Definition Of Reserves Research Articles

The challenges of regulatory data: a case study of British charity reserves reporting

Charity reserve levels are widely used as a measure of financial vulnerability, of both individual charitable organisations and the wider sector. This paper assesses the mandated reporting of reserves by a large sample of British charities. We find that many charities are reporting figures that do not match the definition of reserves given by regulatory bodies. We therefore recommend caution when using extant reserves data, and that increased attention should be paid to the preparation of such data.

General features of some pollymetalic ore deposits in the Republic North Macedonia

The general features of several important mineral deposits of polymetallic character in the Republic of Northern Macedonia that have been actively exploited in the past are described. These include the Buchim copper mine and Sasa, Zletovo and Toranica lead-zinc mines, as well as some ore prospects that have been extensively explored for years. In addition, sites with known ore reserves, but which are not yet at the exploitation stage are presented, including Plavica, Ilovica, Kadiica, Borov Dol and others. The elaborated RIS-RESERVES program is used to affirm numerous parameters related to the definition of ore reserves in the deposits, and has now provided the opportunity for preparation of an overview which shows the major metallogenetic characteristics of the deposits with their techno-economic parameters. This approach enables affirmation of the potential of the polymetallic ore deposits in the Republic of Northern Macedonia.

Orogenic gold deposits as nonlinear systems: Nonlinear analysis of data

Despite many studies of orogenic gold systems, the underlying processes involved in their formation and in defining their location and endowment remain enigmatic. This arises because such processes are multiscale and nonlinear so that patterns of alteration and mineralisation are apparently irregular and unpredictable. The goal of a nonlinear dynamical analysis is to extract the dynamics of the underlying nonlinear and multiscale physical and chemical processes that produced these data. We review nonlinear analysis methodology and explore hyperspectral and gold assay data for a drill-hole in an orogenic gold system. The analysis is non-parametric and purely data driven. We use recurrence, cross- and joint-recurrence plots to extract quantitative measures of the system and construct the attractor for the mineral distributions. The resulting dynamical model is tested using nonlinear prediction algorithms. Cross recurrence analysis shows strong spatial correlations of gold with carbonates and weaker correlations with phengitic micas and chlorite. Joint recurrence analysis reveals that all components of the system belong to the same dynamical attractor and hence are parts of the same physical–chemical system. This means that data from one part of the system can be used to predict other parts of the system. The probability distributions for mineral abundance are members of the Generalised Extreme Value family, reflecting the details of the ways in which the systems grow. We speculate on the coupled processes responsible for the mineralising system, propose that autocatalytic reactions associated with quartz and carbonate deposition contribute to pH variations responsible for gold deposition and present a new view of mineralising systems where the probability distributions reflect the endowment of the system. This approach permits a good prediction of the grade distribution into substantial volumes of rock within the mineralized system, outside the zone where the data were obtained. We suggest that such an approach has potential to become an important component of the definition of ore reserves, as the current methods, based on Gaussian or log-normal probability distributions, commonly produce poor outcomes as ore deposits are developed.

Reserve component of the enterprise capital and its accounting and information support

The place and value of reserves for future expenses and payments in the enterprise capital are defined in this paper. Possibilities and expediency of providing certain types of expenses at the expense of pre-created reserves are considered. The specified definition of reserves as a component of the enterprise capital which are considered as reserved at the expense of additional owners contributions , profit, prime cost of the source for coverage of the future predicted or unpredicted expenses connected with maintenance of usual activity, its restructuring, distribution of expenses by the principles of prudence and compliance. It is proved that these principles are unreasonably removed by the latest legislation from the basic principles of accounting and financial reporting. Classification of reserves, the order of their formation and directions of their use are given in this paper. Reserves are classified into separate groups according to the sources of their formation, the directions of use, the obligation to create, the method of reflection in accounting and reporting, their participation in the enterprise capital. Particular attention is paid to the need of taking into account the hidden reserves. Their value is equal to the difference between the book value of the enterprise's property and its fair value. The order of recognition, documentation and reflection of accrual and use of reserves and other provisions in the accounting is specified. The following rrecommendations are given, on the one hand, to expand and deepen information in financial and other kinds of enterprise reporting concerning reserves as a component of enterprise capital, on the other - to simplify the accounting of reserved sources by additional unregistered contributions of participants, founders. The order of distribution and reflection in the accounting of reserves at withdrawal of separate participants from the company is specified. Recommendations concerning the recognition of accumulated resources for future liabilities by insurance reserves and their reflection in the composition of the enterprise own composition, making it possible to improve the economic performance, investment attractiveness of such entities are given.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AND RESERVES TO INCREASE THE ACTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES ACTIVITIES

The effectiveness of the agricultural enterprise. - the most important qualitative characteristic of the enterprise. This is a category that expresses. compliance of the results and expenses of the enterprise with the goals of the activity and interests of owners. Economic assessment efficiency of the enterprise on the basis of indicators, which characterizes the effectiveness of various aspects of the enterprise, allows not only to find out how this result is obtained, but also to find ways to improve it. In turn, there is a definition of general reserves for improving economic efficiency, they are largely due to both the specifics of business activity and the stages of its production. Increasing economic efficiency, consider the unused cases of increasing the solution per unit of aggregate expenditures by making better use of all types of resources in the enterprise. Under market conditions, enterprises have gained full operational independence in choosing what and how much to produce, with whom to cooperate and to whom to sell their products, how to organize and plan processes accordingly. It is clear that this discretion is granted for the proper consideration of the market situation, its needs and requirements. The company strives to improve the efficiency of its operations, but only understanding of what depends on this efficiency can lead to positive results. Properly chosen production strategy and proper outputs provide the desired volume of sales and corresponding profits. Therefore, the activity of the company, finally, is rigidly determined by the overall economic situation, industry proportions and solvent demand of the population. The effectiveness of the enterprise depends on many factors, so the planning process must be preceded by a thorough analysis of both the existing situation and the capabilities of the enterprise. Thus, enterprise efficiency is a complex concept that reflects the end results of the use of resources over a period of time, the main feature of which may be the need to achieve the goal of production and economic activity of agricultural enterprises with the least cost of social work or time. Successful implementation of the enterprise development strategy implies the implementation of effective, efficient and competitive economic activity. The main factors for improving the efficiency of agricultural enterprises are to increase its technical level, improve management, organization of production and labor, change the volume and structure of production, improve the quality of natural resources and more. Efficiency improvement is possible only if a quality management system is formed, which in turn implies the imposition of strict requirements on managers at all levels. So, nowadays, increasing the efficiency of agricultural enterprises is attracting more and more attention. Enterprises in this field need modernization of production as a whole. In turn, the main factors for improving the efficiency of enterprises are to improve its technical level, improve management, organization of production and labor, change the volume and structure of production, improve the quality of natural resources. Only a skillful use of the whole system of these factors can ensure sufficient growth rates of production efficiency.

Assessment of human adaptive reserves by pulse wave

The definition of adaptive reserves of human health is one of the diagnostic tasks and is aimed at obtaining a quantitative assessment of the functional state of the main systems in the process of health and the appearance of pathologies. The article studies and describes the architecture of the system. A software-hardware system for recording and processing pulse wave data is shown. The proposed quantitative criterion for assessing the functional state of the cardiovascular system is the pulse waveform index (PWI), while using the forward and inverse Fourier transform and analyzing its characteristics. Dynamic properties of a pulse wave in a state of rest are investigated. The results of the study by calculating PWI for groups of volunteers of different age and sex are presented. The proposed quantitative criterion R for estimating the adaptive reserves of the subjects is derived by training the neural network with back propagation of the error. The norms for R are presented that take into account person's age and sex. The estimation of this method, as well as the results of statistical processing of input data are carried out. The capabilities of the developed software and hardware system were analyzed, the proposals for improving both hardware and software were made.

Chico Mendes, the rubber tappers and the Indians: reimagining conservation and development in the Amazon

In the mid-1970’s rubber tapper leaders Chico Mendes and Wilson Pinheiro reformulated strategic objectives of the rubber tappers’ movement, from protesting and denouncing violent dispossession of families and deforestation to defending rubber tappers’ forest territories and diversified land use. This strategic turn laid the basis for the rubber tappers’ transformation from a solely class-based union movement to one that incorporates a specific cultural identity associated with land and resource uses defined as opposed to the government-sponsored socio-environmentally destructive development model. The rubber tappers’ conceptual transformation of “extractivism”, from an archaic, outdated and primitive economic activity into an alternative for a modern, sustainable development model, based in their distinct culture, mirrored and paralleled the emergence of identity-based social movements globally. It also mirrored the re-emergence of “submerged” indigenous ethnicities and subsequent “ethnogenesis” of allegedly extinct or forgotten indigenous peoples, in both cases contrary to the assumptions and predictions of both policy and some anthropological theory. The rubber tappers’ definition of extractive reserves as collective land rights – and access to technology, social services and markets on terms in some measure controlled by the communities – in exchange for environmental and forest protection enabled significant territorial gains (parallel to indigenous territories), as well as proliferation of extractive reserve analogues in both environmental and land reform policy. Alliances with indigenous peoples and environmentalists were central to the development of this vision. The model of collective rights, with access to technology, services and markets could have very broad applicability for poor populations globally, in light of climate change and other environmental crises, if at-scale incentives for climate change and other environmental mitigation can be created.

Swing Contracts With Dynamic Reserves for Flexible Service Management

The increasing penetration of variable energy resources in modern electric power systems requires additional flexibility in reserve provision to maintain reliable and efficient grid operations. However, full recognition and appropriate compensation of this flexibility is difficult to ensure within current power market designs due to rigidity in reserve definitions and requirements. This paper proposes a new mixed-integer linear programming formulation for the optimal clearing of a day-ahead market based on swing contracts with dynamically updated regulation reserve zones. Five-bus and 30-bus test cases are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed new market design.

Planning of resource maintenance at building of railway bridge

The Publication contains the results of research on the problem of resources provision perfecting of erection processes of railway bridges including consideration of forecasting demand questions to material resources, formations of delivery schedules of materials and designs, definitions of insurance reserves in regards to suppliers of material and technical production.

Energy-Centric Flexibility Management in Power Systems

Currently, power system planning practices are undergoing various transformations in an attempt to integrate efficiently significant amounts of low-carbon power generation technologies. At the heart of this efficient integration lies the need to plan for and exploit the available flexibility in power systems. In the past, the emphasis was on planning the capacity (i.e., power) of operating reserve requirements, in the form of categorized reserve types. Such approach was suitable for traditional power systems exhibiting low variability and uncertainty. The concept of power system flexibility is emerging as a way to emphasize the need to also consider the ramping capability of operating reserve needed to accommodate high variability and uncertainty arising from renewable energy integration. Prior considerations of power system flexibility, however, are found to be inadequate to handle energy-limited power system resources like energy storage assets and demand response. Hence, this paper sets to consider systematically energy limitations of operating reserve by proposing energy-based operating reserve definitions. We demonstrate the benefits of the new reserve definitions, using a receding-horizon economic dispatch integrating energy storage.

Visual functions in children with congenital myopia and with amblyopia with the same refraction

PurposeWas to compare visual functions in children with amblyopia and with congenital myopia of the same refraction. Principal causes of decrease in sight at children with congenital myopia is, besides high myopic refractions, this or that degree of undevelopement of the visual analyzer. The diagnosis at the given pathology is complicated, as often complicated congenital myopia and undevelopement of the visual analyzer identify as amblyopia.Methods93 children (186 eyes) at the age from 5 to 18 years were observed. Children with myopia of the same age with the same refraction have made group of 36 (72eyes). All ophthalmologic observations including visual acuity without and with correction, refractometry, skyaskopy, in conditions of cycloplegia, definition of reserves of accommodation, echobiometry of visual axies, ophthalmoskopy, biomicroscopy were carried out. Colour thresholds by Rabkin tables, an electrosensitivity threshold by phosphen, critical frequency of disappearance of flashings by phosphen, binocular vision by colour test, stereoacuity by stereograms (Lang's test II) and time of occurrence of stereoeffect were conducted.ResultsThe comparative analysis has shown, that at amblyopia with myopic refraction visual functions, such as visual acuity with correction, colour vision, stereoacuity are decreased more, than at congenital myopia with the same refraction. It is established, that at children with amblyopia colour vision on all colours is significantly decreased (espacially dark blue colour thresholds 7.5 ± 4.8 in comparison with 3.2 ± 3.3) in the absence of visible changes on an eye fundus.ConclusionsChildren of both groups had decreased stereovision in the presence of binocular vision. Thresholds of stereovision by Lang's test II (random‐dot pictures) were specially high.

The Definition of Reserves to Increase Milk Production on the Basis of Forecast Supply Balances

Abstract Dairy animal industry is one of the leading industries of animal production and an important line of many agricultural enterprises activity of the Belgorod region. In essence, its efficiency and competitiveness depend on many certain features of the regional market. The research object is dairy industry in the Belgorod region. The aim of the research was to study the state of the dairy cattle in the Belgorod region and to identify the major reserves of milk production increase on the basis of expected resource balances. The research is connected with the definition of the used branch resources balance. It will allow the definition of the directions of the branch efficiency increase. The practical value of the work is based on an estimation of the branch resources which should help to define the necessary quantity of milk, sufficient for manufacture of dairy products for internal dairy consumption. The subtheme is Increase of Milk Production.

Best-Estimate Claims Reserves in Incomplete Markets

We give a rigorous definition of best-estimate reserves for insurance liabilities in a general multiperiod financial market setting. In this general multiperiod financial market setting we describe payoff spaces and optimal dynamic hedging strategies. Based on this optimal dynamic hedging strategies we define best-estimate reserves for insurance liabilities. One crucial observation is that we need the notion of optimal hedging and state-price deflators because there does not necessarily exist an equivalent probability measure under which best-estimate reserves can be calculated.

Techbits: Workshop and Survey Focus on SPE Petroleum Resources Management System

Techbits An SPE workshop titled “Application of the SPE Petroleum Resources Management System (Unconventional Resources),” was held 14 November, the day after the 2013 SPE Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition–Asia Pacific in Brisbane, Australia. The workshop attracted 83 participants from nine countries and speakers from the exploration and production sector, the finance sector, service companies, consultancies, and academia. The goal of the workshop was to highlight the challenges faced by the industry in estimating unconventional resources. The SPE-PRMS, published in March 2007, endeavors to encompass the full life cycle of all types of petroleum resources. Since 2007, the industry has experienced remarkable growth in unconventional resources. Unconventional plays challenge the fundamental conventional definitions of reserves and resources estimation, including the definitions required to demonstrate a discovery and commerciality. Within the investment and regulatory community, the growth and importance of unconventional reserves and resources have fueled discussion on the credibility and dependability of oil and gas estimates. To assist in the application of the SPE-PRMS, a second document called Guidelines for Application of the Petroleum Resources Management System was published by SPE in 2011. Based on discussions I have noted in the industry, it seems there is a need for further clarification in the interpretation and application of the PRMS. The workshop gave an opportunity to gauge participants’ perception of the SPE-PRMS. A survey was sent to the 83 participants; 37 responded. The results of this small survey are set out below. The demographics and experience level of the respondents were not captured and, therefore, the results are conditional. The comments are the author’s interpretation of the survey results. As with all surveys, it is possible that how the respondents answered questions may apply to a broader population. The goal here, though, is to provoke discussion and debate that could contribute to future improvements in the SPE-PRMS. The survey asked the participants to indicate agreement, disagreement, or neutrality to a series of statements. Respondents’ answers were intended to provide insight into how clear the SPEPRMS is, how well understood it is, and respondents’ level of confidence in it. Ideally, interpretation and implementation of the SPE-PRMS in estimating reserves/resources is independent of the reserve estimator. The first two survey statements endeavor to gauge the perception of consistency between reserve estimators in estimating conventional and unconventional reserves.

High Rates of Gene Flow by Pollen and Seed in Oak Populations across Europe

Gene flow is a key factor in the evolution of species, influencing effective population size, hybridisation and local adaptation. We analysed local gene flow in eight stands of white oak (mostly Quercus petraea and Q. robur, but also Q. pubescens and Q. faginea) distributed across Europe.Adult trees within a given area in each stand were exhaustively sampled (range [239, 754], mean 423), mapped, and acorns were collected ([17,147], 51) from several mother trees ([3], [47], 23). Seedlings ([65,387], 178) were harvested and geo-referenced in six of the eight stands. Genetic information was obtained from screening distinct molecular markers spread across the genome, genotyping each tree, acorn or seedling. All samples were thus genotyped at 5–8 nuclear microsatellite loci. Fathers/parents were assigned to acorns and seedlings using likelihood methods. Mating success of male and female parents, pollen and seed dispersal curves, and also hybridisation rates were estimated in each stand and compared on a continental scale.On average, the percentage of the wind-borne pollen from outside the stand was 60%, with large variation among stands (21–88%). Mean seed immigration into the stand was 40%, a high value for oaks that are generally considered to have limited seed dispersal. However, this estimate varied greatly among stands (20–66%). Gene flow was mostly intraspecific, with large variation, as some trees and stands showed particularly high rates of hybridisation.Our results show that mating success was unevenly distributed among trees. The high levels of gene flow suggest that geographically remote oak stands are unlikely to be genetically isolated, questioning the static definition of gene reserves and seed stands.

Recently Released Guidelines Supplement Petroleum Resources Management System

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 162520, ’New Guidelines Document Assists With PRMS Applications,’ by W. John Lee, SPE, University of Houston; Satinder Purewal, SPE, Energy Equity Resources; and D. Ronald Harrell, SPE, Ryder Scott, prepared for the 2012 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 8-10 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The Guidelines for Application of the Petroleum Resources Management System (AG) document was issued in November 2011 to accompany and support the Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS). The AG updates the 2001 document Guidelines for the Evaluation of Petroleum Reserves and Resources. This document will assist reserves evaluators throughout the world in understanding PRMS and how it should be applied in financial, regulatory, and reporting activities. Two new chapters have been added to the AG, eight others have been updated, and a comprehensive glossary has been added. Introduction The AG was issued by SPE, along with the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), the World Petroleum Council (WPC), the Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers (SPEE), and the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG). It is available free to the public on the SPE website. SPE has a long history of developing common standards for petroleum-resource definitions to provide consistency, transparency, and reliability to benefit stakeholders involved in international finance, regulation, and reporting. In 1997, SPE and the WPC achieved a milestone in standardization when they approved the Petroleum Reserves Definitions. In 2000, SPE, WPC, and AAPG approved an updated version of the definitions, published as the Petroleum Resources Classification System and Definitions. In 2001, SPE issued Guidelines for the Evaluation of Petroleum Reserves and Resources, the predecessor of AG, to provide guidance for application of the 1997 and 2000 definitions. Then, in 2007, SPE, WPC, AAPG, and SPEE approved the PRMS. SEG subsequently endorsed PRMS. PRMS has rapidly become the global standard for resources definitions and classification. For example, the US Securities and Exchange Commission used PRMS as a guide for its updated rules, Modernization of Oil and Gas Reporting, published 31 December 2008. SPE and its sister organizations recognized that new guidelines were required to provide guidance for application of PRMS, replacing the 2001 guidelines. The 2001 guidelines were the starting point for AG, which has been updated by adding two new chapters and by modifying eight existing chapters. The two new chapters are Assessment of Petroleum Resources Using Deterministic Procedures (Chapter 4) Unconventional Resources Estimation (Chapter 8)

Defining “Waste Heat” for industrial processes

This paper aims at presenting a method for identifying, characterising and quantifying the available waste heat of an industrial system that can be converted into a useful form. A distinction is made between avoidable and unavoidable waste heat. This distinction is especially important when it comes to deciding on an investment for the integration of a waste heat valorisation process. In the proposed methodology, process integration techniques and exergy analysis are used to measure the useful potential of waste heat. It results in a definition of waste heat as a resource and a reserve in analogy to the definitions of natural resources and reserves.

Measuring and modelling of dry bulk rock density for mineral resource estimation

Rock density information is needed for the estimation of ore tonnage, and also for determining the amount of contained metal; this is because mineralisation grades are usually reported as a ratio of the economically viable components, metals or minerals, to weight units (e.g. grams/tonne). Despite the obvious importance of rock density for the accurate estimation of tonnage and grade of mineral resources, this parameter is often overlooked and receives significantly less attention than assayed metal grades. In particular, the quantity and spatial distribution of the rock density measurements may be chosen without considering the impact of the rock density measurements on the mineral resource estimation. This paper attempts to address several issues associated with current practices of rock density modelling. The first part of the paper overviews the methods most commonly used for measuring the dry bulk density (DBD) of rocks for the estimation of mineral resources. This is followed by a second part proposing the methodology of geostatistical modelling of the rock densities which is suggested as a mathematically supported approach for choosing optimal sampling grids for density samples. It is supported by several case studies of the deposits where geostatistically optimal DBD sampling grids were estimated and proposed for definition of the Measured and Indicated resources and for the grade control purpose. It was noted that the exploration team needs to assure that DBD data collected during the drilling campaigns are not only sufficient for definition of resources and reserves but are also closely enough spaced to allow accurate grade control. The optimal for grade control DBD grids, according to the geostatistical analysis, is similar to the chemical assay grids required for definition of the Measured resources or, less commonly, Indicated resources of the studied deposits.

Defining the potential of usable waste heat in industrial processes with the help of pinch and exergy analysis

This paper aims at giving a definition for waste heat in analogy to the definitions of natural resources and reserves. It aims also at presenting a method for identifying, characterizing and quantifying the available waste heat of an industrial system that can be converted into a useful form. A distinction is made between avoidable and unavoidable waste heat. In order to measure the entire useful potential of waste heat, exergy is used for characterization

New Reserves and Resources Guidelines Document Available

Management In November, the SPE Oil and Gas Reserves Committee (OGRC) published Guidelines for the Application of the Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS). The guidelines, available at http://www.spe.org/industry/docs/PRMS_Guidelines_Nov2011.pdf, provide information and examples on the use of PRMS in the classification of oil and gas reserves and resources. The new guidelines replace the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation of Petroleum Reserves and Resources. New chapters include “Estimation of Petroleum Resources Using Deterministic Procedures” and “Unconventional Resources.” Other chapters were updated and expanded to reflect current technology and enhanced with examples. The intent of the guidelines is not to provide a comprehensive document that covers all aspects of reserves calculations, but to serve as a useful reference tool for reservoir engineering and reserves evaluation professionals around the world. SPE has been at the forefront in developing common standards for petroleum resource definitions to provide consistency, transparency, and reliability to benefit stakeholders involved in international finance, regulation, and reporting. A milestone in standardization was achieved in 1997 when SPE and the World Petroleum Council (WPC) approved the “Petroleum Reserves Definitions.” Since then, SPE has continuously updated the definitions. In 2007, SPE, WPC, the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), and the Society of Petroleum Evaluation Engineers (SPEE) approved the Petroleum Resources Management System, globally known as PRMS. The Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) subsequently endorsed PRMS. PRMS has been acknowledged as the oil and gas industry standard for reference and was used by the US Securities and Exchange Commission as a guide for its updated rules, “Modernization of Oil and Gas Reporting,” published in 2008. SPE recognized that new applications guidelines were required for the PRMS. The SPE Oil and Gas Reserves Committee formed an Applications Guidelines Document Subcommittee in April 2007 to undertake this task. I was honored to be asked to chair the subcommittee. The original 2001 guidelines document was the starting point for this work. The goal was to have an inclusive process where the industry was involved and all stakeholder input was considered fairly by experts.