Color Definition Research Articles

Color Biomimetics in Textile Design: Reproduction of Natural Plant Colors through Instrumental Colorant Formulation.

This paper explores the intersection of colorimetry and biomimetics in textile design, focusing on mimicking natural plant colors in dyed textiles via instrumental colorant formulation. The experimental work was conducted with two polyester substrates dyed with disperse dyes using the exhaustion process. Textiles dyed with different dye colors and concentrations were measured in a spectrophotometer and a database was created in Datacolor Match Textile software version 2.4.1 (0) with the samples' colorimetric properties. Colorant recipe formulation encompassed the definition and measurement of the pattern colors (along four defined natural plants), the selection of the colorants, and the software calculation of the recipes. After textile dyeing with the lowest expected CIELAB color difference (ΔE*) value recipe for each pattern color, a comparative analysis was conducted by spectral reflectance and visual assessment. Scanning electron microscopy and white light interferometry were also used to characterize the surface of the natural elements. Samples dyed with the formulated recipe attained good chromatic similarity with the respective natural plants' colors, and the majority of the samples presented ΔE* between 1.5 and 4.0. Additionally, recipe optimization can also be conducted based on the colorimetric evaluation. This research contributes a design framework for biomimicking colors in textile design, establishing a systematic method based on colorimetry and color theory that enables the reproduction of nature's color palette through the effective use of colorants.

Spectrophotometric evaluation of postmortem lividity: a proposal of a model for negroid ethnic race.

The interpretation of tanatochronological data is a fundamental aspect of the medico legal diagnosis, because it allows to trace back the interval of death. Traditionally, the evaluation of the hypostasis plays a relevant role in the interpretation of such information, despite its well-known limits and fallacies. In order to evaluate the degree of hypostatic area discoloration, the methodology currently used is highly subjective and influenced by several variables. The hypostasis pattern in individuals with V-VI phototype is useless because their post-mortem lividity is not estimable due to the color of the skin. This makes much harder to estimate the interval between the death and the detection of the tanatochronological data. This study is aimed at defining a highly accurate procedure to develop an objective method to estimate the hypostasis' degree of fixation with scientific accuracy on people with darker skin. The technology used is spectrophotometry Antera3D: this device is able to analyse the hypostasis by measuring the mean hemoglobin quantitative level in the skin either before and after a standardized compression, thus obtaining a numerical value that is directly related to the time of death. The method here presented allows analysing the hemoglobin amount in the skin of a dead body, without the influence of the melanin pigment in the definition of the hypostatic area color, therefore enabling us to overcome the objective limits of the direct and empiric estimation of the hypostasis decoloration. By creating a standardized method it's possible to reduce the operator-dependent error and to introduce a valid and applicable procedure in order to estimate the post-mortem interval.

Assessing web 2D user interface experiences in mixed reality

Mixed Reality (MR) technologies have the potential to revolutionize how we interact with various fields, such as medicine, education, and communication. However, existing studies have not comprehensively investigated the overall performance of 2D user interfaces (UIs) in 3D spaces. There are gaps and questions that have not been properly addressed in the transition from 2D to 3D UIs. To investigate this, we design an experiment with 80 participants to evaluate the 2D UI user experience on MR platforms. Our study reveals that compared with desktop devices, the website user experience on MR platforms leads to poorer learning performance. One-to-one interviews with participants reveal issues with both the hardware field of view and color definition, as well as the UI. Based on these findings, we propose that a generalized and optimized 3D UI would reduce control difficulties and improve the learning experience provided by MR platforms. Our study provides critical data that can be used to enhance 3D UIs on MR platforms.

Shaping the chromatic characteristics of red wines by using biofilm-detached cells of Starmerella bacillaris strains

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 10 Starmerella bacillaris strains inoculated as planktonic or biofilm-detached cells on the chromatic characteristics of Montepulciano d’Abruzzo wine. Wines inoculated with biofilm-detached cells of St. bacillaris were characterized by a higher content of glycerol and viable yeast cells and a lower content of ethanol than those obtained with planktonic cells. Pyruvic acid content ranged from 45.99 mg/L to 48.19 mg/L and from 41.13 mg/L to 45.9 mg/L in wines fermented with biofilm-detached and planktonic cells, respectively. Wines obtained with biofilm-detached cells showed levels of anthocyanins ranging from 506.8 mg/L to 659.9 mg/L, while those fermented with free cells of St. bacillaris ranged from 518 mg/L to 612.6 mg/L. Similarly, the content of polyphenols was higher in wines inoculated with biofilm-detached cells. The different amounts of these compounds resulted in differences in the wine's color. Wines obtained with biofilm-detached cells of St. bacillaris had lower b* and h* values than those obtained with planktonic cells. These wines also showed higher a* values, indicating the presence of a stronger red color than the others, and lower clarity (L*). Moreover, the data obtained highlighted that it is possible to predict the color of young wines from must measurements. Further studies will be done to evaluate the role of other non-Saccharomyces yeasts, grown under different aggregation states, in the definition of wine color.

Conceptualizing the chromatic experience of environment: Two case studies using the Color Walk method

AbstractDesigning the colors of a new neighborhood without a color definition of facades is challenging task. While there is a wealth of research on color perception and architectural color design, tools and methods are needed to understand the chromatic experience of areas. Thus, this case‐study research aims to explore the chromatic experience by introducing a new ethnographic Color Walk method. The participants are professionals in the fields of architecture and color. Two voice‐recorded and transcribed discussions are examined from two perspectives: the suitability of the Color Walk to conceptualize the chromatic experience of neighborhoods and analyzing the main concepts used by professional participants. The analysis shows that the seven main concepts are: (1) material; (2) light; (3) views in/from/into the area; (4) atmosphere; (5) identity; (6) landscape/nature/landscape architecture; and (7) architecture. Architecture includes four subareas: (a) the color scale of the building design, (b) the color scale of the urban design, (c) the history of architecture, and (d) color trends. The results indicate that the Color Walk method allows conceptualizing how environmental colors are experienced. However, several repetitions are needed to confirm all the concepts. Furthermore, complex facade colors are only one element of the chromatic experience. Thus, other aspects should also be emphasized in environmental color design. The results also show that environmental color design is related to urban design and building design. The findings of this study contribute to existing research by expanding the concepts of urban design to environmental color design.

How Eyes and Brain See Color: Definition of Color, Literature Review with Bibliometric Analysis, and Inquiry Learning Strategy for Teaching Color Changes to Student with Mild Intelligence Barriers

The study aims to investigate how the eyes and brain see color. We added information regarding the definition of color and a literature review regarding current theories and research trends in color, including how light comes to an object and its reflection onto the eyes and brain, making the brain interpret the object. Also, we considered the concept and the implementation of inquiry learning strategies in learning activities to recognize color changes from primary, secondary, to tertiary color. To support our study, we employed bibliometric analysis, helping us to find out the current studies in implementing inquiry learning strategies, specifically in recognizing color and its changes in education. The concept of color changes was delivered to children with mild intellectual disabilities. The results showed that the teaching concept of how eyes and brain see color as well as learning activities to recognize color changes for children with mild intellectual disabilities is still rare. Learning activities can be implemented if the learning process is carried out appropriately, confirmed by the learning outcomes. This study can provide information for researchers and educators in carrying out learning activities to recognize color changes in children with intellectual disabilities through inquiry learning strategies.

Pixelating Structural Color with Cholesteric Spherical Reflectors

While structural color is a powerful means of obtaining saturated and durable pigments that minimize absorption, scattering, and negative environmental impact, appearing naturally in animals and plants as well as in carefully designed artificial composites, it is fundamentally limited to spectral colors, leaving white and other mixed colors elusive. It also normally suffers from a strong viewing angle dependence, making color definition difficult. Herein, it is demonstrated that these challenges can be overcome by using cholesteric spherical reflectors (CSRs), spheres of polymerized cholesteric liquid crystal with radial alignment of the self‐assembled helical structure. Exhibiting omnidirectional selective retroreflectivity of well‐defined color, CSRs are discrete “packages” of structural color. This allows them to be used as pixels for generating nonspectral colors, following the principle of digital displays. A method of creating densely packed monolayers of CSRs with red (R), green (G), and blue (B) retroreflection is developed. Mixing them in equal proportions gives a white surface. By embedding the CSRs in an index matching transparent medium, nonselective specular reflections and scattering are avoided. The approach can be used to create arbitrary colors, including nonspectral ones, without any absorption or nonselective scattering, opening doors to decorating surfaces as desired while minimizing light loss.

The Cuban Connection

Below is a quotation from Nicolás Guillén’s Prologue to Sóngoro Cosongo (translated from the original Spanish). Guillén was a political activist and well known on the island as Cuba’s national poet. Sóngoro Cosongo is a book of poems protesting racism and the treatment of blacks as second class citizens. “I should say finally that this is mulatto verse. The same elements are present as in the ethnic composition of Cuba, where we are all a little brown. Does that hurt? I don’t think so. It needs to be said regardless, lest we forget. The African injection in this land runs deep, and so many capillary currents cross and crisscross our well-watered social hydrography that it would take a miniaturist to unravel the hieroglyph. I therefore think that for us, creole poetry would not be complete without the black. The black, in my opinion, brings solid essence to our cocktail. And the two races that surface so distant one from the other on the island, throw out an underwater hook, like the deep tunnels secretly joining two continents. And, the spirit of Cuba is mulatto, and the definitive color will come one day from the spirit to the skin: ‘Cuban color”. “Cuba is an island of illusions”.

Some Considerations on “Black Swan Theory”, COVID-19 and Involved Heuristics †

In this paper, we investigate the widespread claim – in scientific literature and mass-media - that COVID-19 constitutes an example of a “Black Swan”. This is an important feature in order to classify some rare events. Given the high speed of dissemination of information via mass-media and the Internet, with the possible consequences on the financial markets, it is relevant to ask whether this attribution is right or not. Thanks to more precise use of the different color definitions introduced by the famous researcher and our more explicit description of the relative properties, we show instead that the correct shade to be attributed to the Swan for this pandemic is gray. Besides, we also explain misclassification as the effect of some behavioral heuristics.

Research on crack detection method of wind turbine blade based on a deep learning method

For the propose of improving the economic benefits of wind turbine utilization, an image recognition model based on deep learning called ‘Multivariate Information You Only Look Once’(MI-YOLO) is proposed which can detect the surface cracks of wind turbine blade efficiently, especially for cracks with light colors. In order to improve the extraction ability of light color and low definition, the Multivariate Information fusion and the use of C3TR module are put forward. Alpha-IOU is used to balance the precision rate and recall rate of the new model, and further improve the mAP. Aim at solving the problem of small amount of data and unbalanced positive and negative samples, two new data enhancement methods are employed. The detection performance of the proposed method is tested using wind turbine’s blade images with cracks taken by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Results show that the MI-YOLO is not only lighter, but also has a higher mAP than the YOLOv5s. Meanwhile, the economic efficiency of the proposed method is analyzed and compared with other detection method with the limitations of the proposed method for offshore wind turbines also being discussed.

아이돌 그룹의 색 트랜드를 적용한 네일아트 디자인 구현 기법에 관한 연구

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the technique by implementing an empirical work on whether the image concept of an idol, who has recently gained popularity not only in Korea but also globally, can be applied to nail art. According to Wikipedia, the most popular BTS (BTS) is a group that debuted in 2013, and their image is imprinted on the public. In addition, 19 idol groups debuted in 2020, 10 in 2021, and 5 in 2022. The work to be created will be explained by applying Dr. Eva Hiller's psychological definition of color by deriving the color, saturation, brightness, composition, and design that constitute the image concept of these groups. Also, the nail art technique applied to the work to be created will be explained. Through this study, I would like to present a major creative technique that will suggest the shared growth of the nail art industry in accordance with the market growth of idol groups.

Multicolor Licklider Transmission Protocol: An LTP Version for Future Interplanetary Links

The Licklider Transport Protocol (LTP) is the “convergence layer” of choice in Interplanetary networks based on Delay-/Disruption-Tolerant architecture. It was designed for long-delay scheduled-intermittent links, offering either a reliable or an unreliable service, with “red” and “green” parts, respectively. The aim of this article is to present multicolor LTP, an LTP version consisting in a series of enhancements of which the most significant are the use of monochrome sessions, the introduction of an additional orange color offering a “notified” service, and the definition of default link colors. After a thorough examination of basic LTP mechanisms for all color variants, this article discusses two scenarios where orange seems particularly appealing: video streaming and optical interplanetary links. Numerical results offer further insight into the complex LTP mechanisms and also highlight the difference between LTP retransmissions and bundle protocol retransmissions, the latter benefitting from routing reprocessing. Multicolor LTP has already been implemented as an interplanetary overlay network (ION) plug-in and its enhancements have been proposed to Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems Space Internetworking Services Delay-/Disruption-Tolerant Networking working group for a possible inclusion in the next version of LTP specifications (LTPv2).

A new approach to broaden the range of eye colour identifiable by IrisPlex in DNA phenotyping

IrisPlex system represents the most popular model for eye colour prediction. Based on six polymorphisms this model provides very accurate predictions that strongly depend on the definition of eye colour phenotypes. The aim of the present study was to introduce a new approach to improve eye colour prediction using the well-validated IrisPlex system. A sample of 238 individuals from a Southern Italian population was collected and for each of them a high-resolution image of eye was obtained. By quantifying eye colour variation into CIELAB space several clustering algorithms were applied for eye colour classification. Predictions with the IrisPlex model were obtained using eye colour categories defined by both visual inspection and clustering algorithms. IrisPlex system predicted blue and brown eye colour with high accuracy while it was inefficient in the prediction of intermediate eye colour. Clustering-based eye colour resulted in a significantly increased accuracy of the model especially for brown eyes. Our results confirm the validity of the IrisPlex system for forensic purposes. Although the quantitative approach here proposed for eye colour definition slightly improves its prediction accuracy, further research is still required to improve the model particularly for the intermediate eye colour prediction.

Functional Characterization of MtrGSTF7, a Glutathione S-Transferase Essential for Anthocyanin Accumulation in Medicago truncatula.

Flavonoids are essential compounds widespread in plants and exert many functions such as defence, definition of organ colour and protection against stresses. In Medicago truncatula, flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation is finely regulated in terms of tissue specificity and induction by external factors, such as cold and other stresses. Among flavonoids, anthocyanin precursors are synthesised in the cytoplasm, transported to the tonoplast, then imported into the vacuole for further modifications and storage. In the present work, we functionally characterised MtrGSTF7, a phi-class glutathione S-transferase involved in anthocyanin transport to the tonoplast. The mtrgstf7 mutant completely lost the ability to accumulate anthocyanins in leaves both under control and anthocyanin inductive conditions. On the contrary, this mutant showed an increase in the levels of soluble proanthocyanidins (Pas) in their seeds with respect to the wild type. By complementation and expression data analysis, we showed that, differently from A. thaliana and similarly to V. vinifera, transport of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidins is likely carried out by different GSTs belonging to the phi-class. Such functional diversification likely results from the plant need to finely tune the accumulation of diverse classes of flavonoids according to the target organs and developmental stages.

Double-appearance patterning model of warp-knitted spacer textiles based on the jacquard loop index

This research focuses on a three-dimensional jacquard spacer fabric, which has two sets of jacquard yarn systems to form double-appearance patterns. Because of the unique structure and formation characteristics, a specific computerized patterning model needs to be solved for efficient jacquard structure design. After a systematic analysis of double-needle bed knitting and the piezo-jacquard principle, a loop index is proposed to coordinate jacquard loops and define the single-loop-based jacquard bitmap. Also, an algorithm is derived to solve offset data to guide the knitting action by inferring the jacquard bitmap and the corresponding loops hypotaxis. This new patterning method is proposed based on two basic elements of the jacquard bitmap and lapping data. In comparison with the traditional two-course bitmap method, the new approach shows the advantage of more simplified operations by a significant decrease of jacquard color definitions.

A global non-invasive methodology for the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions using imaging, physiological and molecular tools

BackgroundDrought is a major consequence of global heating that has negative impacts on agriculture. Potato is a drought-sensitive crop; tuber growth and dry matter content may both be impacted. Moreover, water deficit can induce physiological disorders such as glassy tubers and internal rust spots. The response of potato plants to drought is complex and can be affected by cultivar type, climatic and soil conditions, and the point at which water stress occurs during growth. The characterization of adaptive responses in plants presents a major phenotyping challenge. There is therefore a demand for the development of non-invasive analytical techniques to improve phenotyping.ResultsThis project aimed to take advantage of innovative approaches in MRI, phenotyping and molecular biology to evaluate the effects of water stress on potato plants during growth. Plants were cultivated in pots under different water conditions. A control group of plants were cultivated under optimal water uptake conditions. Other groups were cultivated under mild and severe water deficiency conditions (40 and 20% of field capacity, respectively) applied at different tuber growth phases (initiation, filling). Water stress was evaluated by monitoring soil water potential. Two fully-equipped imaging cabinets were set up to characterize plant morphology using high definition color cameras (top and side views) and to measure plant stress using RGB cameras. The response of potato plants to water stress depended on the intensity and duration of the stress. Three-dimensional morphological images of the underground organs of potato plants in pots were recorded using a 1.5 T MRI scanner. A significant difference in growth kinetics was observed at the early growth stages between the control and stressed plants. Quantitative PCR analysis was carried out at molecular level on the expression patterns of selected drought-responsive genes. Variations in stress levels were seen to modulate ABA and drought-responsive ABA-dependent and ABA-independent genes.ConclusionsThis methodology, when applied to the phenotyping of potato under water deficit conditions, provides a quantitative analysis of leaves and tubers properties at microstructural and molecular levels. The approaches thus developed could therefore be effective in the multi-scale characterization of plant response to water stress, from organ development to gene expression.

Neuromuscular ultrasound (NMUS) O-NU001. Feasibility of shear wave elastography and high definition color in evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome

Introduction . Diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is based on clinical findings and electrodiagnostic tests (EDT). However, EDT has high false negative rates, and the results often do not reflect the severity of symptoms. The aim of this study is to investigate the value of shear wave elastography (SWE) and high definition (HD) color in diagnosis and evaluation of symptom severity in CTS. Methods . The study prospectively enrolled 39 wrists from 23 patients with EDT-confirmed CTS, 15 wrists from 12 patients who have CTS symptoms without EDT abnormality and 28 wrists from 14 healthy volunteers. Cross-sectional area (CSA) and longitudinal diameter of median nerve were measured. SWE of median nerve at the wrist and midforearm were performed, and the ratio between them was calculated. SWE of abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) were also measured and the ratio was obtained. HD color was conducted in the longitudinal plane at carpal tunnel. Results . The CSA of the median nerve at the carpal inlet and longitudinal diameter were significantly larger for the EDT-confirmed CTS group compared to control group (13.21[11.28,17.23] vs 7.98[6.53,8.94]; p < 0.001, 2.77[2.41,3.08] vs 2.07[1.79,2.24]; p < 0.001). It also had significantly higher median nerve elasticity ratio (2.59[1.77,4.09] vs 1.61[1.32,1.94]; p = 0.007). HD color showed significantly higher grades in the former group (p = 0.004). In ROC analysis, a 1.97 cut-off value on SWE ratio revealed sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV of 74.4%, 78.6%, 82.9%, 68.8%, respectively (AUC: 0.796[0.687,0.905]). Inter-rater reliability was excellent for SWE measurements (ICC: 0.908(0.761,0.967)). There was no significant correlation of CSA, elasticity and HD color grade with clinical symptom scores. In comparison between the group of CTS patients without EDT abnormality and control group, the former had significantly larger CSA in carpal inlet and elasticity ratio (9.61[7.21,11.55] vs 7.98[6.53,8.94]; p = 0.011, 2.59[0.94,4.65] vs 1.61[1.32,1.94]; p = 0.009). Conclusion . SWE and HD color are helpful supportive tools in diagnosing CTS, especially in patients who have typical CTS symptoms but normal results in EDT.

Partial Order–Disorder Transformation of Interpenetrated Porous Coordination Polymers

Controlling interpenetration and flexibility behaviors is intriguing and fundamental for porous coordination polymers. We report exceptional interpenetration behaviors involving controllable partia...

ATTRIBUTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF CELESTIAL BODIES IN THE MIDDLE POLISIAN BELIEFS

The article analyzes the attributive characteristics of celestial bodies: the sun, the moon and the stars in the Middle Polisian beliefs on the basis of dialect texts, which are valuable authentic material for the reconstruction of traditional spiritual culture. The research material was the texts of field research on inanimate objects collected in the territory of the Middle Polissia of Ukraine in 55 settlements of Zhytomyr and Rivne regions during 2010–2019 years.&#x0D; The purpose of our research is to describe tokens that are means of reflecting the attributive characteristics of the nomination of celestial bodies in the Middle Polisian dialects as one of the components of the linguistic picture of the world of a separate dialect space. The subject of analysis is the lexical and syntactic expression of the attributes of the sun, the moon and the stars in the beliefs of Polishchuks (local population of Polisian region. In the research the method of expeditionary collection of material, audio recordings with subsequent decoding and transcription of field material, the method of systematic description of the studied phenomenon for systematizing the collected material were used.&#x0D; The classification of attributes is given and the analysis of meteorological, color, sacred, temporal meanings, on external signs (on the size, on the form) is carried out. The results of the study indicate that the most filled and diverse groups of attributes that make up the Middle Polisian linguistic portrait of the characteristics of celestial bodies are meteorological and color definitions. Meteorological, temporal, external attributes enter into antonymous relations, as they contain in their semantic structure the corresponding positive / negative evaluative element (weather / bad weather). The color attributes, associated with the sun and the moon, are represented only by light and bright colors, there are no dark colors. While describing celestial bodies, we note a group of sacred meanings and adjectives with a gentle color, the suffix of diminution, which indicate a special perception of celestial bodies by Polishchuks.&#x0D; The collected material only partially reflects the characteristics of celestial bodies in the Middle Polisian dialects as one of the components of the linguistic picture of the world, so other means of reflecting the nomination of the sun, moon and stars require detailed study.

Colorimetry analysis of coat color and its relationship with fiber traits in alpacas

Addressing the improvement of the textile characteristics is currently required in natural color production of alpaca fiber. This study analyses the possibility of implementing a genetic improvement program aiming to reduce the fiber diameter and the percentage of medullation in natural colors under the incomplete definition of the natural colors of alpaca fiber. The study considers color determination analysis in three separate steps. The first step aimed at finding the values of lightness (L*), red/green axis (a*), yellow/blue axis (b*) of three-dimensional space of color and chroma (C*ab), tone (h*ab) and color difference (ΔE) with mathematical models for the description of the coat color. The second analysis is aimed at estimating genetic parameters of color traits and their correlation with fiber traits (fiber diameter, standard deviations and percentage of medullation – PM). The third step was to determine the potential selection criteria of breeding animals based on the parameters provided by a three-dimensional space values regarding the coat color assignment in alpacas. The colorimetric data were taken using a Chroma meter device analyzing 3 008 records from Huacaya type alpacas, collected between 2018 and 2019. In the first objective of the study, the color traits were subjected to a principal component analysis. The analysis of variance components and the estimation of genetic parameters were carried out using a restricted maximum likelihood procedure. The discriminant analysis was used for the correct assignment of the coat color. The principal component analysis results showed that the L*, a*, b*, h*ab and ΔE values can be grouped into two Principal Components (PC) to describe the color, where the L* value is mainly distributed in PC2, b* is distributed in PC1, while a* is distributed in both components. The heritabilities found were 0.144, 0.128, 0.151, 0.104 and 0.152 for L*, a*, b*, PC1 and PC2. The relevant genetic correlations were between L*-PM (−0.557) and b*-PM (−0.622). The discriminant analysis showed a high percentage of correct assignment in white (99.15%) and black (99.19%) coat colors for Huacaya type alpacas, while for the intermediate colors, the accuracy was lower. The three analyses showed that there is no pure natural color, but a range of color variation. It is better to use the values of the three-dimensional space and within them, the values of L* and b* are potential selection criteria to be included in a genetic improvement program.