) in six chapters expertly tackles several problems that have caused doubts about a slow crystallization and relatively late (sixth-century b.c.) fixation of the texts. Rightly skeptical about the possibilities for oral dictation, González points out that even such a transcription (usually imagined as an eighth-century product) would not have been instantly canonized, nor would it have arrested ongoing developments in composition-in-performance. Detailed rebuttals of dictation scenarios by Richard Janko and Martin West,1 and of alleged Near Eastern parallels, are followed by a demolition of the visual evidence previously used to argue that artists already in the seventh century were “illustrating” a fully-formed Iliad or Odyssey. The skins of eighty-six goats would have been required to record the Iliad (“with margins, not including Book 10,” 77) by the author’s calculation; papyrus was rare; and the existence of a single universally respected manuscript any time before the late sixth century is made unlikely by the profusion of divergent quotations even much later. Appeal to the “Euboian connection” to rescue an early-archaic textualization and counter Athenian control of Homer also fails. The fatal blow to this idea (held in some 1 R. Janko, “The Iliad and Its Editors: Dictation and Redaction,” CA 9 (1990) 326–334; M. L. West, “Archaische Heldendichtung: Singen und Schreiben,” in W. Kullmann and M. Reichel (eds.), Der Übergang von der Mündlichkeit zur Literatur bei den Griechen (ScriptOralia 30; Tübingen 1990) 33–50. PHOENIX, VOL. 71 (2017) 1–2. 174 BOOK REVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUS 175 form by West, Wathelet, Ruijgh, and Powell)2 is delivered through a bracing twentyfive -page analysis of compensatory lengthening as it affected earlier consonant clusters (*-rw-, *-nw-, etc.) within Attic and West Ionic. In short, one would expect a definitive Euboian text to preserve formulaically embedded forms without a lengthened first vowel (e.g., xenos rather than East Ionic xeinos)—clearly not the case with our Homer. This learned and elegant segment is worth giving advanced students as a model of technical argumentation. Two further densely detailed chapters (Five and Six) complete the deconstruction. A review of inscriptions before 650 b.c. convincingly undercuts both Cassio’s claims about alleged West Ionic forms in Homer and the widespread assumption that the famous “Nestor’s...

On Being and Cognition: Ordinatio by John Duns Scotus

Reviewed by: On Being and Cognition: Ordinatio by John Duns Scotus Stephen D. Dumont John Duns Scotus. On Being and Cognition: Ordinatio 1.3. Edited and translated by John van den Bercken. New York: Fordham University Press, 2016. Pp. xii + 298. Cloth, $65.00. On Being and Cognition: Ordinatio 1.3 is a translation by John van den Bercken of John Duns Scotus's large and influential treatise on mind and knowledge contained in book 1, distinction 3, of his Ordinatio. This is the first English rendering of Scotus's important distinction that is both complete and made from the definitive Latin text. Scotus's Ordinatio is the revised and greatly expanded version of his Oxford lectures on Sentences of Peter Lombard. (The term ordinatio designates an authorial compilation or revision.) The Sentences of Lombard was itself a twelfth-century summa, later adopted as the required systematic text for theology in the medieval university. Commentaries on the work rapidly evolved into major vehicles of theological and philosophical speculation in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Scotus's enormous and imposing Ordinatio sits at the apex of this genre and is considered his magnum opus; one that he re-worked until his death in 1308 but ultimately never completed. The topic of book 1, distinction 3, in Lombard's original text is the possibility of attaining natural knowledge of God, particularly from the "image" of the divine Trinity thought to be present in the human mind, namely, the triad of memory, intellect, and will. Scotus developed Lombard's locus into one of the most expansive and detailed treatments of human mind and cognition in the medieval period; one that in the Latin original occupies a folio volume of some 400 pages. Not only is this one of the longest distinctions in all of [End Page 539] Scotus's various commentaries, but arguably one of his most important, since it contains several of his highly original and iconoclastic positions. For example, it is here that Scotus gives his most developed arguments for his notorious claim that there is a concept of being univocally common to God and creature (as well as to substance and accident), rejecting the universal consensus that such a concept could only be analogously common. Here is also found his extensive critique and rejection of Augustinian "illumination theory," supplying in its place a naturalistic defense of human certitude against skeptical objections. Given its importance, sections of distinction 3 have been often anthologized in English, most notably in Allan Wolter's Duns Scotus: Philosophical Writings for the Library of the Liberal Arts (Bobbs-Merrill, 1962), but never in its entirety or from the authoritative Latin text. Van den Bercken's translation is therefore a welcome and significant contribution. Rendering Scotus, however, is not for the uninitiated. Scotus's Latin is difficult and unaccommodating, while his thought is very complex and assumes familiarity with less known contemporaries. In the face of these challenges, van den Bercken has done a commendable job of wrestling Scotus into readable English while remaining faithful to the original. His careful renderings are informed by prior translations into French (Olivier Boulnois, Gérard Sondag) and German (Hans Louis Fäh) and their attached commentaries. He has conveniently retained both the paragraph numbering of the Latin edition, which facilitates comparison with the original, as well as its numerous identifications of Scotus's sources and cross-references. There is an introductory chapter on the main themes (9–37) and an appendix of notes on the translation of obscure terms and troublesome passages (269–75). One feature of van den Bercken's translation warrants comment. As indicated, Scotus revised the Ordinatio to the end of his career, and our present distinction has numerous insertions. In fact, Scotus's Ordinatio has three layers of revision: (1) personal additions, revisions, or annotations by Scotus himself; (2) additions made by others of relevant passages taken from other works by Scotus, particularly from his later Parisian Sentences; (3) additions of non-Scotus texts. Van den Bercken has translated these various insertions to the original Ordinatio. This is no small contribution, since Scotus's shorthand Latin in (1) is especially cryptic and elliptical. However, the translation...

Konsep Qath’i dan Zhanni dalam Hukum Kewarisan Islam

The term qath'i (definitive) and zhanni (speculative) in Usul al-Fiqh is used to explain the sources of Islamic legal texts either the Qur'an or Hadith in two ways, namely al-tsubut (existence) or al-wurud (sourced from the truth), and al-dalalah (textual implication). In terms qath'i and zhanni al-tsubut and al-wurud, Islamic jurists agree that the Koran and the hadith mutawatir is definitive, whereas ahad hadith is zhanniy ats-tsubut. They differ in terms of qath'i and zhanni of the al-dalalah (interpretation). Islamic jurists state that if a text of the Koran or Hadith contains only one meaning that is clear and not open up to other possible interpretations, as well as read certain numbers, then the text is regarded as the definitive text of textual implication. The texts relate to inheritance law fall into the category this qath`i al-dalalah. Meanwhile, contemporary Islamic jurists state that the qath'i and zhanni al-dalalah of the texts both the Koran and the hadith cannot be seen from the clarity of meaning of the texts but also on the desired essence of the text which is commonly known as the maqasid al-shari'ah. The maqasid approach must also be coupled with the theory ta'abbudi and ta'aqquli. Based on this, this article argues that the texts related to Islamic inheritance law is categorized zhanni al-dalalah because they concern of human social relations (mu`amalah) which are affected by the socio-economic context of the role of men and women in society (ta`aqquli). Consequently, the texts in the field of inheritance law are open to modern interpretations. Keywords : Islamic inheritance law, qath'i and zhanni in Islam

Francis Lucas ‘of Bruges’ and Textual Criticism of the Vulgate Before and After the Sixto-Clementine (1592)

Abstract This article deals with to the little known but very influential Leuven biblical scholar Francis Lucas ‘of Bruges’ (1548/9–1619). In particular, it traces the change of methodology in Lucas’ textual critical activity, due to publishing of the Sixto-Clementine Vulgate (1592), intended by the Vatican as the definitive text of the Vulgate. The author shows how Lucas was a realist and adapted his scholarly activities in the field of textual criticism to the contemporary ecclesiastical policies and sensitivities through the analysis of Lucas’ works.

Skeletal cranio-facial dysmorphogenesis: Suggestions for a new AOP

<dm:abstracts xmlns:dm="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/dm/dtd"><ce:abstract xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" id="ab0010" view="all" class="author"><ce:section-title id="st0010">Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec id="as0010" view="all"><ce:simple-para id="sp0010" view="all">Jusup et al. <ce:cross-ref refid="br0010" id="crf0010">[1]</ce:cross-ref> provide a comprehensive review of Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory – a theory of metabolic organization that has its roots in a model by S.A.L.M Kooijman <ce:cross-ref refid="br0020" id="crf0020">[2]</ce:cross-ref> and has evolved over three decades into a remarkable general theory whose use appears to be growing exponentially. The definitive text on DEB theory <ce:cross-ref refid="br0030" id="crf0030">[3]</ce:cross-ref> is a challenging (though exceptionally rewarding) read, and previous reviews (e.g. <ce:cross-refs refid="br0040 br0050" id="crs0010">[4,5]</ce:cross-refs>) have provided focused summaries of some of its main themes, targeted at specific groups of readers. The strong case for a further review is well captured in the abstract: “<ce:italic>Hitherto, the foundations were more accessible to physicists or mathematicians, and the applications to biologists, causing a dichotomy in what always should have been a single body of work</ce:italic>.” In response to this need, Jusup et al provide a review that combines a lucid, rigorous exposition of the core components of DEB theory with a diverse collection of DEB applications. They also highlight some recent advances, notably the rapidly growing on-line database of DEB model parameters (451 species on 15 August 2016 according to <ce:cross-ref refid="br0010" id="crf0040">[1]</ce:cross-ref>, now, just a few months later, over 500 species).</ce:simple-para><ce:simple-para id="sp0020" view="all">In the hope that Jusup et al. inspire interest in the core DEB concepts and that their review encourages new advances in DEB theory, this commentary suggests three themes that may represent productive directions for new research. The first is narrow and may appear somewhat technical, though it has wide implications; the other two suggest routes for making connection with other rapidly advancing areas of theory in biology. Achieving tighter synthesis with overlapping sub-disciplines is an exciting prospect as DEB theory has so much to offer, but there are intellectual hurdles to be overcome if we are to move from its current state as a niche specialism to wider recognition as part of fundamental biology.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract></dm:abstracts>

One-loop radiative correction to the triple Higgs coupling in the Higgs singlet model

Though the 125 GeV Higgs boson is consistent with the standard model (SM) prediction until now, the triple Higgs coupling can deviate from the SM value in the physics beyond the SM (BSM). In this paper, the radiative correction to the triple Higgs coupling is investigated in the minimal extension of the SM by adding a real gauge singlet scalar. In this model there are two scalars $h$ and $H$, and both of them are mixing states of the doublet and singlet. Provided that the mixing angle is set to be zero, namely the SM limit, $h$ is the pure left-over of the doublet and its behaviour is the same as that of the SM at the tree level. However the loop corrections can alter $h$-related couplings. In this SM limit case, the effect of the singlet $H$ may show up in the $h$-related couplings, especially the triple $h$ coupling. Our numerical results show that the deviation is sizable. For $\lambda_{\Phi{S}}=1$ (see the text for definition), the deviation $\delta_{hhh}^{(1)}$ around threshold can be more than $20\%$ if mass of the new scalar is light. For $\lambda_{\Phi{S}}=1.5,3$, the deviation $\delta_{hhh}^{(1)}$ can reach above $30\%$ in the vicinity of threshold. For $\lambda_{\Phi{S}}=-1$, $m_H$ can be light. The deviation $\delta_{hhh}^{(1)}$ is negative in this case and can be even $-50\%$ in the threshold enhanced region. The radiative correction for the $hZZ$ coupling is from the counter-term, which is universal in this model and always with negative sign. $\delta_{hZZ}^{(1)}$ is independent of the sign of $\lambda_{\Phi{S}}$ and its typical size is $-0.2\%\sim-2\%$. When combining $hhh$ and $hZZ$ precision measurements together, parameter space of this model can be probed well including the sign and size of $\lambda_{\Phi{S}}$.

“This is a […] Story;”” the Refusal of a Master Text in Noah Hawley’s Fargo

Abstract Each episode of Noah Hawley’s first two seasons of Fargo begins with the same claim: “this is a true story.” The claim might invite the formation of what Thomas Leitch (2007) calls a “privileged master text,” except that Hawley undermines the creation of such a text in at least two ways. On the one hand, Hawley uses his truth claim as a way to direct his audience into the film he is adapting – Joel and Ethan Coen’s (1996) film by the same name. Hawley ensures throughout his first season that those who know or who come-to-know the Coens’ work will recognize his story as an extension of the Coens’s world. Hawley references the Coens’ world so much that his audience is never entirely outside the Coens’ universe, and certainly not in any world a story based on a true event might pretend to occupy. At the same time, Hawley allows different speakers to make the opening truth claim by the end of his second season, which further prevents his truth assertion from locating viewers in any actual world. Hawley’s second move reveals that true stories are always subjective stories, which means they are always constructed stories. In this way, a true story is no more definitive than any other story. All stories are, in keeping with Jorge Luis Borges’ attitude toward definitive texts, only a draft or a version of a story. Every telling invites another, alternative retelling. A true story is, therefore, above all a story.